B2 · 中上級 チャプター 10

Observations and Emotional Nuance

5 トータルルール
52 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of expressing nuanced observations, profound regrets, and formal opinions in natural Korean.

  • Infer situations based on visual or auditory cues.
  • Convey deep emotional states like shock and regret.
  • Communicate with professional, formal authority.
Speak with heart, listen with nuance.

学べること

Hey there, awesome Korean learner! Ready for a new adventure? This chapter is super cool because it teaches you how to express both your observations and your feelings just like a real Korean! Don't worry, it's easier than you think! First up, you'll learn how to make guesses based on what you see. For example, when your friend comes in with an umbrella, you can say, 'It looks like it's raining!' (using -(나/는)가 보다). This way, you don't need to know for sure; you can just guess and say it. Super useful, right? Next, we move on to stronger emotions. If you hear shocking news, like, 'What?! He left?!' (using -다니), this structure helps you show your surprise and disbelief. Or, if you want to say, 'I should have studied more' (using -(으)ㄹ 걸), this chapter will teach you how to express your regret with a specific tone. Now, if you ever need to speak very formally and seriously, like when you're reporting news or giving an expert opinion, we have a special structure that'll make you sound like a news anchor or a university professor ('It is thought that...' with -(느)ᆫ/은/는 것으로 사료된다). And there's another interesting thing that adds a unique vibe to passive verbs, showing that something happened without anyone's direct involvement. After this chapter, you'll be able to: * Easily express your guesses based on what you observe. * Show your shock and surprise. * Talk regretfully about things you should have done but didn't. * Even speak very formally and elegantly when needed. So get ready to make your Korean full of emotion and nuance!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use inference endings to describe visual cues in a daily social setting.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Construct formal sentences using -는 것으로 사료된다 to sound like a professional.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, B2 Korean learners, to an exciting chapter that will truly elevate your communication skills! In this guide, we’re diving deep into expressing both your observations and your emotional nuance in Korean. Mastering these structures is crucial for sounding natural and articulate, moving beyond basic sentences to truly convey what you see, feel, and infer.
As you progress in advanced Korean grammar, understanding these subtle yet powerful patterns will unlock a new level of fluency. We'll explore how to make educated guesses, voice your surprise, articulate regret, and even speak with profound formality. This chapter is designed to make your Korean richer, allowing you to express complex thoughts and feelings just like native speakers.
Get ready to add depth and personality to your everyday conversations and formal discourse!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces five key Korean grammar patterns that enable you to express observations, emotions, and formal opinions. Each has a distinct usage and adds significant emotional nuance to your speech.
First, The Inference Ending: It looks like... (-나/는가 보다) is used to make a guess based on something you’ve observed. It’s perfect when you’re not 100% sure but have a strong indication.
* 비가 오나 봐요. (It looks like it's raining.)
* 그는 피곤한가 봐요. (It looks like he's tired.)
Next, for very formal or academic contexts, we have Formal Opinion: It Is Thought That (-(느)ᆫ/은/는 것으로 사료된다). This structure is often found in news reports, academic papers, or official statements to convey an objective or widely accepted view. It’s a hallmark of high-level B2 Korean formality.
* 경제가 회복될 것으로 사료됩니다. (It is thought that the economy will recover.)
* 연구 결과는 중요하다고 사료됩니다. (It is thought that the research results are important.)
To convey strong surprise or disbelief, you’ll use Expressing Shock: -다니 (How Could...). This pattern is attached to verbs or adjectives to show your reaction to newly learned information.
* 벌써 끝났다니! (What?! It's already finished?!)
* 그가 거짓말을 했다니 믿을 수 없어요. (I can't believe he lied!)
When you want to express regret about something you should have done (or not done), reach for Advanced Regret: -ㄹ/을 걸 (Should Have). This structure implies a sense of personal responsibility or wish for a different past action.
* 더 공부할 걸 그랬어요. (I should have studied more.)
* 그때 가지 말 걸. (I should have not gone then.)
Finally, The 'Double Passive' Vibe (Advanced Causative Passive) refers to an advanced usage of passive verbs, often with -어지다, to emphasize that something happened naturally, inherently, or without a direct, identifiable agent. It adds a unique nuance, suggesting an unfolding or a state rather than an action performed by someone.
* 그 문제는 저절로 해결되어졌어요. (That problem was resolved by itself/naturally.)
* 새로운 문화가 만들어졌어요. (A new culture was created [implicitly, not by a single agent but through a process].)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 비가 올 것 같아요. (It seems like it will rain.) - when making a guess based on observation.
✓ Correct: 비가 오나 봐요. (It looks like it's raining.)
*Explanation:* While -을 것 같다 is for general likelihood, -나/는가 보다 specifically implies an inference drawn from a current observation. Use the latter when you're seeing signs right now.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 그가 떠났다고! (He left!) - to express strong shock/disbelief.
✓ Correct: 그가 떠났다니! (What?! He left?!)
*Explanation:* Simply stating a fact with an exclamation mark doesn't convey the same level of surprise or disbelief as -다니. -다니 explicitly marks the preceding statement as the cause of your astonishment.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 나는 더 일찍 일어났어야 했다. (I had to wake up earlier.) - when expressing personal regret.
✓ Correct: 더 일찍 일어날 걸 그랬어요. (I should have woken up earlier.)
*Explanation:* -았/었어야 했다 implies a necessity that wasn't met, often with a more neutral tone. -ㄹ/을 걸 그랬어요 carries a stronger, more personal tone of regret and self-blame, making it ideal for expressing I should have in a regretful way.

