Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of formal definition and professional fact-sharing in Korean.
- Define complex concepts using formal structures.
- State objective facts with professional confidence.
- Discuss topics and foundations using academic vocabulary.
Speak with precision, write with purpose.
学べること
Ready to sound super clear and smart in Korean, even as a beginner? In this exciting chapter,
Academic Definitions and Facts,we're going to unlock five key grammar tools that will help you explain things precisely and understand more formal language. Don't worry, it's way easier and more fun than it sounds! You'll learn how to use expressions like
-ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다 to define concepts clearly, almost like saying this means that. Imagine you're explaining what kimchi is to a friend, or talking about a new Korean tradition you just learned. You'll also master -ㄴ/은/는 바, which helps you present information as objective facts, giving your sentences a professional touch. Ever read a short news article in Korean and wondered how they state facts so confidently? This is the secret!
We'll also dive into two ways to say about formally: -에 대하여 and -에 관하여. You'll discover when to use each to talk about topics professionally, whether you're discussing Korean history or describing a new hobby. Finally, with -을/를 바탕으로, you'll learn to say something is based on something else, perfect for explaining the foundation of an idea or a decision.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just be learning words; you'll be able to structure your thoughts in a more grown-up, academic way. You'll confidently define, state facts, discuss topics formally, and explain foundations, making your Korean sound natural and impressive. Get ready to level up your understanding and expression!
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概念の定義：「〜ということを意味する」(-ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다)「-ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다」を使えば、定義を「客観的」かつ「公式」に伝えられます。キーワードは «뜻한다» «의미한다» «정의» です！
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学術的な「事実」：-ㄴ/은/는 바「-ㄴ/은/는 바」は、単なる事実を «格調高い表現» に変えてくれる魔法のツールです。«事実» や «背景» をプロフェッショナルに伝えたい時に使いましょう。
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韓国語のフォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 대하여)フォーマルな「〜について」は、後ろに動詞が来るなら «-에 대하여»、名詞を修飾するなら «-에 대한» を使いましょう。
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フォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 관하여)フォーマルで客観的なトピックには «-에 관하여»、日常的な自分自身の話題には «-에 대해» を使い分けてみましょう。
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〜に基づいて: -을/를 바탕으로「-을/를 바탕으로」を使えば、あなたの話に説得力が出ます。「실화」「경험」「데이터」などの言葉と一緒に使って、プロっぽい響きを目指しましょう！
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
-
1
By the end you will be able to: Explain the meaning of a term using -ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다.
-
2
By the end you will be able to: Draft a short report citing facts and foundations.
チャプターガイド
Overview
Welcome to your next big step in mastering B2 Korean grammar! In this exciting chapter,
Academic Definitions and Facts,you're going to unlock the secrets to sounding incredibly clear, precise, and professional in Korean. Moving beyond basic conversational phrases, these five key grammar tools will empower you to explain complex ideas, state objective facts, and discuss topics with an elevated level of formality.
This is crucial for anyone aiming to read news, academic papers, or participate in more serious discussions in Korean. By learning these structures, you'll not only enhance your comprehension of formal texts but also significantly upgrade your ability to express sophisticated thoughts in written and spoken Korean. Get ready to transform your language skills and confidently tackle more advanced communication scenarios with these essential formal Korean expressions.
This chapter focuses on giving you the linguistic toolkit to define concepts, present information as objective truths, and discuss subjects in a structured, academic manner. You'll discover patterns that native speakers use in reports, presentations, and formal writing. Mastering these will make your Korean sound more natural and impressive, reflecting a deeper understanding of the language's nuances.
So, if you're ready to sound smarter and more articulate in your Korean language learning journey, let's dive in!
How This Grammar Works
Let's break down the five powerful grammar points that will elevate your Korean to a more academic and formal level.
