A2 · 初中級 チャプター 4

Expressing Wants, Abilities, and Needs

5 トータルルール
53 例文
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Transform from a passive observer into an active speaker by expressing your inner desires and daily duties.

  • Distinguish between needing objects and wanting to perform actions.
  • Master the verb 'Sakna' to describe your skills and permissions.
  • Construct sentences about obligations and things you 'have' to do.
Speak your mind: What you want, can, and must do.

学べること

Hey there, brilliant Hindi learner! You've built a solid foundation; now let's make your conversations truly personal. This chapter unlocks the power to express your wants, abilities, and needs, making you an active participant in any discussion. You'll master chāhie for what you *need* (like that delicious biryani!) and chāhnā for actions you *want to do*. Then, confidently say 'I can' with saknā, dropping the na and matching gender for abilities and permissions. And for those 'I can't' moments, you'll learn the simple nahin trick. Finally, express your obligations – the 'I have to...' statements – using the ko ... -na hai structure. Imagine smoothly ordering in a restaurant, 'I want the paneer!' or telling a friend, 'I can meet you tomorrow, but I have to work first.' These skills are your key to real-life Hindi interactions. By the chapter's end, you'll confidently articulate your desires, capabilities, and responsibilities in a wide range of Hindi situations. Get ready to truly express yourself!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to correctly use 'chāhie' for objects and 'chāhnā' for actions.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to conjugate 'saknā' to express physical abilities and permissions.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to express negative abilities using the correct word order with 'nahin'.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to use the 'ko... -na hai' structure to describe personal obligations.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, brilliant Hindi learner! You've built a solid foundation; now let's make your conversations truly personal. This chapter unlocks the power to express your wants, abilities, and needs, making you an active participant in any discussion.
This is a crucial step in your A2 Hindi grammar journey, moving beyond basic sentences to expressing complex personal thoughts and requirements. Mastering these structures will significantly boost your fluency and confidence in real-world Hindi conversations.
In this guide, we'll dive deep into Hindi grammar for expressing desires and capabilities. You'll master chāhie for what you *need* (like that delicious biryani!) and chāhnā for actions you *want to do*. We'll then confidently tackle how to say 'I can' with saknā, understanding its versatility for abilities and permissions.
For those 'I can't' moments, you'll learn the simple nahin trick.
Finally, express your obligations – the 'I have to...' statements – using the ko ... -na hai structure. Imagine smoothly ordering in a restaurant, 'I want the paneer!' or telling a friend, 'I can meet you tomorrow, but I have to work first.' These skills are your key to real-life Hindi interactions.
By the chapter's end, you'll confidently articulate your desires, capabilities, and responsibilities in a wide range of Hindi situations, making your Hindi speaking much more natural and effective.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on several core Hindi grammar concepts that allow you to express personal states like wants, abilities, and necessities. First up is Expressing Wants: chāhie vs chāhnā. The word chāhie (चाहिए) means 'is needed' or 'should have' and is used for things you need or want.
It always agrees with the object in gender and number. For example, «मुझे पानी चाहिए» (Mujhe paanee chāhie) means
(To me) water is needed
or I need water. In contrast, chāhnā (चाहना) is a regular verb meaning 'to want' (an action). You conjugate it like other verbs.
For instance, «मैं खाना खाना चाहता हूँ» (Main khānā khānā chāhtā hūn) means
I want to eat food.
Notice the infinitive verb 'to eat' (खाना) followed by chāhnā.
Next, we tackle Expressing Ability (Saknā): Saying 'Can' in Hindi. The verb saknā (सकना) means 'can' or 'to be able to'. It's a modal verb and always follows the main verb, which remains in its root form (without the -na ending).
For example, «मैं हिंदी बोल सकता हूँ» (Main Hindee bol saktā hūn) means
I can speak Hindi.
The saknā part changes based on the subject's gender and number. For feminine subjects, it would be «सकती हूँ» (saktī hūn). This is covered in more detail in Hindi Verb Sakna: Can, Could & Ability.
For Saying 'I Can't' in Hindi: Using nahin before sak, it's remarkably straightforward. You simply place nahin (नहीं) directly before the conjugated form of saknā. So, «मैं हिंदी नहीं बोल सकता हूँ» (Main Hindee nahin bol saktā hūn) means
I cannot speak Hindi.
This simple placement makes negating ability very easy.
Finally, for expressing obligations, we use Hindi Necessity: I have to... (ko ... -na hai).
This structure uses the postposition ko (को) with the subject, followed by the infinitive form of the verb (ending in -na), and then hai (है) or hūn (हूँ), etc. For example, «मुझे जाना है» (Mujhe jānā hai) means
I have to go
or I must go. The 'to me' (mujhe) implies the obligation is on the speaker. This construction is highly common for expressing duties, plans, or necessities in A2 Hindi.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: मुझे पानी चाहता हूँ। (Mujhe paanee chāhtā hūn.)
Correct: मुझे पानी चाहिए। (Mujhe paanee chāhie.)
*Explanation:* Chāhnā is a verb for wanting an *action*, while chāhie is for needing or wanting a *noun* (thing). You don't want water as an action; water is needed by you.
  1. 1Wrong: मैं हिंदी बोल सकता। (Main Hindee bol saktā.)
Correct: मैं हिंदी बोल सकता हूँ। (Main Hindee bol saktā hūn.)
*Explanation:* When using saknā to express ability in the present tense, you must include the appropriate form of to be (hūn, hai, hain, etc.) at the end of the sentence for it to be grammatically complete.
  1. 1Wrong: मैं काम करना है। (Main kām karnā hai.)
Correct: मुझे काम करना है। (Mujhe kām karnā hai.)
*Explanation:* For expressing necessity or obligation (I have to...), the subject takes the postposition ko (e.g., mujhko or its shortened form mujhe) instead of the nominative form (main).

