Overview
The Polish word 'paragraf' is a direct borrowing, reflecting its legal and formal application. In Polish legal language, it specifically denotes a numbered division within a legal act, constitution, code, or other official document. While 'paragraph' in English can refer to any block of text, 'paragraf' in Polish predominantly carries this structured, legal connotation. It's common to see 'Dz.U. 2023 poz. 1234, art. 5 § 2' which means 'Journal of Laws 2023 item 1234, article 5, paragraph 2', illustrating its precise use in legal citations. This distinction is crucial; using 'paragraf' for a general block of text in an informal document would sound odd. The term 'ustęp' (clause or subsection) is a finer subdivision often found within a 'paragraf'. So, a 'paragraf' might contain several 'ustępy'. The word is masculine inanimate, meaning its declension follows patterns similar to words like 'stół' (table). For instance, in the genitive singular, it becomes 'paragrafu', and in the plural, it's 'paragrafy'. Its pronunciation, with stress on the second syllable, is consistent with many loanwords in Polish. The 'f' at the end is pronounced as a voiceless labiodental fricative. Understanding 'paragraf' is fundamental for navigating Polish legal texts and formal documents, as it precisely points to specific, numbered sections where legal provisions or regulations are outlined. The second meaning, referring to the section sign itself, is less common in everyday speech but is understood in contexts discussing typography or legal referencing.
例文
よく使う組み合わせ
よく混同される語
80+ WORDS
文法パターン
使い方
While 'paragraf' can sometimes refer to a general paragraph of text, 'akapit' is the more common and appropriate term for that meaning. 'Paragraf' is primarily used in legal and official contexts to denote a numbered section of a document.
Ensure correct declension based on the grammatical case in the sentence. For example, 'do paragrafu' (to the paragraph - genitive) vs. 'w paragrafie' (in the paragraph - locative).
ヒント
Word Origin and Usage
The Polish word 'paragraf' directly translates to 'paragraph' or 'section' in English, particularly in legal and official contexts. It's derived from the Greek 'paragraphos,' meaning a mark or short stroke indicating the beginning of a line or passage. In Polish, it is commonly used to refer to a distinct numbered section within a legal document, a statute, a regulation, or even a book, similar to how 'article' is used in some legal systems. For instance, 'paragraf 5' would refer to 'section 5' of a given document. It's a masculine noun, and its declension follows standard Polish patterns, e.g., 'paragrafu' (genitive), 'paragrafowi' (dative), 'paragrafem' (instrumental).
Common Misunderstandings and Nuances
While 'paragraf' often directly corresponds to 'paragraph' in English, it's crucial to understand its primary usage in a formal, legal, or administrative context in Polish. It's less common to use 'paragraf' for a simple paragraph in a casual text or a novel, where 'akapit' would be the more appropriate term. Using 'paragraf' in a non-legal context might sound overly formal or even a bit odd to a native speaker. Additionally, when referring to specific laws or acts, Poles will often cite the 'paragraf' number, which implies a very precise reference, much like citing an 'article' or 'section' in English legal discourse. Be mindful of this distinction to avoid sounding stilted or imprecise.
Practical Application and Examples
To effectively use 'paragraf,' focus on its application in official and structured documents. Here are some practical examples: * **Legal Context:** 'Zgodnie z paragrafem 3 ustawy...' (According to paragraph 3 of the act...) * **Regulations:** 'W regulaminie znajdziesz to w paragrafie 10.' (In the regulations, you will find it in section 10.) * **Formal Writing:** 'Proszę zapoznać się z treścią paragrafu drugiego.' (Please familiarize yourself with the content of the second paragraph/section.) When translating, consider whether the English equivalent should be 'paragraph,' 'section,' or 'article' based on the specific context and formality. For instance, in legal texts, 'section' or 'article' might be more accurate and natural-sounding than 'paragraph' to maintain the precise meaning intended by 'paragraf' in Polish.
語源
From Latin 'paragraphus', ultimately from Ancient Greek 'paragraphos' (παράγραφος), meaning 'a line drawn alongside, a marginal note'. It entered Polish likely through German 'Paragraph'.
文化的な背景
In Poland, the word 'paragraf' (paragraph) holds significant cultural weight, particularly within legal, academic, and administrative contexts. It's a fundamental unit for structuring documents, laws, and academic texts. When someone refers to a specific 'paragraf,' it often implies a precise and authoritative reference, especially in legal discussions or when citing regulations. The concept of a 'paragraf' is deeply ingrained in the educational system, where students learn to analyze and refer to specific sections of texts, and in everyday bureaucracy, where official documents are meticulously organized by paragraphs. This precision reflects a cultural emphasis on order, clarity, and adherence to established rules and procedures, which are highly valued in Polish society.
覚え方のコツ
Think of 'paragraph' in English; 'paragraf' in Polish sounds very similar and has a related meaning in a legal context.
自分をテスト 3 問
/ 3 correct
Perfect score!
Word Origin and Usage
The Polish word 'paragraf' directly translates to 'paragraph' or 'section' in English, particularly in legal and official contexts. It's derived from the Greek 'paragraphos,' meaning a mark or short stroke indicating the beginning of a line or passage. In Polish, it is commonly used to refer to a distinct numbered section within a legal document, a statute, a regulation, or even a book, similar to how 'article' is used in some legal systems. For instance, 'paragraf 5' would refer to 'section 5' of a given document. It's a masculine noun, and its declension follows standard Polish patterns, e.g., 'paragrafu' (genitive), 'paragrafowi' (dative), 'paragrafem' (instrumental).
Common Misunderstandings and Nuances
While 'paragraf' often directly corresponds to 'paragraph' in English, it's crucial to understand its primary usage in a formal, legal, or administrative context in Polish. It's less common to use 'paragraf' for a simple paragraph in a casual text or a novel, where 'akapit' would be the more appropriate term. Using 'paragraf' in a non-legal context might sound overly formal or even a bit odd to a native speaker. Additionally, when referring to specific laws or acts, Poles will often cite the 'paragraf' number, which implies a very precise reference, much like citing an 'article' or 'section' in English legal discourse. Be mindful of this distinction to avoid sounding stilted or imprecise.
Practical Application and Examples
To effectively use 'paragraf,' focus on its application in official and structured documents. Here are some practical examples: * **Legal Context:** 'Zgodnie z paragrafem 3 ustawy...' (According to paragraph 3 of the act...) * **Regulations:** 'W regulaminie znajdziesz to w paragrafie 10.' (In the regulations, you will find it in section 10.) * **Formal Writing:** 'Proszę zapoznać się z treścią paragrafu drugiego.' (Please familiarize yourself with the content of the second paragraph/section.) When translating, consider whether the English equivalent should be 'paragraph,' 'section,' or 'article' based on the specific context and formality. For instance, in legal texts, 'section' or 'article' might be more accurate and natural-sounding than 'paragraph' to maintain the precise meaning intended by 'paragraf' in Polish.
例文
2 / 2関連コンテンツ
この単語を他の言語で
lawの関連語
zastrzeżenie
B1A condition or qualification to an agreement.
licencja
B1Official permission to do something
pozwolenie
B1official consent to do something
prawo
A1System of rules.
zrzeczenie
B1Giving up a right or claim.
prawnik
B1A person who practices law
jawny
C1Done in an open or unashamed way.
sprawiedliwy
B1treating people equally without favoritism
kancelaria
B1An office of a lawyer or diplomat
ofiara
B1A person harmed as a result of an event.