First, for 'Defining Concepts,' we have -ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다. This structure is perfect for clearly stating what something means, much like saying
X means Y.* 예: 민주주의는 국민이 주권을 가지고 그 권리를 스스로 행사하는 것을 뜻한다. (Democracy means that the people hold sovereignty and exercise that right themselves.)
Next, 'The Academic Fact' is expressed with -ㄴ/은/는 바. This pattern is used to present information as an objective, established fact, often seen in official reports, news, or academic writing. It adds a sense of authority to your statement.
* 예: 조사 결과에 따르면, 새로운 정책이 긍정적인 영향을 미친 바 있다. (According to the survey results, the new policy has had a positive impact.)
For formal ways to say 'About,' we have two options: -에 대하여 and -에 관하여. Both translate to
about, regarding, or concerning, but -에 관하여 often implies a slightly deeper or more specific focus than -에 대하여, though they are largely interchangeable in many contexts. Use them when discussing topics formally.* 예 (에 대하여): 이 보고서는 한국 경제 성장에 대하여 분석하고 있다. (This report is analyzing the growth of the Korean economy.)
* 예 (에 관하여): 우리는 환경 문제에 관하여 심도 있는 논의를 진행했습니다. (We had an in-depth discussion regarding environmental issues.)
Finally, to say something is 'Based On' something else, we use -을/를 바탕으로. This is invaluable for explaining the foundation or premise of an idea, decision, or conclusion.
* 예: 이 연구는 지난 10년간의 데이터를 바탕으로 결론을 도출했습니다. (This research drew conclusions based on data from the past 10 years.)
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: «사랑은 기쁨이다.» (Love is joy.) - *While grammatically correct, it lacks the formal definition tone.*
✓ Correct: «사랑은 깊은 감정적 유대감을 형성하는 것을 뜻한다.» (Love means forming a deep emotional bond.)
*Explanation:* The first sentence is a simple statement. To formally define a concept, especially in an academic context, -ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다 is far more appropriate, providing a precise, explanatory tone.
- 1✗ Wrong: «저는 오늘 날씨가 좋을 바라고 생각해요.» (I think the weather will be good today.)
✓ Correct: «기상청 발표에 따르면, 내일 전국적으로 맑을 것으로 예상되는 바입니다.» (According to the meteorological agency's announcement, it is expected to be clear nationwide tomorrow.)
*Explanation:* -ㄴ/은/는 바 is for stating objective facts or established information, not personal opinions or predictions. Using it for subjective thoughts sounds unnatural and incorrect.
- 1✗ Wrong: «저는 그 주제에 대해 이야기했어요.» (I talked about that topic.) - *Grammatically fine, but less formal.*
✓ Correct: «저희는 그 주제에 대하여 심층적인 토론을 진행했습니다.» (We conducted an in-depth discussion regarding that topic.)
*Explanation:* While -에 대해(서) is common in everyday conversation, -에 대하여 (and -에 관하여) elevates the formality, making it suitable for academic or professional contexts.
Real Conversations
A
A
이 용어는 정확히 무엇을 뜻하는 건가요? (What exactly does this term mean?)
B
B
'지속가능성'은 환경을 보호하면서 미래 세대의 필요를 충족시키는 것을 뜻합니다. ('Sustainability' means meeting the needs of future generations while protecting the environment.)
A
A
이 보고서 내용은 어떤 근거를 바탕으로 작성되었나요? (What basis was the content of this report written on?)
B
B
이 보고서는 최신 통계 자료와 전문가들의 의견을 바탕으로 작성되었습니다. (This report was written based on the latest statistical data and expert opinions.)
A
A
이번 회의에서는 어떤 안건에 관하여 논의할 예정인가요? (What agenda items will be discussed regarding at this meeting?)
B
B
저희는 신제품 개발 전략에 관하여 집중적으로 논의할 예정입니다. (We plan to discuss the new product development strategy intensively.)
Quick FAQ
Q
When should I use -ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다 instead of just saying «~이다»?
