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A2 interjection #2,500 よく出る 9分で読める

félicitations

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解説 félicitations in your Level:
At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'Félicitations !' means 'Congratulations!'. You can use it as a single-word exclamation when someone tells you good news. It is a polite and easy way to react to someone's success without needing complex grammar. You might hear it in simple dialogues like: 'J'ai un nouveau travail.' - 'Félicitations !'. At this stage, don't worry about the prepositions like 'pour' or 'de'. Just focus on the pronunciation: remember the 't' sounds like an 's', and the 's' at the end is silent. It is one of the most useful 'social' words you can learn because it immediately makes you sound polite and engaged in the conversation. You can also use 'Bravo !' which is even shorter and very common for small successes. Think of 'Félicitations' as the slightly more 'grown-up' version of 'Bravo'. Even if you can't form a full sentence, saying this word with a smile will always be appreciated in French-speaking cultures.
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At the A2 level, you should start using 'félicitations' with simple prepositions. The most important one is 'pour'. You can now say 'Félicitations pour ton travail' (Congratulations for your work) or 'Félicitations pour ton bébé' (Congratulations for your baby). You should also be aware that it is always plural. In your writing, make sure you always include the 's' at the end and the accent on the 'é'. You might also start seeing it in simple letters or emails, often preceded by 'Toutes mes...' (All my...). For example: 'Toutes mes félicitations pour ton mariage !'. This adds a bit more warmth to the expression. You should also be able to recognize the difference between 'félicitations' and 'bon anniversaire'. Remember that 'félicitations' is for achievements and milestones, while 'bon anniversaire' is specifically for birthdays. At this level, you are moving from just reacting to actually constructing small phrases of praise.
At the B1 level, you are expected to use 'félicitations' in more varied contexts and with better grammatical precision. You should be comfortable using both 'pour' (for nouns) and 'de' (for verbs). For example: 'Félicitations d'avoir réussi tes examens' (Congratulations on having passed your exams). You should also start using more formal verbs like 'adresser' or 'présenter'. Instead of just saying 'Félicitations !', you might write in a professional email: 'Je vous adresse mes félicitations pour la réussite de ce projet'. This shows a higher level of linguistic maturity. You should also understand the reflexive verb 'se féliciter', which means to be pleased about something. For example: 'Nous nous félicitons de cette décision' (We are pleased with this decision). This is very common in news articles and business reports. At B1, you are not just congratulating friends; you are navigating professional and social situations with the appropriate level of formality.
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At the B2 level, you should be able to nuance your use of 'félicitations' using a variety of adjectives. You can distinguish between 'vives félicitations' (enthusiastic/hearty), 'sincères félicitations' (sincere), and 'chaleureuses félicitations' (warm). You understand that the choice of adjective depends on your relationship with the person and the nature of the achievement. You are also capable of using the word in more complex sentence structures, such as: 'Il n'y a pas lieu de lui adresser des félicitations, car il n'a fait que son travail' (There is no reason to congratulate him, as he only did his job). You should also be aware of the cultural context in France, such as the 'félicitations du jury' for a thesis or 'félicitations du conseil de classe' in schools. At this level, you understand that 'félicitations' is not just a word of praise, but a tool for social positioning and formal recognition.
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At the C1 level, you have a sophisticated command of 'félicitations' and its related forms. You can use it rhetorically or ironically if the situation calls for it. You are familiar with literary or highly formal alternatives like 'faire l'éloge de' or 'rendre hommage à'. You can write complex formal letters where 'félicitations' is integrated into a broader discourse of appreciation. For example: 'Permettez-moi de vous exprimer mes plus vives félicitations pour l'excellence dont vous avez fait preuve tout au long de ce mandat.' You also understand the subtle difference between 'félicitations' and 'compliments' in high-level professional or diplomatic contexts. Your use of the reflexive 'se féliciter' is natural and precise, often used to express institutional satisfaction. You are also aware of the historical and etymological roots of the word, which helps you understand its weight in legal or academic French.
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At the C2 level, you use 'félicitations' with the ease of a native speaker, including its most subtle and rare applications. You can navigate the most formal protocols, such as diplomatic correspondence or academic citations, where the word 'félicitations' follows strict traditional formulas. You might use the word in a meta-linguistic way, discussing the 'acte de félicitation' as a speech act. You are also sensitive to the rhythmic and stylistic qualities of the word in creative writing. For instance, you might use it in a satirical context to mock someone's 'so-called' achievements. Your mastery includes knowing when *not* to use it—recognizing when a simple nod or a different expression of respect would be more appropriate than a direct congratulation. You understand the word as part of the broader 'rituel de politesse' that defines French social and professional life at its highest levels.
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félicitations 30秒で

