Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the flow of complex Hindi sentences by linking multiple actions and nuances seamlessly.
- Connect sequential actions using the 'kar' conjunctive participle.
- Express simultaneous actions with the '-te hue' pattern.
- Add emphasis and variety using word reduplication and report indirect speech.
Connect your thoughts, narrate your life, speak like a native.
学べること
Ready to take your Hindi speaking to the next level? In this chapter, you'll dive into the exciting world of combining verbs and crafting more sophisticated sentences. No more choppy, simple phrases! You'll master how to fluidly connect sequential actions, saying
having done X, I did Yusing the magical
kar and ke forms, just like a native speaker. This is super useful for narrating a story or giving directions!
Imagine you're at a party and want to say, While I was listening to music, I was eating dinner.That's where the
-te hue pattern comes in, showing two actions happening simultaneously. How much cooler will your conversation sound? Then, we'll explore 'each of these' or 'what all' with Hindi reduplication, adding emphasis and nuance. These small details will make your speech much more natural.
Finally, you'll master reported speech using कि and pronoun shifts. You'll be able to tell someone what another person said without sounding stiff or overly formal. For instance, you can easily say, He said that he was going to the bookstore.After this chapter, your sentences will flow smoothly and maturely, exactly like a real Hindi speaker. It's not just *what* you say, but *how* you say it. Get ready to captivate your listeners and speak with elegance and precision!
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'kar' で動作をつなぐ (〜してから…)動詞の語根に
karを付けるだけで「〜してから」という流れを作れます。ポイントはkarkarkekeの3つを使いこなすことです。 -
ヒンディー語の畳語：それぞれ、すべて、何々 (Reduplication)単語を2回繰り返すことで、グループの中の「個々の要素」や「多様性」、「強調」を表現できます。
kya-kya（何々）、do-do（2つずつ）、garam-garam（アツアツ）などの表現を使いこなしましょう。 -
マルチタスクの魔法：「-te hue」パターン「〜しながら、…する」と言いたい時は、動詞を [語幹] +
-te hueに変えて、メインの動詞を最後につなげるだけ！karte hueやchalte hueを使いこなしましょう。 -
ヒンディー語の間接話法：伝聞の表し方間接話法を使いこなすには、«कि» で文をつなぎ、«वह» などの代名詞を適切に入れ替えるのがコツです。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
-
1
By the end you will be able to describe a sequence of events in a single sentence using 'kar'.
-
2
By the end you will be able to use reduplication to express 'each', 'every', or plural intensity.
-
3
By the end you will be able to describe two actions happening at once using the '-te hue' structure.
-
4
By the end you will be able to report what someone else said using indirect speech shifts.
チャプターガイド
Overview
Welcome to a pivotal stage in your Hindi grammar B2 journey! This chapter is your gateway to sounding more natural, sophisticated, and genuinely fluent. Moving beyond simple sentences, we'll unlock the secrets to combining actions seamlessly, transforming choppy statements into elegant narratives.
Mastering these advanced Hindi grammar patterns isn't just about correctness; it's about adding depth and flow to your communication, allowing you to express complex ideas with the ease of a native speaker.
At the B2 level, your goal is not just to be understood, but to communicate effectively and nuancedly. This guide will equip you with essential tools for combining verbs in Hindi, enabling you to narrate events, describe parallel actions, and report conversations with precision. You'll learn how to say
having done X, I did Yor
while doing X, I was doing Y,dramatically improving your storytelling and descriptive abilities.
Get ready to elevate your Hindi speaking skills and impress your listeners with your newfound linguistic finesse.
We'll delve into the practical applications of kar/ke, -te hue, Hindi reduplication, and indirect speech in Hindi. These structures are fundamental to everyday conversation and advanced discourse. By the end of this chapter, you'll find your sentences flowing more smoothly, your descriptions becoming richer, and your overall Hindi fluency reaching new heights.
How This Grammar Works
Let's break down the mechanics behind these powerful Hindi grammar structures that will transform your communication.
Connecting Actions with 'kar' (Having done...) and Linking Actions with 'Having Done' (Verb + kar/ke)
This is your go-to for sequential actions, meaning one action is completed before the next begins. You attach कर (kar) or करके (karke) to the stem of the *first* verb. करके (karke) often implies a slightly stronger sense of completion or consequence than कर (kar), but they are largely interchangeable.