Real Conversations

A

A

तुम्हें क्या चाहिए? (Tumheṅ kyā chāhie?) (What do you need?)
B

B

मुझे एक कप कॉफ़ी चाहिए। (Mujhe ek kap coffee chāhie.) (I need a cup of coffee.)
A

A

क्या तुम आज शाम को आ सकते हो? (Kyā tum āj shām ko ā sakte ho?) (Can you come this evening?)
B

B

नहीं, मैं नहीं आ सकता। मुझे आज काम करना है। (Nahin, main nahin ā saktā. Mujhe āj kām karnā hai.) (No, I can't come. I have to work today.)
A

A

तुम क्या करना चाहते हो? (Tum kyā karnā chāhte ho?) (What do you want to do?)
B

B

मैं फ़िल्म देखना चाहता हूँ। (Main film dekhnā chāhtā hūn.) (I want to watch a movie.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I choose between chāhie and chāhnā for expressing wants in Hindi?

Use chāhie for things you *need/want* (e.g., water, a book) and chāhnā for *actions* you want to do (e.g., to eat, to go).

Q

Does the verb saknā change based on who is speaking?

Yes, saknā conjugates like a regular verb, agreeing with the subject in gender and number (e.g., saktā hūn for masculine singular, saktī hūn for feminine singular, sakte hain for masculine plural).

Q

What's the easiest way to say "I can't" in A2 Hindi?

Simply place nahin (नहीं) directly before the conjugated form of saknā, for example, «मैं नहीं जा सकता» (Main nahin jā saktā - I cannot go).

Q

How is the 'I have to...' structure different from 'I want to...'?

'I have to...' uses the ko ... -na hai structure (e.g., «मुझे जाना है» - I have to go), implying obligation. 'I want to...' uses chāhnā (e.g., «मैं जाना चाहता हूँ» - I want to go), implying desire.

Cultural Context

These grammatical structures are deeply embedded in everyday Hindi conversation. Expressing wants and needs using chāhie is common and direct, suitable for ordering food or asking for help. The **ko ...
-na hai construction for necessity is often used to politely state obligations or plans, avoiding a demanding tone. For example, «मुझे जल्दी जाना है» (Mujhe jaldee jānā hai - I have to go early) is a very common and polite way to excuse oneself. Mastering saknā allows for a wide range of social interactions, from offering help to politely declining invitations, making your Hindi speaking** more nuanced and effective.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Mujhe ek nayā phone chāhie.