  • Félicitations is the standard French word for 'congratulations', used for weddings, promotions, and exams.
  • It is a feminine plural noun, so always remember to add the 's' at the end when writing it.
  • Commonly followed by the prepositions 'pour' (for nouns) or 'de' (for verbs and infinitives).
  • While 'Bravo' is more informal and immediate, 'félicitations' is more versatile and can be used formally.

The French word félicitations is a cornerstone of social interaction, serving as the primary vehicle for expressing joy, admiration, and recognition for someone else's achievements. Etymologically derived from the Latin felicitatio, which stems from felix (happy or lucky), the word carries an inherent weight of shared happiness. In modern French, it is almost exclusively used in the plural form when acting as an interjection or a noun of praise. Unlike the English 'congratulations', which can sometimes feel slightly formal, félicitations spans the entire spectrum of formality, from a quick text message to a high-level diplomatic address.

Grammatical Status
Primarily a feminine plural noun (les félicitations), used as an interjection.
Core Nuance
It signifies an external validation of an internal effort or a significant life milestone.
Social Function
Acts as a social 'glue' that acknowledges success and fosters community bonds.

"Toutes mes félicitations pour l'obtention de votre diplôme !"

— A standard formal congratulation for a graduation.

Understanding félicitations requires recognizing that it is more than just a word; it is a ritual. In French culture, acknowledging a peer's success is a matter of politesse (politeness). To omit it when someone announces a promotion or a pregnancy would be seen as a significant social faux pas. The word encapsulates the French value of méritocratie—the idea that hard work deserves public recognition. However, it is also used for 'lucky' events like winning the lottery, though 'bravo' might be more common there.

"Félicitations ! C'est une excellente nouvelle !"

The word's versatility is its greatest strength. It can be modified by adjectives to change its intensity. For example, chaleureuses félicitations (warm congratulations) adds a layer of personal affection, while vives félicitations (hearty/lively congratulations) is often found in professional evaluations or official letters. In the digital age, it is frequently shortened in informal contexts, though not as drastically as English 'congrats'—you might see 'Félicit°' in very old-fashioned shorthand, but today, people usually type the whole word or use emojis.

Register: Formal
"Je vous adresse mes plus sincères félicitations."
Register: Neutral
"Félicitations pour ton nouveau poste !"
Register: Enthusiastic
"Un grand bravo et toutes mes félicitations !"

"Le jury a adressé ses félicitations au candidat pour la qualité de sa thèse."

Using félicitations correctly involves mastering the prepositions that follow it. The two most common prepositions are pour and de. While they are often interchangeable in casual speech, there are subtle differences in their application. Félicitations pour is generally used when referring to a specific event or achievement (e.g., pour ton mariage), whereas félicitations de is often used when followed by a verb in the infinitive (e.g., félicitations d'avoir réussi).

"Félicitations pour votre promotion !"

When you want to make the expression more formal, you use the verb adresser or présenter. For instance, in a formal letter or email, you would write: "Je tiens à vous adresser mes plus vives félicitations." This structure elevates the sentiment from a simple exclamation to a formal gesture of respect. It is also important to note the word order when using possessive adjectives. It is always mes félicitations, tes félicitations, etc.

With 'Pour'
Used for nouns: Félicitations pour ton courage.
With 'De'
Used for verbs: Félicitations d'être venu.
With 'À'
Used for the recipient: Adresser des félicitations à quelqu'un.

"Toutes mes félicitations aux heureux parents !"

In terms of pronunciation, the 't' in the middle of the word is pronounced like an 's' (fay-lee-see-tah-syon), which is a common pattern in French for words ending in '-tion'. The final 's' is silent unless it is followed by a word starting with a vowel, in which case a liaison occurs (though this is rare since 'félicitations' often ends the sentence or is followed by a preposition).

"Je vous présente mes félicitations les plus sincères."