The subject of both actions must be the same.
* देखना (dekhna) (to see) → देखकर (dekhkar) (having seen)
* पढ़ना (paṛhna) (to read) → पढ़कर (paṛhkar) (having read)
* Example: मैं खाना खाकर सो गया। (Main khaana khaakar so gaya.) (Having eaten food, I slept. / I slept after eating food.)
* Example: वह पाठ पढ़कर खेलने गया। (Vah paath paṛhkar khelne gaya.) (Having read the lesson, he went to play.)
Multitasking Magic: The '-te hue' Pattern
This construction expresses two actions happening simultaneously or one action happening *during* another. It uses the imperfect participle of the verb, which changes based on gender and number: -ते हुए (-te hue) for masculine plural/respectful singular, -ता हुआ (-ta hua) for masculine singular, -ती हुई (-ti hui) for feminine singular, and -ती हुई (-ti hui) for feminine plural. However, -ते हुए (-te hue) is often used as a general form, especially when the subject is not explicitly stated immediately next to it.
* गाना (gaana) (to sing) → गाते हुए (gaate hue) (while singing)
* चलना (chalna) (to walk) → चलते हुए (chalte hue) (while walking)
* Example: वह गाना सुनते हुए काम कर रहा था। (Vah gaana sunte hue kaam kar raha tha.) (He was working while listening to music.)
* Example: बच्चे हँसते हुए स्कूल जा रहे थे। (Bacche hanste hue school ja rahe the.) (The children were going to school while laughing.)
Hindi Reduplication: Each, Every, and What-All (Reduplication)
Reduplication involves repeating a word, usually a noun, adjective, or interrogative pronoun, to add emphasis, express distribution, or ask about
what all or who all.* धीरे-धीरे (dheere-dheere) (very slowly / slowly-slowly)
* कौन-कौन (kaun-kaun) (who all)
* क्या-क्या (kya-kya) (what all)
* Example: मेहमान धीरे-धीरे घर से निकले। (Mehmaan dheere-dheere ghar se nikle.) (The guests left the house very slowly.)
* Example: तुम बाज़ार से क्या-क्या लाए? (Tum baazaar se kya-kya laaye?) (What all did you bring from the market?)
Reporting Speech in Hindi (Indirect Speech)
To report what someone said, Hindi uses the conjunction कि (ki), similar to
that in English. The original statement is usually kept in its original tense, but pronouns often shift.* Example: उसने कहा, «मैं दिल्ली जा रहा हूँ।» (Usne kaha,
Main Delhi jaa raha hoon.) (He said,
I am going to Delhi.)
* Reported: उसने कहा कि वह दिल्ली जा रहा है। (Usne kaha ki vah Delhi jaa raha hai.) (He said that he was going to Delhi.)
* Note the pronoun shift from «मैं» to «वह». Tense changes are less strict than in English, often remaining the same as the original statement relative to the time of speaking.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: मैं खाना खाया और सो गया। (Main khaana khaaya aur so gaya.)
✓ Correct: मैं खाना खाकर सो गया। (Main khaana khaakar so gaya.)
*Explanation:* While the
aur (and) construction is grammatically correct, using कर (kar) or करके (karke) makes the sentence flow more naturally and sounds more idiomatic for sequential actions, especially when the subject is the same. It's a hallmark of advanced Hindi.- 1✗ Wrong: वह टीवी देखता हुआ खाना खा रहा था। (Vah TV dekhta hua khaana kha raha tha.)
✓ Correct: वह टीवी देखते हुए खाना खा रहा था। (Vah TV dekhte hue khaana kha raha tha.)
*Explanation:* While देखता हुआ (dekhta hua) is technically correct for a masculine singular subject, देखते हुए (dekhte hue) is much more commonly used as a general form for simultaneous actions, especially when the participle isn't directly modifying a noun. It sounds more natural and fluent.
- 1✗ Wrong: उसने कहा कि मैं कल जाऊँगा। (Usne kaha ki main kal jaaunga.) (Referring to the person who said it, not the speaker.)
✓ Correct: उसने कहा कि वह कल जाएगा। (Usne kaha ki vah kal jaayega.)
