B1 · 中級 チャプター 33

Participles and Gerunds

2 トータルルール
20 例文
1 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of transforming verbs into descriptive adjectives to sound more fluid and concise.

  • Identify active participles describing ongoing actions.
  • Construct passive participles for completed results.
  • Integrate descriptive verb-forms into your daily speech.
Elevate your Russian with the power of participles.

学べること

Introduction to active and passive participles. Using adverbial participles for concise speech.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Describe people and objects using active and passive participles in written and spoken Russian.

重要な例文 (4)

1

Я вижу парня, танцующего в TikTok.

I see the guy dancing on TikTok.

ロシア語の能動分詞：「〜している」を表す言葉
2

Девушка, ждущая Uber, смотрит в телефон.

The girl waiting for an Uber is looking at her phone.

ロシア語の能動分詞：「〜している」を表す言葉
3

Твой заказ уже доставлен.

Your order has already been delivered.

ロシア語の受動分詞：完了した動作の説明 (-нный, -тый)
4

Это фото сделано на новый iPhone.

This photo was taken on a new iPhone.

ロシア語の受動分詞：完了した動作の説明 (-нный, -тый)

ヒントとコツ (2)

🎯

The 'They' Rule

Always look at the 'они' form of the verb to find the right present suffix. Если 'они пишут', то 'пишущий'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ロシア語の能動分詞：「〜している」を表す言葉
🎯

The 'Status' Trick

If you can imagine it as a notification on your phone, you probably need a short form passive participle.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ロシア語の受動分詞：完了した動作の説明 (-нный, -тый)

重要な語彙 (5)

читающий reading (active) написанный written (passive) открытый opened (passive) поющий singing (active) сделанный done/made (passive)

Real-World Preview

book-open

At the Bookstore

Review Summary

  • Verb stem + щ + ий/ая/ее
  • Verb stem + нн/т + ый/ая/ое

よくある間違い

Active participles act as adjectives. They describe a noun, they don't replace the verb.

Wrong: Читающий книга (Reading book)
正解: Читающий книгу человек (A person reading a book)

Remember to match the gender of the participle to the noun it modifies.

Wrong: Написан письмо (Written letter)
正解: Написанное письмо (The written letter)

Use passive participles for completed actions, not active ones.

Wrong: Сделающий задание (The doing task)
正解: Сделанное задание (The completed task)

Next Steps

You've tackled a difficult topic! Keep practicing these forms, and your Russian will soon sound as natural as a native speaker's.

Read a news article and highlight all participles you find.

Continue to: Reported Speech

クイック練習 (6)

Find and fix the mistake in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Письмо было написан вчера.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Письмо было написано вчера.
'Письмо' is neuter, so the participle must end in -о (написано).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ロシア語の受動分詞：完了した動作の説明 (-нный, -тый)

Fill in the blank with the correct present active participle of 'работать' (to work).

Человек, ___ в этом офисе, мой брат.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: работающий
We need the present active participle to match the singular masculine noun 'человек'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ロシア語の能動分詞：「〜している」を表す言葉

Which sentence correctly uses a past active participle?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Студент, прочитавший книгу, сдал экзамен.
'Прочитавший' is the correct past active participle for 'the one who read'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ロシア語の能動分詞：「〜している」を表す言葉

Fill in the blank with the correct short form of 'прочитать'.

Эта статья уже ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: прочитана
'Статья' is feminine, so the short form must be 'прочитана'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ロシア語の受動分詞：完了した動作の説明 (-нный, -тый)

Which sentence correctly uses the passive participle?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Обед уже приготовлен.
'Приготовлен' is the correct short form for a masculine noun in a predicate position.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ロシア語の受動分詞：完了した動作の説明 (-нный, -тый)

Find the mistake in the reflexive participle ending.

Find and fix the mistake:

Я вижу улыбающуюсь женщину.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Я вижу улыбающуюся женщину.
Reflexive participles must always end in -ся, regardless of the preceding vowel.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ロシア語の能動分詞：「〜している」を表す言葉

Score: /6

よくある質問 (4)

It's a verb form that acts like an adjective, describing a noun that is performing an action, like 'the reading boy'.
You treat it exactly like an adjective. It must match the noun's gender, number, and case (e.g., читающий, читающая, читающее, читающие).
Long forms (купленный) act like adjectives and describe nouns. Short forms (куплен) act like verbs and tell you the state of something.
Russian spelling rules! Long passive participles have -нн-, but when you shorten them to the 'status' form, they drop one -н-.
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