Another advanced usage is the reflexive verb se féliciter. This doesn't mean to pat yourself on the back literally, but rather to be pleased with a situation or a decision. For example, "Le gouvernement se félicite de la baisse du chômage" (The government is pleased with/welcomes the drop in unemployment). This is a very common phrase in news and political discourse.

You will encounter félicitations in a wide variety of social settings. In the workplace, it is the standard response to a successful project completion, a promotion, or a retirement. It is often paired with bien joué (well done) or beau travail (great work). In academic settings, it is used by teachers to reward excellent performance. In fact, on a French bulletin de notes (report card), receiving 'les félicitations du conseil de classe' is the highest honor a student can achieve.

"Félicitations ! Vous avez été admis à l'université."

Family gatherings are another primary location for this word. Weddings, births, and anniversaries are all occasions where félicitations is the go-to expression. At a wedding, it is common to say "Félicitations aux mariés !". When a baby is born, friends and family will send cards saying "Félicitations pour l'heureux événement !". It is worth noting that for birthdays, while you can say félicitations, it is much more common to say Joyeux anniversaire or Bon anniversaire.

Workplace
Emails, meetings, performance reviews.
Education
Graduation ceremonies, report cards, exams.
Social Events
Weddings, births, engagements, housewarmings.

"Le maire a adressé ses félicitations aux sportifs de la ville."

In the media, you will hear sports commentators using it to praise athletes, or news anchors reporting on international awards like the Nobel Prize or the Palme d'Or. In these contexts, the word is often preceded by toutes nos... (all our...). For example, "Toutes nos félicitations à l'équipe de France pour cette victoire !". It is a word that bridges the gap between the personal and the public, the individual and the collective.

"Félicitations pour votre achat !"

— Often said by real estate agents or car salespeople.

One of the most frequent errors made by English speakers is using the singular form félicitation. In English, we often say 'a congratulation' (though 'congratulations' is more common), but in French, the singular form is reserved for technical linguistic discussions or very specific archaic contexts. If you are congratulating someone, it must be plural. Writing 'Félicitation !' on a card is a tell-tale sign of a non-native speaker.

"Incorrect: Félicitation pour ton succès !"

Another common mistake involves the choice of preposition. While pour is generally safe, using à directly after the word to mean 'for' is incorrect. You cannot say 'Félicitations à ton succès'; it must be 'Félicitations pour ton succès'. However, you can say 'Félicitations à toi' (Congratulations to you). The distinction between the reason for the congratulation and the recipient of the congratulation is crucial.

Singular vs Plural
Always use 'félicitations' with an 's'.
Preposition Confusion
Use 'pour' for the event, 'à' for the person.
Spelling
Don't forget the acute accent on the 'é'.

"Correct: Félicitations à toute l'équipe pour ce travail."

A third mistake is using félicitations for birthdays. While technically not 'wrong', it sounds a bit odd to a French ear. If you say félicitations on someone's birthday, it sounds like you are congratulating them for surviving another year, which might be interpreted as a joke about their age. Stick to Bon anniversaire unless they have reached a very significant milestone like 100 years old.

"Incorrect: Félicitations pour tes 20 ans ! (Use 'Bon anniversaire' instead)"

French offers several alternatives to félicitations, each with its own nuance. The most common is Bravo. Bravo is more informal and immediate. You shout 'Bravo!' at a concert or when a child finishes their vegetables. Félicitations is more reflective and formal. You wouldn't usually write 'Bravo' in a formal letter of recommendation; you would use 'félicitations'.

"Bravo ! Tu as réussi ton examen !"

Another synonym is Chapeau (literally 'Hat'). This is an idiomatic way of saying 'Hats off to you'. It conveys a sense of deep respect and slight surprise at someone's achievement. It is very common in spoken French but should be avoided in formal writing. Then there is Compliments. This is often used in professional settings, such as 'Avec les compliments de la direction' (With the compliments of the management).

Bravo
Short, punchy, informal, used for immediate success.
Chapeau
Idiomatic, shows respect, informal to neutral.
Compliments
Formal, often used in business or high-end service.

"Chapeau pour ce que tu as accompli !"

For very formal occasions, you might hear hommage or éloges. These are not direct synonyms for 'congratulations' but are related to the act of praising. Faire l'éloge de quelqu'un means to praise someone highly. In a literary or academic context, these words provide a more sophisticated way to express admiration than a simple 'félicitations'.