Real Conversations

A

A

수진 씨가 오늘 왜 이렇게 조용하죠? (Why is Sujin so quiet today?)
B

B

어제 밤새 시험 공부를 했나 봐요. 피곤한가 봐요. (She must have studied for the exam all night yesterday. She looks tired.)
A

A

뭐? 그 프로젝트가 취소됐다니? (What? That project was canceled?!)
B

B

네, 예상치 못한 문제로 인해 중단될 수밖에 없었다고 해요. 예산을 더 확보할 걸 그랬죠. (Yes, they say it had to be stopped due to unexpected problems. We should have secured more budget.)
A

A

이 오래된 건물은 언제 지어졌는지 아세요? (Do you know when this old building was built?)
B

B

정확한 기록은 없으나, 조선 시대에 지어진 것으로 사료됩니다. (There are no exact records, but it is thought that it was built during the Joseon Dynasty.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between -나/는가 보다 and -은/는 것 같다?

-나/는가 보다 is used for inferences based on direct observation or sensory information (

It looks/sounds like...
). -은/는 것 같다 is a more general expression of likelihood or opinion, not necessarily tied to immediate observation (It seems like..., I think that...).

Q

Can -다니 be used for positive surprises?

While often used for negative or shocking news, -다니 can absolutely express positive surprise or disbelief, such as «네가 1등을 했다니 정말 대단하다!» (That you came in first place is truly amazing!).

Q

Is -ㄹ/을 걸 always about regret, or can it be used for suggestions?

-ㄹ/을 걸 almost exclusively expresses personal regret about a past action or inaction. For suggestions or advice, other forms like -는 게 좋겠다 (It would be good to...) or -는 편이 낫다 (It's better to...) are used.

Q

Is -(느)ᆫ/은/는 것으로 사료된다 only for formal written contexts, or can it be spoken?

While predominantly found in formal written reports, academic papers, and news broadcasts, it can be spoken in very formal presentations, debates, or official statements where the speaker wishes to convey an objective, authoritative, or highly respectful opinion. It's rarely used in casual conversation.

Cultural Context

Koreans often value indirectness and nuance, which these grammar patterns beautifully embody. -나/는가 보다 is frequently used in everyday conversation to show politeness and avoid sounding overly assertive when making assumptions. Using -다니 can add a dramatic flair, emphasizing the speaker's emotional reaction, whether in jest or serious disbelief.
The regretful -ㄹ/을 걸 is a common way to express self-reflection, a valued trait in Korean culture. Meanwhile, -(느)ᆫ/은/는 것으로 사료된다 highlights the importance of formal, objective language in specific professional or academic settings, reflecting a societal emphasis on respect and careful expression in such contexts. Mastering these forms allows you to communicate not just words, but also the subtle undercurrents of Korean interaction.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Bak-e bi-ga o-na bwa-yo.

外は雨が降っているみたいですね。

推測の語尾：〜みたいだ／〜のようだ (-나/는가 보다)
2

Mat-jib-in-ga bwa. Jul-i jin-jja gil-eo.

人気店みたいだね。行列が本当に長いよ。

推測の語尾：〜みたいだ／〜のようだ (-나/는가 보다)
3

벌써 12시라니 믿을 수 없어.

もう12時だなんて信じられない。

驚きの表現：-다니（なんてことだ…）
4

그가 복권에 당첨됐다니 정말 대박이다!

彼が宝くじに当たったなんて、本当にすごい！

驚きの表現：-다니（なんてことだ…）
5

이 신발 살 걸.

この靴、買えばよかった。

上級者の後悔：-ㄹ/을 걸 (～すればよかった)
6

더 일찍 일어날 걸.