新しい携帯が欲しいです。

「欲しい」の表現:chāhie vs chāhnā
2

Main ghar jānā chāhtā hū̃.

私は家に帰りたいです。

「欲しい」の表現:chāhie vs chāhnā
3

Maim hindī bol saktā hūm.

私はヒンディー語を話せます。

能力の表現 (Saknā): ヒンディー語で「〜できる」と言う方法
4

Kyā āp merī madad kar sakte haim?

手伝っていただけますか?

能力の表現 (Saknā): ヒンディー語で「〜できる」と言う方法
5

मैं हिंदी बोल सकता हूँ।

私はヒンディー語が話せます。

ヒンディー語の動詞 Sakna: 「~できる」能力と許可 (सकना)
6

क्या तुम मुझे सुन सकती हो?

私の声が聞こえる?

ヒンディー語の動詞 Sakna: 「~できる」能力と許可 (सकना)
8

Vah Hindi nahin bol sakti.

彼女はヒンディー語を話せません。

ヒンディー語で「できない」と言う:`sak`の前に`nahin`を使う (नहीं + सकना)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「〜すべき」の裏技

「Jānā chāhie」みたいに「動詞の-nā形 + chāhie」の形を見ると、「欲しい」じゃなくて「〜すべき」という意味になることが多いです。「Mujhe jānā chāhie」は「私は行くべきだ」になります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「欲しい」の表現:chāhie vs chāhnā
🎯

「-nā」を落とす!

もし「khānā saktā hūm」と言ってしまったら、ちょっと待って!必ず語幹を使います。「khā saktā hūm」が正解です。「-nā」は殻だと思って、剥がしてくださいね。「私は泳げます。」«मैं तैर सकता हूँ।»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 能力の表現 (Saknā): ヒンディー語で「〜できる」と言う方法
💡

「語根」が主役!

動詞の辞書形から 'na' を取った形を使いましょう。'khana sakta' だとロボットみたいに聞こえちゃうので、«मैं खा सकता हूँ।» と言います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の動詞 Sakna: 「~できる」能力と許可 (सकना)
💡

語幹ルール

動詞の語幹だけを使います。「-na」は必ず取り除いてくださいね。「Bolna」は「bol」に、「Khana」は「kha」になります。これはとっても大事です!
Vah nahin samajh sakti.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語で「できない」と言う:`sak`の前に`nahin`を使う (नहीं + सकना)

重要な語彙 (8)

चाहिए (chaahie) need/want (an object) चाहना (chaahna) to want (to do something) सकना (sakna) to be able to / can मदद (madad) help काम (kaam) work खाना (khaana) to eat बोलना (bolna) to speak को (ko) to (used for dative subjects)

Real-World Preview

coffee

At a Coffee Shop

calendar

Making Plans with a Friend

Review Summary

  • Subject-ko + Object + chāhie
  • Subject + Verb(stem)-nā + chāhnā
  • Subject + Verb(stem) + saknā + (hai)
  • Subject-ko + Verb(-nā) + hai

よくある間違い

With 'chāhie', the subject must be in the dative case (mujhe), not the nominative (main).

Wrong: मैं पानी चाहिए (main paanee chaahie)
正解: मुझे पानी चाहिए (mujhe paanee chaahie)

When using 'saknā', you must drop the '-na' from the main verb stem.

Wrong: मैं जाना सकता हूँ (main jaana sakta hoon)
正解: मैं जा सकता हूँ (main ja sakta hoon)

The word 'nahin' usually comes before the 'sak' part of the verb phrase.

Wrong: मैं बोल सकता नहीं (main bol sakta nahin)
正解: मैं नहीं बोल सकता (main nahin bol sakta)

このチャプターのルール (5)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the most personal parts of the Hindi language. Being able to say what you want and what you can do is a huge milestone. Keep practicing those 'mujhe' forms!

Write a 'To-Do' list for tomorrow using 'ko... -na hai'.

Record yourself saying three things you can do and one thing you can't.

クイック練習 (10)

「私は行かなければならない」を正しく表現している文はどれですか?

