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パンジャブ語の「u」音：Aunkar (ੁ) と Dulankar (ੂ)

Mastering the short 'u' (Aunkar) and long 'u' (Dulankar) is essential for correct pronunciation and meaning in Punjabi.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Aunkar (ੁ) makes a short 'u' sound like 'put', while Dulankar (ੂ) makes a long 'oo' sound like 'boot'.

  • Aunkar (ੁ) is a small hook under the consonant: 'ਕੁ' (ku).
  • Dulankar (ੂ) is a double hook under the consonant: 'ਕੂ' (koo).
  • These signs always sit directly beneath the consonant they modify.
Consonant + ੁ (short) OR ੂ (long) = Syllable

Overview

パンジャブ語の母音は、独立した文字ではありません... (Full Japanese Text)

Vowel Diacritic Formation

Consonant Short U (Aunkar) Long OO (Dulankar)
ਕ
ਕੁ
ਕੂ
ਸ
ਸੁ
ਸੂ
ਪ
ਪੁ
ਪੂ
ਦ
ਦੁ
ਦੂ
ਮ
ਮੁ
ਮੂ
ਨ
ਨੁ
ਨੂ

Meanings

These are vowel diacritics in the Gurmukhi script that represent the 'u' and 'oo' sounds.

1

Short U (Aunkar)

Represents the short vowel sound /ʊ/.

“ਕੁੜੀ (Kuṛī - girl)”

“ਪੁਲ (Pul - bridge)”

2

Long OO (Dulankar)

Represents the long vowel sound /uː/.

“ਕੂੜਾ (Kūṛā - trash)”

“ਸੂਰਜ (Sūraj - sun)”

Reference Table

Reference table for パンジャブ語の「u」音：Aunkar (ੁ) と Dulankar (ੂ)
Vowel Name Symbol Sound Example Punjabi Example
Aunkar
ੁ
u as in 'put'
ਪੁਲ (Bridge)
Dulankar
ੂ
oo as in 'root'
ਸੂਟ (Suit)
Ura + Aunkar
ਉ
u as in 'up'
ਉੱਪਰ (Above)
Ura + Dulankar
ਊ
oo as in 'ooze'
ਊਠ (Camel)
Short U (Consonant)
ਕੁ
ku
ਕੁਲ (Total)
Long U (Consonant)
ਕੂ
koo
ਕੂਲ (Cool/Bank)

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
ਕੁੜੀ ਸੁਣ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ।

ਕੁੜੀ ਸੁਣ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। (Daily conversation)

ニュートラル
ਕੁੜੀ ਸੁਣ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ।

ਕੁੜੀ ਸੁਣ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। (Daily conversation)

カジュアル
ਕੁੜੀ ਸੁਣਦੀ ਪਈ ਆ।

ਕੁੜੀ ਸੁਣਦੀ ਪਈ ਆ। (Daily conversation)

スラング
ਕੁੜੀ ਸੁਣਦੀ ਪਈ ਐ।

ਕੁੜੀ ਸੁਣਦੀ ਪਈ ਐ। (Daily conversation)

The 'U' Vowels in Punjabi

U Vowels

Aunkar (Short)

  • ਪੁਲ Bridge
  • ਖੁਸ਼ Happy

Dulankar (Long)

  • ਸੂਰਜ Sun
  • ਦੂਰ Far

Short vs Long U

Aunkar (ੁ)
ਕੁਲ Total
ਮੁੜ Return
Dulankar (ੂ)
ਕੂਲ Bank
ਸੂਟ Suit

Choosing the Right 'U'

1

Is the 'u' sound short (like 'put')?

YES
Use Aunkar (ੁ)
NO
Go to next step
2

Is the 'u' sound long (like 'boot')?