*Explanation:* When reporting speech, remember to shift the pronouns from first person (मैं) to third person (वह/वे) to reflect who the original statement was about, not the person reporting it. The verb tense often remains the same as the original statement.
Real Conversations
A
A
नमस्ते! तुम आज सुबह क्या-क्या कर रहे थे? (Namaste! Tum aaj subah kya-kya kar rahe the?) (Hello! What all were you doing this morning?)
B
B
मैं नाश्ता करके अख़बार पढ़ रहा था, और फिर गाना सुनते हुए घर का काम किया। (Main naashta karke akhbaar paṛh raha tha, aur phir gaana sunte hue ghar ka kaam kiya.) (I read the newspaper after having breakfast, and then did housework while listening to music.)
A
A
उसने मुझसे कहा कि वह पार्टी में नहीं आएगा। (Usne mujhse kaha ki vah party mein nahin aayega.) (He told me that he wouldn't come to the party.)
B
B
ओह, उसने तुमसे ऐसा क्यों-क्यों कहा? (Oh, usne tumse aisa kyon-kyon kaha?) (Oh, why all did he say that to you?)
Quick FAQ
Q
How do I combine two related actions in Hindi without sounding clunky?
Use कर (kar) or करके (karke) attached to the stem of the first verb for sequential actions (e.g., खाना खाकर सो गया - *having eaten, I slept*).
Q
What is the main difference between कर (kar) and करके (karke)?
Both mean having done, but करके (karke) can sometimes imply a stronger sense of completion or consequence, though in many contexts, they are interchangeable.
Q
When should I use reduplication in Hindi?
Reduplication is used for emphasis (e.g., धीरे-धीरे - *very slowly*), distribution (e.g., घर-घर - *each house*), or to ask what all or who all (e.g., क्या-क्या, कौन-कौन).
Q
Do tenses always change in Hindi indirect speech like in English?
Not necessarily. While pronouns shift, the verb tense in the reported clause often remains the same as the original direct speech, especially if the reported action is still relevant or ongoing.
Cultural Context
These patterns are fundamental to how native Hindi speakers construct fluid and expressive sentences. The use of कर/के (kar/ke) and -ते हुए (-te hue) reflects a preference for compact, elegant verb chaining over multiple separate clauses. Reduplication adds a layer of nuance and emphasis that makes speech more vivid and engaging.
Mastering these elements will not only improve your grammatical accuracy but also significantly enhance the naturalness and rhythm of your Hindi speaking, allowing you to connect more deeply in conversations.
重要な例文 (4)
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ヒントとコツ (4)
💡
口語で便利な「Ke」
会話では「kar」の代わりに「ke」がよく使われます。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'kar' で動作をつなぐ (〜してから…)
Jaa ke le lo（行って取ってきて）と言うと、とてもネイティブらしく聞こえますよ。
🎯
「インスタ映え」のルール
ネイティブのインフルエンサーのように振る舞いたいなら、形容詞を重ねて美学を表現しましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の畳語：それぞれ、すべて、何々 (Reduplication)
Sundar-sundar（美しい・美しい）と言うと、個々の素敵なものがたくさんある様子が伝わります。
💡
「hue」を省略してスピードアップ！
カジュアルな会話では、よく
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: マルチタスクの魔法：「-te hue」パターン
hue を省略して動詞を繰り返すことがあります。 Main chalte-chalte gir gaya（歩いている途中で転んじゃった）のように言うと、とってもネイティブっぽいです！
💡
「Ki」は考えるための時間稼ぎ
次に何を言うか迷ったら、まず動詞の後に
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の間接話法：伝聞の表し方
कि を置いてみましょう。一呼吸置くことで、次のフレーズを考える余裕が生まれます。 Maine kaha ki...重要な語彙 (6)
नहाना (nahaana)
to take a bath
अलग-अलग (alag-alag)
various / different
बताना (bataana)
to tell / inform
मुस्कुराना (muskuraana)
to smile
छोटे-छोटे (chhote-chhote)
small ones (plural)
सोचना (sochna)
to think
Real-World Preview
coffee
A Morning Routine
briefcase
Reporting a Meeting
Review Summary
- [Verb Root] + kar / ke
- [Word] + [Same Word]
- [Verb Root] + te + hue
- [Speaker] ने कहा कि [Statement]
よくある間違い
You cannot use 'kar' if the person eating and the person sleeping are different. 'kar' requires the same subject for both verbs.