正しい選択肢を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मुझे जाना है。
主語は「ko」を取る必要があり(main + ko = mujhe)、動詞は不定詞の形を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の義務:〜しなければならない (ko ... -na hai)

女性話者にとって文法的に正しい文はどれですか?

「私は行ける」の正しい言い方を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मैं जा सकती हूँ。
女性話者の場合、「सकना」は「सकती हूँ」となり、主要動詞は語幹形「जा」である必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 能力の表現 (Saknā): ヒンディー語で「〜できる」と言う方法

正しい文の構造を選んでください。

Which sentence correctly says 'She wants to play'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Voh khelnā chāhtī hai.
行動を「したい」場合は、主語 + 動詞 + chāhtī(女性)を使います。「Usko khelnā chāhie」だと「彼女は遊ぶ『べきだ』」という意味になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「欲しい」の表現:chāhie vs chāhnā

性別一致の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

हमें किताब पढ़ना है。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: हमें किताब पढ़नी है。
「Kitab」(本)は女性名詞なので、「parhna」は「parhni」にならなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の義務:〜しなければならない (ko ... -na hai)

空欄を埋めてください:「私たちは見られません。」

Hum nahin ___ sakte.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dekh
否定と能力を示すマーカーの前に、動詞の語幹(dekh)を使う必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語で「できない」と言う:`sak`の前に`nahin`を使う (नहीं + सकना)

次の文章の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Woh gaana gaata sakta hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Woh gaana gaa sakta hai.
saktaの前には動詞の語根(gaa)を置く必要があります。活用した形(gaata)は使いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の動詞 Sakna: 「~できる」能力と許可 (सकना)

男性が話していると想定して、空欄に正しい 'sakna' の形を入れてください。

Main yeh kaam kar ___ hoon. (私はこの仕事ができます。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sakta
主語が 'Main' で話し手が男性なので、男性単数形の 'sakta' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の動詞 Sakna: 「~できる」能力と許可 (सकना)

正しい動詞の形を空欄に埋めてください。

मुझे कॉफ़ी ___ (pina) है。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पीनी
ヒンディー語で「Coffee」は女性名詞なので、動詞「pina」は「pini」に変わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の義務:〜しなければならない (ko ... -na hai)

「欲しい」に合う正しい言葉を選んでください。

___ pānī chāhie. (I want water)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhe
モノが欲しい時に「chāhie」を使う場合、主語は「ko」の形(Mujhe)でなければなりません。「Main」のような直接形ではありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「欲しい」の表現:chāhie vs chāhnā

否定文の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

वह नहीं देख सकता है。 (彼女は見ることができない - 女の子について)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वह नहीं देख सकती है。
文脈が「彼女」を指しているので、動詞は「सकता」ではなく「सकती」でなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 能力の表現 (Saknā): ヒンディー語で「〜できる」と言う方法

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

「chāhie」はモノ(名詞)が欲しい時に使い、「ko」の形(Mujheなど)が主語になります。「chāhtā」は行動(動詞)をしたい時に使い、主語(Mainなど)の性別によって形が変わります。
「Mujhe」は文字通り「私に」という意味です。ヒンディー語では、モノを「欲しい」のではなく、モノが「私に必要である」という考え方をします。文法的な視点が違うんですね。
動詞の語幹は、動詞の辞書形から「-nā」を除いた部分です。例えば、「dekhnā」(見る)の語幹は「dekh」です。この核となる部分を常に「saknā」と一緒に使います。「私は見ることができます。」«मैं देख सकता हूँ।»
はい、「kyā maim andar ā saktā hūm?」(中に入ってもいいですか?)は、「~してもいいですか?」と尋ねる標準的な方法です。ほとんど全ての許可を求める質問に使えます。「中に入ってもいいですか?」«क्या मैं अंदर आ सकता हूँ?»
'sakta' は男性単数(僕、彼)に使います。'sakte' は男性複数(僕たち、彼ら)や、相手に敬意を払う時(あなた/Aap)に使います。
Aap jaa sakte hain.
はい!未来形の Main jaa sakoonga もありますが、日常会話では現在形の
Main jaa sakta hoon
で近い未来を表すことも多いですよ。