"Recevez mes compliments pour cette excellente présentation."

How Formal Is It?

難易度

知っておくべき文法

Plural of nouns ending in -tion

Use of 'pour' vs 'de'

Possessive adjectives with plural nouns

Reflexive verbs in formal contexts

Liaison with silent final consonants

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レベル別の例文

1

Félicitations !

Congratulations!

Interjection.

2

Oh, félicitations !

Oh, congratulations!

Interjection with 'Oh'.

3

Bravo et félicitations !

Well done and congratulations!

Pairing two synonyms.

4

Félicitations pour le bébé !

Congratulations on the baby!

Using 'pour' + noun.

5

Félicitations à toi !

Congratulations to you!

Using 'à' + stressed pronoun.

6

Félicitations pour ton travail.

Congratulations on your work.

Using 'pour' + possessive.

7

Un grand félicitations !

A big congratulations!

Informal use of 'un grand'.

8

Félicitations, c'est super !

Congratulations, it's great!

Adding a simple adjective.

1

Toutes mes félicitations pour ton mariage.

All my congratulations for your wedding.

Using 'Toutes mes'.

2

Félicitations pour votre nouvelle maison.

Congratulations on your new house.

Using 'votre' (formal/plural).

3

Je te dis félicitations !

I say congratulations to you!

Using the verb 'dire'.

4

Félicitations pour l'examen.

Congratulations on the exam.

Definite article 'l''.

5

Mes félicitations à toute la famille.

My congratulations to the whole family.

Using 'à' for recipients.

6

Félicitations pour ta promotion.

Congratulations on your promotion.

Common career context.

7

Encore félicitations !

Congratulations again!

Using 'encore' for emphasis.

8

Félicitations pour cette victoire.

Congratulations for this victory.

Demonstrative adjective 'cette'.

1

Félicitations d'avoir obtenu ce poste.

Congratulations on having obtained this position.

Using 'de' + past infinitive.

2

Je vous adresse mes félicitations les plus sincères.

I send you my most sincere congratulations.

Formal verb 'adresser'.

3

Nous nous félicitons de votre réussite.

We are pleased with your success.

Reflexive 'se féliciter de'.

4

C'est avec joie que je vous envoie mes félicitations.

It is with joy that I send you my congratulations.

Emphatic 'C'est... que'.

5

Félicitations pour avoir fini ce projet à temps.

Congratulations for having finished this project on time.

Using 'pour' + infinitive (less common but used).

6

Recevez mes félicitations pour votre engagement.

Please accept my congratulations for your commitment.

Imperative 'Recevez'.

7

Il mérite vraiment nos félicitations.

He really deserves our congratulations.

Verb 'mériter'.

8

Félicitations à l'équipe pour ce résultat.

Congratulations to the team for this result.

Combining 'à' (recipient) and 'pour' (reason).

1

Je tiens à vous présenter mes plus vives félicitations.

I would like to offer you my heartiest congratulations.

Fixed expression 'vives félicitations'.

2

Le directeur se félicite du bon déroulement des opérations.

The director is pleased with the smooth running of operations.

Reflexive usage in business.

3

Des félicitations s'imposent après une telle performance.

Congratulations are in order after such a performance.

Passive-like 's'imposer'.

4

Elle a reçu les félicitations du jury avec mention très bien.

She received the jury's congratulations with high honors.

Academic specific context.

5

Je ne peux que vous adresser mes félicitations.

I can only send you my congratulations.

Restriction 'ne... que'.

6

Toutes nos félicitations pour ce prix bien mérité.

All our congratulations for this well-deserved prize.

Adjective 'mérité'.

7

Il convient de vous adresser nos félicitations les plus chaleureuses.

It is appropriate to send you our warmest congratulations.

Impersonal 'Il convient de'.

8

Félicitations pour votre persévérance face aux obstacles.

Congratulations on your perseverance in the face of obstacles.

Abstract noun 'persévérance'.

1

L'entreprise peut se féliciter d'avoir anticipé la crise.

The company can congratulate itself on having anticipated the crisis.

Reflexive with 'pouvoir'.

2

Je vous réitère mes félicitations pour cette brillante élection.

I reiterate my congratulations for this brilliant election.