YES
Use Dulankar (ੂ)
NO ↓

Common Words by Vowel

🏃

Short 'u' Words

  • • ਤੁਸੀਂ
  • • ਗੁਲਾਬ
  • • ਭੁੱਖ
🐢

Long 'u' Words

  • • ਚਾਕੂ
  • • ਪੂਜਾ
  • • ਰੂਪ
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レベル別の例文

1

ਕੁੜੀ

Girl

2

ਸੁਣ

Listen

3

ਪੁਲ

Bridge

4

ਦੂਰ

Far

1

ਸੂਰਜ ਗਰਮ ਹੈ।

The sun is hot.

2

ਉਹ ਦੂਰ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ।

He lives far away.

3

ਕੁੜੀ ਪੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਹੈ।

The girl is reading.

4

ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸੁਣੋ।

Listen to me.

1

ਕੂੜਾ ਬਾਹਰ ਸੁੱਟੋ।

Throw the trash outside.

2

ਉਹ ਬਹੁਤ ਖੁਸ਼ ਹੈ।

He is very happy.

3

ਪੁਸਤਕ ਮੇਜ਼ ਉੱਤੇ ਹੈ।

The book is on the table.

4

ਸੂਰਜ ਚੜ੍ਹ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

The sun is rising.

1

ਉਸਦੀ ਆਵਾਜ਼ ਬਹੁਤ ਮਿੱਠੀ ਹੈ।

Her voice is very sweet.

2

ਸਾਨੂੰ ਦੂਰ ਦੀ ਸੋਚਣੀ ਚਾਹੀਦੀ ਹੈ।

We should think long-term.

3

ਕੁੜੀ ਨੇ ਕਵਿਤਾ ਸੁਣਾਈ।

The girl recited a poem.

4

ਉਹ ਬਹੁਤ ਦੂਰ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ।

He went very far.

1

ਸੂਰਜਮੁਖੀ ਦੇ ਫੁੱਲ ਖਿੜੇ ਹਨ।

Sunflowers are blooming.

2

ਉਸਦੀ ਕੂੜੀ-ਮਜ਼ਾਕ ਦੀ ਆਦਤ ਹੈ।

He has a habit of joking.

3

ਸੁਣਨ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ।

Listening power is very important.

4

ਦੂਰ-ਦੁਰਾਡੇ ਦੇ ਇਲਾਕੇ।

Remote areas.

1

ਸੂਰਜਵੰਸ਼ੀ ਰਾਜਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ।

History of the Solar dynasty kings.

2

ਉਸਨੇ ਸੁਣਿਆ-ਅਣਸੁਣਿਆ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ।

He ignored what he heard.

3

ਦੂਰਅੰਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਫੈਸਲਾ ਲਿਆ ਗਿਆ।

A far-sighted decision was taken.

4

ਕੂੜ-ਕਪਟ ਤੋਂ ਦੂਰ ਰਹੋ।

Stay away from deceit and fraud.

間違えやすい

Punjabi 'u' Sounds: Aunkar (ੁ) & Dulankar (ੂ) 対 Sihari vs Aunkar

Both are short vowels.

Punjabi 'u' Sounds: Aunkar (ੁ) & Dulankar (ੂ) 対 Bihari vs Dulankar

Both are long vowels.

Punjabi 'u' Sounds: Aunkar (ੁ) & Dulankar (ੂ) 対 Aunkar vs Dulankar

Both are 'u' sounds.