Use -ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다 when you are formally defining or explaining the meaning of a concept, especially in academic or descriptive contexts, rather than just stating an equivalence.
Q
Are -에 대하여 and -에 관하여 always interchangeable in B2 Korean?
They are largely interchangeable, but -에 관하여 can sometimes imply a slightly more specific or in-depth focus, making it a good choice for detailed discussions.
Q
Can I use -ㄴ/은/는 바 in everyday conversation?
Generally, no. -ㄴ/은/는 바 is a very formal and often written expression used for stating objective facts or established conclusions. Using it in casual conversation would sound unnatural.
Q
What's the main benefit of learning -을/를 바탕으로 at the B2 level?
It allows you to clearly articulate the foundation or basis for decisions, arguments, or research, which is essential for expressing complex ideas in academic or professional settings.
Cultural Context
These grammar patterns are cornerstones of formal Korean communication. You'll encounter -ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다, -ㄴ/은/는 바, -에 대하여, -에 관하여, and -을/를 바탕으로 extensively in news articles, official documents, academic papers, formal presentations, and government reports. While they might sound a bit stiff in casual chat, mastering them is vital for understanding and producing precise, authoritative Korean.
They are standard across all regions for formal usage, without significant regional variations. Knowing when and how to deploy them demonstrates a high level of linguistic sophistication and respect for the context.
重要な例文 (8)
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ヒントとコツ (4)
💡
文章でのスタイル
このパターンは、書き言葉の「-ㄴ다」体（ハンダ体）で使われるのが一般的です。エッセイや日記で使うと、とてもプロフェッショナルな響きになります。 «사랑은 희생을 뜻한다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 概念の定義：「〜ということを意味する」(-ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다)
🎯
TOPIK IIの作文で大活躍
作文（54番）で「-는 것」の代わりに「-ㄴ/은/는 바」をいくつか混ぜるだけで、一気に文章のレベルが上がります。 «지금까지 살펴본 바와 같이...» と書き始めてみましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 学術的な「事実」：-ㄴ/은/는 바
🎯
名詞修飾のルール
«-에 대한» は形容詞のような役割をします。必ず後ろに名詞（本、意見、噂など）が続くことを覚えておいてください。例えば「愛についての歌」なら: «사랑에 대한 노래»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のフォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 대하여)
🎯
書き言葉の黄金ルール
仕事のメールやレポートを作成する時は「-에 관한」を使うと、文章がぐっと引き締まります。 «새로운 프로젝트에 관한 메일을 보냈습니다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 관하여)
重要な語彙 (5)
정의하다 (jeonguihada)
to define
사실 (sasil)
fact
주제 (juje)
topic
기초 (gicho)
foundation/basis
학술적 (haksuljeok)
academic
Real-World Preview
graduation-cap
University Presentation
Review Summary
- [Noun]은/는 [Verb stem]+는 것을 뜻한다
- [Verb stem]+ㄴ/은/는 바
- [Noun]+에 대하여
- [Noun]+에 관하여
- [Noun]+을/를 바탕으로
よくある間違い
The definition must come before the verb '뜻한다'. Ensure the object particle '을' is used correctly.
Wrong:
그것은 뜻한다 행복.
正解:
그것은 행복을 뜻한다.
You must include the object particle '를' when saying 'based on something'.
Wrong:
데이터 바탕으로.
正解:
데이터를 바탕으로.
While interchangeable, avoid repetitive use of the same 'about' phrase in one sentence.
Wrong:
사실에 관하여.
正解:
사실에 대하여.
このチャプターのルール (5)
Next Steps
You've done an incredible job mastering these formal structures! Keep practicing these in your writing, and you'll soon be reading Korean newspapers with ease.
Write a 5-sentence summary of a news article.
クイック練習 (10)
空欄に正しい助詞を入れてください。
이 드라마는 웹툰___ 바탕으로 제작되었습니다.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 을
「웹툰」はパッチム（ㄴ）で終わるので、助詞は「을」が正解です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜に基づいて: -을/를 바탕으로
文法的に正しい文章を選んでください。
正しい文章はどれですか？
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 경험을 바탕으로 조언을 해줄게.