Formal verb 'réitérer'.

3

Ses félicitations semblaient empreintes d'une certaine ironie.

His congratulations seemed marked by a certain irony.

Literary 'empreintes de'.

4

Le conseil d'administration a voté des félicitations au président.

The board of directors voted to congratulate the president.

Official administrative action.

5

Malgré nos différends, je vous adresse mes félicitations.

Despite our differences, I send you my congratulations.

Concessive 'Malgré'.

6

Une pluie de félicitations s'est abattue sur le jeune prodige.

A shower of congratulations fell upon the young prodigy.

Metaphorical 'pluie de'.

7

Il est rare de voir de telles félicitations de la part de la critique.

It is rare to see such congratulations from the critics.

Prepositional phrase 'de la part de'.

8

Je m'associe aux félicitations qui vous ont été adressées.

I join in the congratulations that have been addressed to you.

Reflexive 's'associer à'.

1

On ne saurait trop vous adresser de félicitations pour cet exploit.

One cannot congratulate you enough for this feat.

Formal 'on ne saurait trop'.

2

La missive contenait des félicitations d'une rare élégance.

The letter contained congratulations of a rare elegance.

Literary 'missive'.

3

S'il est un moment pour les félicitations, c'est bien celui-ci.

If there is a time for congratulations, it is certainly this one.

Conditional 'S'il est...'.

4

Les félicitations d'usage furent échangées avec une froideur polie.

The customary congratulations were exchanged with a polite coldness.

Noun 'félicitations d'usage'.

5

Il s'est fendu d'un message de félicitations laconique.

He managed to send a laconic message of congratulations.

Idiomatic 'se fendre de'.

6

Nul ne contestera la légitimité des félicitations qui lui sont dues.

No one will contest the legitimacy of the congratulations due to him.

Negative 'Nul ne'.

7

L'éloquence de ses félicitations a ému l'assemblée tout entière.

The eloquence of his congratulations moved the entire assembly.

Noun 'éloquence'.

8

Sous le couvert de félicitations, il glissa une critique acerbe.

Under the guise of congratulations, he slipped in a sharp critique.

Phrase 'sous le couvert de'.

よく使う組み合わせ

Toutes mes félicitations
Vives félicitations
Sincères félicitations
Chaleureuses félicitations
Adresser ses félicitations
Présenter ses félicitations
Recevoir des félicitations
Mériter des félicitations
Félicitations du jury
Lettre de félicitations

よく使うフレーズ

Félicitations pour ton mariage !
Toutes mes félicitations pour ton nouveau job.
Je vous adresse mes plus vives félicitations.
Félicitations aux heureux parents !
Un grand bravo et toutes mes félicitations.
Félicitations d'avoir réussi !
Mes félicitations les plus sincères.
Encore toutes mes félicitations.
Félicitations pour cette belle réussite.
Je tiens à vous présenter mes félicitations.

よく混同される語

félicitations vs Compliments

félicitations vs Bravo

félicitations vs Félicitation (singular)

慣用句と表現

"Se féliciter de quelque chose (To be pleased with something)"
"Adresser ses félicitations (To send one's regards/congrats)"
"S'attirer les félicitations (To earn praise)"
"Voter des félicitations (To formally congratulate)"
"Être digne de félicitations (To be praiseworthy)"
"Une pluie de félicitations (A flood of congratulations)"
"Félicitations d'usage (Standard/formal congratulations)"
"Se fendre de félicitations (To manage a congratulatory word)"
"Sous le couvert de félicitations (Under the guise of praise)"
"Félicitations du conseil (School honors)"

間違えやすい

félicitations vs

félicitations vs

félicitations vs

félicitations vs

félicitations vs

文型パターン

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使い方

birthday usage

Avoid; use 'Bon anniversaire' instead.

singular usage

Extremely rare, only in technical linguistic contexts.

preposition choice

'Pour' is for the cause, 'à' is for the person.

よくある間違い
  • Using the singular 'félicitation'.
  • Using it for birthdays instead of 'Bon anniversaire'.
  • Pronouncing the 't' as a 't' instead of an 's'.
  • Forgetting the 's' in writing.
  • Using 'à' instead of 'pour' for the reason (e.g., Félicitations à ton succès).