もっと早く起きればよかった。

上級者の後悔：-ㄹ/을 걸 (～すればよかった)
7

그 가사가 가슴에 깊이 `쓰여졌어요`.

その歌詞が胸に深く刻まれました（書かれました）。

韓国語の「二重受動」：自然とそうなる表現 (이중 피동)
8

우리 비밀이 친구들에게 `보여졌어`.

私たちの秘密が友達に見られちゃった（見えてしまった）。

韓国語の「二重受動」：自然とそうなる表現 (이중 피동)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

過去形はこれだけでOK！

過去のことを推測するときは、動詞も形容詞も区別せず、すべて -았/었 に -나 보다 をつなげるだけです。例えば «먹었나 봐» や «예뻤나 봐» のように使います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 推測の語尾：〜みたいだ／〜のようだ (-나/는가 보다)
💡

受動的な響きがポイント

「私が思う」という主観を消して、状況から「そう考えられる」と客観的に伝える魔法のフレーズです。«발생한 것으로 사료됩니다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 公式的な見解：〜と思料される (-는 것으로 사료된다)
💡

動詞の「ㄴ/는」を忘れずに！

現在形の動詞に使うときは、パッチムの有無で「-ㄴ다니」か「-는다니」を選びます。形容詞はそのまま「-다니」でOKなので、混同しないようにしましょう。「그가 매일 운동한다니 대단해요.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 驚きの表現：-다니（なんてことだ…）
💡

ささやきのルール

この文法は、大勢に向かって叫ぶよりも自分自身に言い聞かせるように小さくつぶやくのが自然です。 «더 열심히 할 걸.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級者の後悔：-ㄹ/을 걸 (～すればよかった)

重要な語彙 (5)

사료되다 (saryodoeda) to be considered/thought (formal) 깜짝 놀라다 (kkamjjak nollada) to be surprised 후회하다 (huhoehada) to regret 짐작하다 (jimjakhada) to guess/infer 현상 (hyeonsang) phenomenon

Real-World Preview

building

The Office Surprise

Review Summary

  • Verb/Adj + -(나/는)가 보다
  • Verb + -는 것으로 사료된다
  • Verb/Adj + -다니
  • Verb + -(으)ㄹ 걸
  • Verb + -아/어지다

よくある間違い

Using a formal 'opinion' structure for a casual observation is unnatural.

Wrong: 비가 오는 것으로 사료된다 (at a bus stop)
正解: 비가 오려나 봐요

The structure -다니 is already an exclamation; adding '했다' is redundant.

Wrong: 그가 가다니 했다
正解: 그가 갔다니!

The regret structure needs '그랬어요' to complete the meaning of 'I should have done'.

Wrong: 공부할 걸 했다
正解: 공부할 걸 그랬어요

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

推測の語尾：〜みたいだ／〜のようだ (-나/는가 보다)

B2
目や耳で得た「証拠」をもとに「〜みたいだね」と推測するときは、«-나/는가 보다» を使いましょう。会話では短く «~나 봐» や «~ㄴ가 봐» と言うのが定番です。
Bak-e bi-ga o-na bwa-yo.
11 例文
2

公式的な見解：〜と思料される (-는 것으로 사료된다)

B2
客観的な事実に基づいて「〜と考えられます」と述べる、最高にフォーマルな表現です。«사료된다» «것으로» «판단된다» のセットで覚えましょう。
The fire is thought to have occurred due to an ele...
10 例文
3

驚きの表現：-다니（なんてことだ…）

B2
驚きや信じられない気持ちを表現するなら «-다니» を使いましょう。名詞なら «-라니»、動詞なら «-ㄴ/는다니» になるのがポイントです。
벌써 12시라니 믿을 수 없어.
10 例文
4

上級者の後悔：-ㄹ/을 걸 (～すればよかった)

B2
自分の行動を後悔して「〜すればよかった」とつぶやく時は、語尾を下げて «-(으)ㄹ 걸» を使いましょう。キーワードは «後悔» «独り言» «-(으)ㄹ 걸» です。
이 신발 살 걸.
11 例文
5

韓国語の「二重受動」：自然とそうなる表現 (이중 피동)

B2
「二重受動」は、受動の接尾辞と «-어지다» を組み合わせることで、感情的な深みや「いつの間にかそうなった」という不可抗力なニュアンスを加える上級テクニックです。 «잊혀지다» や «보여지다» などの表現を使いこなしましょう。
그 가사가 가슴에 깊이 `쓰여졌어요`.
10 例文

Next Steps

You've come so far! Your ability to nuance your speech is a mark of a truly advanced speaker. Keep going!