よくある間違い

✗

ਕੂੜੀ

✓

ਕੁੜੀ

Confusing long for short.
✗

ਸੁਰਜ

✓

ਸੂਰਜ

Confusing short for long.
✗

ਪੂਸਤਕ

✓

ਪੁਸਤਕ

Incorrect length.
✗

ਦੁਰ

✓

ਦੂਰ

Incorrect length.
✗

ਉਪਰ

✓

ਉੱਪਰ

Missing the diacritic.
✗

ਕੁੜਾ

✓

ਕੂੜਾ

Wrong length.
✗

ਸੁਨ

✓

ਸੁਣ

Wrong consonant.
✗

ਖੂਸ਼

✓

ਖੁਸ਼

Wrong length.
✗

ਉਠ

✓

ਊਠ

Wrong length.
✗

ਦੂਰ-ਦੁਰਾਡੇ

✓

ਦੂਰ-ਦੁਰਾਡੇ

Inconsistent length.
✗

ਸੂਰਜਵੰਸ਼ੀ

✓

ਸੂਰਜਵੰਸ਼ੀ

Complex word error.
✗

ਸੁਣਿਆ-ਅਣਸੁਣਿਆ

✓

ਸੁਣਿਆ-ਅਣਸੁਣਿਆ

Compound word error.
✗

ਦੂਰਅੰਦੇਸ਼ੀ

✓

ਦੂਰਅੰਦੇਸ਼ੀ

Formal word error.

文型パターン

___ ਬਹੁਤ ਦੂਰ ਹੈ।

___ ਸੁਣ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ।

ਮੈਂ ___ ਸੁਣਿਆ।

___ ਸੁੱਟ ਦਿਓ।

Real World Usage

Texting constant

ਕੁੜੀ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਆ?

Social Media very common

ਸੂਰਜ ਬਹੁਤ ਸੋਹਣਾ ਹੈ।

Job Interview common

ਮੈਂ ਸੁਣਿਆ ਹੈ...

Ordering Food common

ਆਲੂ ਦੇ ਦਿਓ।

Travel occasional

ਦੂਰ ਕਿੰਨਾ ਹੈ?

Education very common

ਪੁਸਤਕ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ।

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🎯

The 'Ura' Hack

If a word starts with a 'u' sound and no consonant, you MUST use ੳ. It becomes ਉ for short and ਊ for long. Don't try to use ਅ!
⚠️

Meaning Flip

Be careful with ਸੁਰ (tune) and ਸੂਰ (pig). Mixing up Aunkar and Dulankar here can turn a compliment into an insult!
💬

Spelling Variations

In casual texting, some people might be lazy with vowel length, but in formal writing or names, it's strictly followed.

Smart Tips

Say the word out loud to check vowel length.

Writing 'kuri' as 'ਕੂੜੀ' → Writing 'kuri' as 'ਕੁੜੀ'

Look at the number of hooks.

Reading 'ਕੁੜੀ' as 'kooṛī' → Reading 'ਕੁੜੀ' as 'kuṛī'

Check if you need a vowel carrier.

Writing 'u' as 'ੁ' → Writing 'u' as 'ਉ'

Compare with similar words.

Guessing the spelling → Comparing 'ਕੁੜੀ' and 'ਕੂੜਾ'

発音

/ʊ/

Aunkar

Short, clipped sound.

/uː/

Dulankar

Long, sustained sound.

Falling

ਸੂਰਜ ↓

Statement of fact.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Aunkar is a single hook for a short look; Dulankar is a double hook for a long book.

視覚的連想

Imagine a single hook catching a small fish (short 'u') and a double hook catching a big, long fish (long 'oo').

Rhyme

One hook is short, two hooks are long, get them right and you can't go wrong.

Story

A girl (kuṛī) went to the sun (sūraj). She was short (aunkar) and the sun was far (dūr - long).

Word Web

ਕੁੜੀਸੂਰਜਦੂਰਪੁਸਤਕਖੁਸ਼ਊਠ

チャレンジ

Write 5 words using Aunkar and 5 using Dulankar in your notebook today.

文化メモ

Standard pronunciation is used in the Majha region.

Vowel length is often slightly different.

Very clear vowel distinction.

Derived from Brahmi scripts.

会話のきっかけ

“

ਕੁੜੀ ਕੀ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ?

“

ਸੂਰਜ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਹੈ?

“

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਖੁਸ਼ ਕਿਉਂ ਹੋ?

“

ਕੂੜਾ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਸੁੱਟਣਾ ਹੈ?

日記のテーマ

Write about your favorite book.
Describe a sunny day.
Write about a girl you know.
Describe a far-away place.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

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Test Yourself

Choose the correct vowel for 'Far' (Door).

ਦ___ਰ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ੂ
'Door' means far and requires the long 'u' sound, which is Dulankar (ੂ).
Which word correctly spells 'Happy'? 選択問題

Select the correct spelling for 'Khush':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਖੁਸ਼
'Khush' is pronounced with a short 'u' sound, so it uses the Aunkar (ੁ).
Fix the spelling of 'Sun' (Suraj). Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ਸੁਰਜ ਬਹੁਤ ਚਮਕ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਸੂਰਜ ਬਹੁਤ ਚਮਕ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।
The word for sun is 'Suraj' with a long 'u', so it needs Dulankar (ੂ) instead of Aunkar (ੁ).

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the correct diacritic.

ਕ_ੜੀ (Girl)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ੁ
Kuṛī uses Aunkar.
Choose the correct word. 選択問題

Which word means sun?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਸੂਰਜ
Sūraj uses Dulankar.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ਕੂੜੀ (Girl)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਕੁੜੀ
Kuṛī is short.
Change to long vowel. Sentence Transformation

ਕੁੜਾ -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਕੂੜਾ
Dulankar makes it long.
Match the word to its sound. Match Pairs

ਕੁੜੀ / ਦੂਰ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Short/Long
Kuṛī is short, Dūr is long.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

ਸੂਰਜ / ਦੂਰ / ਹੈ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਸੂਰਜ ਦੂਰ ਹੈ
Correct word order.
Is this true? True False Rule

Aunkar is a long vowel.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Aunkar is short.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: ਕੀ ਇਹ ਦੂਰ ਹੈ? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਹਾਂ, ਬਹੁਤ ਦੂਰ ਹੈ
Logical response.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the short 'u' for 'Kulcha'. 穴埋め問題

ਕ___ਲਚਾ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ੁ
Translate 'Milk' into Punjabi using Dulankar. 翻訳

Milk

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦੂਧ
Put the words in order: 'Sun (Suraj) / is / hot (garam)'. Sentence Reorder

ਗਰਮ / ਸੂਰਜ / ਹੈ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਸੂਰਜ ਗਰਮ ਹੈ
Match the sound to the symbol. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Aunkar (Short U) - ੁ, Dulankar (Long U) - ੂ, Ura Short - ਉ, Ura Long - ਊ
Which one is the correct 'Ura' for 'Up' (Uppar)? 選択問題

Choose the correct character:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਉ
Identify the mistake in 'School'. Error Correction

ਸਕੁਲ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਸਕੂਲ
Complete the word for 'Total' (Kul). 穴埋め問題

ਕ___ਲ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ੁ
Translate 'You' (Informal/Plural) to Punjabi. 翻訳

You

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਤੁਸੀਂ
Which word means 'far'? 選択問題

Select the correct word:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦੂਰ
Correct the spelling of 'Pooja'. Error Correction

ਪੁਜਾ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਪੂਜਾ

Score: /10

よくある質問 (8)

Aunkar is a diacritic for a short 'u' sound.

Dulankar is a diacritic for a long 'oo' sound.

It goes under the consonant.

Only with a vowel carrier.

Yes, it is very common.

You likely confused the length.

Bihari is 'ee', this is 'u'.

Yes, it is standard.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

U

Length matters in Punjabi.

French partial

U/OU

French uses letters, Punjabi uses diacritics.

German moderate

U

German uses letters, Punjabi uses diacritics.

Japanese moderate

U

Japanese is mora-timed.

Arabic high

Damma

Arabic is written right-to-left.

Chinese low

U

Punjabi is not tonal.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Sihari and Bihari (The 'i' vowels)
Next
パンジャブ語の鼻音：ビンディとティッピ (ਂ, ੰ)

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