ヒント

Always Plural

Never forget the 's' at the end. It is a common mistake for beginners. Even if you are only giving one congratulation, the word itself remains plural.

Preposition Choice

Use 'pour' for things (pour ton job) and 'à' for people (à toi). This simple rule will help you avoid the most common preposition errors.

School Honors

If you see 'félicitations' on a French student's report card, it's a big deal. It means they are at the top of their class. It's the highest level of praise.

The 'S' Sound

Focus on the 's' sound in the middle. If you pronounce it like a 't', it will sound like you are speaking another language. It's 'féli-si-tasyon'.

Professional Emails

In a professional setting, don't just say 'Félicitations !'. Use the full phrase 'Je vous adresse mes félicitations'. It shows you know the formal codes.

Synonym: Chapeau

Use 'Chapeau !' with friends for a cool, native-sounding alternative. It's like saying 'Hats off!'. It's very common and sounds very natural.

Wedding Protocol

At a French wedding, make sure to congratulate the parents too. Saying 'Félicitations aux parents' is a very polite and appreciated gesture.

The Accent

Don't forget the acute accent on the 'é'. Without it, the word is technically misspelled. Accents are crucial for correct French spelling.

Se Féliciter

Use 'se féliciter de' to express satisfaction in a formal way. It's a great way to sound more advanced (B2/C1 level) in your writing.

Silent 'S'

Remember that the final 's' is silent. You stop at the 'on' sound. This is true for almost all French words ending in '-s'.

暗記しよう

語源

Latin

文化的な背景

Used in formal evaluations.

Mandatory to say to the couple and parents.

Rarely used; 'Bon anniversaire' is preferred.

Highest honor on a report card.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"Félicitations ! Comment as-tu fêté ça ?"

"J'ai entendu la nouvelle, félicitations !"

"Toutes mes félicitations, tu dois être fier ?"

"Félicitations pour ton diplôme, quels sont tes projets ?"

"Je voulais te dire félicitations en personne."

日記のテーマ

Écrivez un message de félicitations à un ami qui vient de se marier.

Quand avez-vous reçu des félicitations pour la dernière fois ?

Pourquoi est-il important d'adresser des félicitations aux autres ?

Imaginez que vous recevez les félicitations du jury pour votre travail.

Félicitez-vous pour une chose que vous avez accomplie cette semaine.

よくある質問

10 問

In normal conversation, no. It is always used in the plural 'félicitations' when you are congratulating someone. The singular form only exists as a technical term in linguistics or very old literature. Always add the 's' in your writing.

It is better to avoid it. While people will understand you, the standard phrase is 'Joyeux anniversaire' or 'Bon anniversaire'. 'Félicitations' sounds like you are congratulating them for an achievement, and aging isn't usually seen as an achievement until you're very old!

'Pour' is used before a noun (e.g., félicitations pour ton succès). 'De' is used before a verb in the infinitive (e.g., félicitations d'avoir gagné). In casual speech, 'pour' is often used for both, but 'de' is more grammatically precise for actions.

'Bravo' is more informal and is used for immediate actions, like a good performance or a small win. 'Félicitations' is more formal and used for major life events or career milestones. You can use both together for emphasis: 'Bravo et félicitations !'

You say 'Félicitations à toi' (informal) or 'Félicitations à vous' (formal). You use the preposition 'à' followed by a stressed pronoun or a person's name. For example, 'Félicitations à Marie !'.

It is a reflexive verb that means 'to be pleased with' or 'to welcome' a situation. For example, 'Je me félicite de cette décision' means 'I am pleased with this decision'. It is very common in professional and political French.

This is a specific honor in French higher education. When someone defends a thesis or takes a high-level exam, the jury can award 'félicitations' to indicate that the work was exceptional. It is a very prestigious distinction.

It is a feminine noun. You can tell because we say 'Toutes mes félicitations' (toutes is feminine plural) and 'mes plus vives félicitations' (vives is feminine plural). Always treat it as feminine.

Use a phrase like 'Je vous adresse mes plus sincères félicitations pour...' or 'C'est avec grand plaisir que je vous présente mes félicitations'. These are standard professional formulas that sound very natural and polite.

This is a standard rule in French for words ending in '-tion' (like nation, attention, or solution). When '-tion' follows a vowel, the 't' is almost always pronounced as /s/. It's one of the key pronunciation rules to master.

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