Wrong:
मैं खाना खाकर वह सो गया। (Main khaana khaakar vah so gaya.)
正解:
मेरे खाना खाने के बाद वह सो गया। (Mere khaana khaane ke baad vah so gaya.)
While 'roti hui' can act as an adjective, the adverbial 'while doing' pattern almost always stays in the masculine oblique '-te hue' regardless of gender.
Wrong:
वह रोती हुई बोली। (Vah roti hui boli.)
正解:
वह रोते हुए बोली। (Vah rote hue boli.)
In indirect speech, Hindi usually shifts the pronoun to the third person (vah) if you are reporting about him, unlike some dialects that keep the direct quote.
Wrong:
उसने कहा कि मैं बीमार हूँ (meaning 'He said he is sick').
正解:
उसने कहा कि वह बीमार है। (Usne kaha ki vah bimaar hai.)
このチャプターのルール (4)
Next Steps
You've just unlocked the secret to 'native-sounding' flow. Keep practicing these connections, and you'll find yourself thinking in Hindi sequences rather than isolated words. You're doing incredible work!
Narrate your morning routine out loud using at least 5 'kar' structures.
Listen to a Hindi news clip and try to identify every time the reporter uses 'ki' to quote someone.
クイック練習 (6)
動詞の形の間違いを見つけてください。
Find and fix the mistake:
Main homework karkar TV dekhunga.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main homework karke TV dekhunga.
動詞
karna (する) はこの形では不規則です。 karkar とは言わず、必ず karke と言います。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'kar' で動作をつなぐ (〜してから…)
「食べてから行きます」という文章を完成させてください。
Main khana ___ jaunga. (I will go after eating)
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khaakar
次の動作が始まる前に完了した動作を表すには、語根
khaa + kar が必要です。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'kar' で動作をつなぐ (〜してから…)
「彼は笑いながら話した」という意味の文はどれですか？
正しい翻訳を選んでください：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Woh hanskar bola.
Hanskar は話す時の「様子」を表す副詞のような役割をします。 Hanste hi は「笑うとすぐに」という意味です。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'kar' で動作をつなぐ (〜してから…)
「一人ひとりにリンゴを1つずつあげてください」という意味の文を選んでください。
正しい文を選んでください：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: सबको एक-एक सेब दे do।
分配（1つずつ）を示すには、数字の 'ek' を繰り返す必要があります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の畳語：それぞれ、すべて、何々 (Reduplication)
次の質問の誤りを直してください：「誰々に（どの方々に）お金をあげたのですか？」
Find and fix the mistake:
तुमने कौन-कौन को पैसे दिए?
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: तुमने किस-किस को पैसे दिए?
後置詞 'ko' の前では、'kaun' は斜格の 'kis' に変化するため、'kis-kis ko' となります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の畳語：それぞれ、すべて、何々 (Reduplication)
「誰々が来ましたか？」と尋ねる文を完成させてください。
पार्टी में ___ आए थे?
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: कौन-कौन
複数の特定の人物のリストを尋ねる場合、'kaun' を繰り返して 'kaun-kaun' にします。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の畳語：それぞれ、すべて、何々 (Reduplication)
Score: /6
よくある質問 (6)
意味に違いはありません。
Jaakar は標準的な書き言葉で、 Jaake は日常会話で非常によく使われる口語表現です。はい！
kar 自体に時制はありません。文末の動詞で時制が決まります。 Main ghar jaakar sounga（家に行ってから寝ます）。
はい、常に複数または分配的な回答を期待します。一人の名前ではなく、名前のリストを求めているときに
Kaun-kaun aaye hain? のように使います。間違いではありませんが、人を指す場合は
ek-ek karke（一人ずつ）や har ek（一人ひとり）と言う方が自然です。はい！
-te hue の部分は時間が経っても変わりません。メインの動詞だけ未来形にします。 Main kal bhaagte hue aunga（明日は走って来るよ）。
「chalte hue」は単に「歩きながら」という事実を言います。 「chalte-chalte」と繰り返すと、「ずっと歩き続けているうちに…」という継続や時間の長さを強調します。