Watch a Korean news segment and note the formal structures.

Continue to: Literary and Poetic Expressions

クイック練習 (10)

文法的な誤りを修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

저 식당은 맛이 있나 봐요. (あのレストランは美味しいみたいです)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저 식당은 맛이 있는가 봐요.
있다/없다 は動詞のルールに近い活用をします。'있는가 봐요' または '있나 봐요' が正解ですが、選択肢の中では '있는가' が標準的です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 推測の語尾：〜みたいだ／〜のようだ (-나/는가 보다)

「食べている」ことへの驚きとして、文法的に正しいものを選んでください。

正しい文章を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 네가 그렇게 많이 먹는다니 놀라워.
動詞「먹다」の現在形に繋げる場合は、パッチムがあるので「-는다니」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 驚きの表現：-다니（なんてことだ…）

形容詞の標準的な活用を選んでください。

彼は忙しいみたいです。(바쁘다 = 忙しい)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 바쁜가 봐요.
形容詞の現在形には -(으)ㄴ가 보다 を使うのが標準的です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 推測の語尾：〜みたいだ／〜のようだ (-나/는가 보다)

公式報告書に最もふさわしい結びを選んでください。

データに言及して：「物価が上昇すると予想されます。」

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 물가가 상승할 것으로 사료됩니다.
1番はタメ口、2番は丁寧ですが口語的です。3番が最もプロフェッショナルな表現です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 公式的な見解：〜と思料される (-는 것으로 사료된다)

「もっと勉強すればよかった」という意味になるように完成させてください。

어제 더 열심히 ___ (공부하다).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부할 걸
後悔を表す「〜すればよかった」は、語幹「공부하」にパッチムがないので「ㄹ 걸」を繋げます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級者の後悔：-ㄹ/을 걸 (～すればよかった)

「行かなきゃよかった」という意味の文章を選んでください。

正しい否定の後悔の形はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가지 말 걸.
否定の後悔（〜しなければよかった）は「-지 말다」の形を使って「-지 말 걸」とするのが最も一般的です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級者の後悔：-ㄹ/을 걸 (～すればよかった)

文法的な誤りを直してください。

間違い：날씨가 추운 것으로 사료해.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 날씨가 추운 것으로 사료됩니다.
この文法はほとんどの場合、丁寧なフォーマル体（ですます体）で使われます。タメ口で使うのは非常に不自然です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 公式的な見解：〜と思料される (-는 것으로 사료된다)

この文章の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

피자를 먹었을 걸.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 피자를 먹을 걸.
この文法では過去形「었」を使いません。語幹「먹」に直接「을 걸」をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級者の後悔：-ㄹ/을 걸 (～すればよかった)

（ ）内の言葉を適切な形に変えて、文章を完成させてください。

벌써 ___ (12시 + -다니) 믿을 수 없어.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 12시라니
「12시」はパッチムのない名詞なので、直接「-라니」を繋げます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 驚きの表現：-다니（なんてことだ…）

過剰な受動表現を見つけて修正してください（ここでは単純受動で十分です）。

Find and fix the mistake:

그 소리가 잘 들려져요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 그 소리가 잘 들려요.
들려져요 も使われますが、単純に「聞こえる」という場合は標準的な受動態 들려요 の方がスッキリして正確です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の「二重受動」：自然とそうなる表現 (이중 피동)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

意味は全く同じです。ただ、日常会話では «-나 보다» が圧倒的に多く使われます。«-는가 보다» は少し硬い、あるいは文学的な響きがあります。
文法的には形容詞には «-(으)ㄴ가 보다» を使うのが正解です。でも、実際の会話ではネイティブも «예쁘나 봐» のように言うことがあります。学習者としては、まずは標準的な «예쁜가 봐» を覚えましょう。
漢字の「思料」から来ていて、「思いはかること」や「考えること」を意味します。«사료됩니다» という形で現代でもよく使われます。
いいえ。「사료된다」は受動態（考えられる）なので、通常は「私」を主語にはしません。«것으로 사료됩니다» と事実を主語にします。
もちろんです！カジュアルな会話やSNS、噂話などで驚きを伝えるのにぴったりの表現ですよ。「네가 결혼한다니 정말 축하해!」のように使ってみてください。
「-다니요?」は相手の言ったことに対して「〜だなんて（どういうことですか）？」と聞き返したり、反論したりする時に使います。「제가 예쁘다니요?」と言えば「私が綺麗だなんて（そんなことないですよ）」という謙遜や驚きの問い返しになります。
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