「경험」の後に目的格助詞の「을」を入れる必要があります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜に基づいて: -을/를 바탕으로
文章の間違いを直してください。
Find and fix the mistake:
보다를 바탕으로 그림을 그렸어요.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 본 것을 바탕으로 그림을 그렸어요.
動詞「보다」を直接使うことはできません。「본 것（見たこと）」のように名詞の形にする必要があります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜に基づいて: -을/를 바탕으로
フォーマルなレポートのタイトルとして最も自然なものはどれですか？
「地球温暖化」についての論文のタイトルを選んでください：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 지구 온난화에 관한 보고서
「報告書（보고서）」という名詞を修飾する場合、形容詞的な形の「-에 관한」を使います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 관하여)
このフォーマルな文章の間違いを見つけて直してください。
Find and fix the mistake:
경제 대하여 공부해요.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 경제에 대하여 공부해요.
«대하여» の前には必ず助詞の «-에» が必要です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のフォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 대하여)
空欄に適切なフォーマルな「〜について」を入れてください。
저는 한국 문화___ 발표하겠습니다. (韓国文化について発表します。)
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 에 관하여
後ろに「発表します（발표하겠습니다）」という動詞が来ているので、副詞的な形の「-에 관하여」が正解です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 관하여)
「本」を説明する文章として正しいものはどれですか？
文法的に正しい文章を選んでください：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 한국에 대한 책을 읽어요.
名詞（本）を修飾する場合は、連体形の «-에 대한» を使います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のフォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 대하여)
「K-POPについて」と言うための正しい形を選んでください。
저는 케이팝( ) 말하고 싶어요.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 에 대하여
後ろに「말하다（話す）」という動詞が来ているので、«-에 대하여» が正解です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のフォーマルな「〜について」 (-에 대하여)
「速いこと」を正しく定義している文はどれですか？
「속도（速度）」の正しい定義を選んでください。
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 속도는 빠른 것을 뜻한다.
「빠르다」は形容詞なので、「것을 뜻한다」の前では「빠른」になります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 概念の定義：「〜ということを意味する」(-ㄴ/은/는 것을 뜻한다)
フォーマルな文脈での間違いを見つけて修正してください。
Find and fix the mistake:
지금까지 느끼는 바를 말해 보세요.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 지금까지 느낀 바를 말해 보세요.
「지금까지（今まで）」という言葉は過去から現在までの経験をまとめるニュアンスがあるため、過去形の「느낀 바」がより自然です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 学術的な「事実」：-ㄴ/은/는 바
Score: /10
よくある質問 (6)
辞書の定番ですが、ニュース、論文、深い哲学を語る時にも使われます。明確な定義が必要な場面ならどこでもOKです。 «이 현상은 변화를 뜻한다.»
はい、全く同じ意味です。 «의미한다» の方が少し専門的・科学的な響きがありますが、 «뜻하다» の方が幅広く使えます。
どちらも動詞を名詞化しますが、「-ㄴ/은/는 바」の方がはるかにフォーマルです。一般的な「物」ではなく、特定の「事実」や「状況」を指す時に使います。 «아는 바가 없다»（知っている事実がない）のように使います。
形容詞に使われることは非常に稀です。主に「알다（知る）」「느끼다（感じる）」「보다（見る）」などの認識を表す動詞と一緒に使われます。 «예쁜 바» とは言いません。
主に書き言葉やスピーチで使われます。日常会話では、より短くて柔らかい «-에 대해서» や «-에 대해» が好まれます。«그 문제에 대해서 알고 싶어요.»
いいえ、文法的に間違いです。名詞と繋ぐためには助詞の「에」が不可欠です。«한국에 대하여» と言うのが正解です。
