A1 Sentence Structure 1 min read かんたん

Topic-Comment Structure: What Chinese Sentences Are Really About

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Chinese sentences start with the 'Topic' (what we are talking about) followed by the 'Comment' (what we say about it).

  • The Topic always comes first: {我|wǒ} (I) {喜欢|xǐhuān} (like) {猫|māo} (cats).
  • The Comment describes the Topic: {这|zhè} (this) {菜|cài} (dish) {很|hěn} (very) {辣|là} (spicy).
  • No 'to be' verb needed between Topic and Comment: {他|tā} (he) {很|hěn} (very) {高|gāo} (tall).
Topic (Subject/Object) + Comment (Description/Action)

Overview

Chinese is a topic-prominent language. Many sentences start with a topic (what we are talking about), followed by a comment (what we say about it). The topic does not have to be the grammatical subject. Pattern: Topic + Comment. This is fundamental to natural-sounding Chinese.

Topic-Comment Basic Structure

Topic Comment (Adjective/Verb) Example Meaning
我
很累
我 很 累
I am tired
他
很高
他 很 高
He is tall
这
很好
这 很 好
This is good
天气
很冷
天气 很 冷
The weather is cold
猫
很可爱
猫 很 可爱
Cats are cute
工作
很忙
工作 很 忙
Work is busy

Meanings

Chinese is a topic-prominent language. The sentence structure focuses on establishing the subject or theme first, followed by the information provided about that theme.

1

Descriptive

Describing a state or quality of the topic.

“{这|zhè} {书|shū} {很|hěn} {好|hǎo}.”

“{他|tā} {很|hěn} {聪明|cōngmíng}.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Topic-Comment Structure: What Chinese Sentences Are Really About
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Topic + Comment
{我|wǒ} {很|hěn} {饿|è}
Negative
Topic + 不 + Comment
{我|wǒ} {不|bù} {饿|è}
Question
Topic + Comment + 吗
{你|nǐ} {饿|è} {吗|ma}?
Adjective
Topic + 很 + Adj
{他|tā} {很|hěn} {高|gāo}
Verb
Topic + Verb
{我|wǒ} {去|qù} {学校|xuéxiào}
Time/Place
Time/Place + Topic + Comment
{今天|jīntiān} {我|wǒ} {很|hěn} {忙|máng}

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
{今日|jīnrì} {天气|tiānqì} {甚|shèn} {佳|jiā}.

{今日|jīnrì} {天气|tiānqì} {甚|shèn} {佳|jiā}. (Talking about weather)

ニュートラル
{今天|jīntiān} {天气|tiānqì} {很|hěn} {好|hǎo}.

{今天|jīntiān} {天气|tiānqì} {很|hěn} {好|hǎo}. (Talking about weather)

カジュアル
{今天|jīntiān} {天气|tiānqì} {真|zhēn} {好|hǎo}!

{今天|jīntiān} {天气|tiānqì} {真|zhēn} {好|hǎo}! (Talking about weather)

スラング
{今天|jīntiān} {天气|tiānqì} {超|chāo} {赞|zàn}!

{今天|jīntiān} {天气|tiānqì} {超|chāo} {赞|zàn}! (Talking about weather)

Topic-Comment Anatomy

Sentence

Topic

  • 我 I
  • 天气 Weather

Comment

  • 很累 very tired
  • 很冷 very cold
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レベル別の例文

1

{我|wǒ} {很|hěn} {累|lèi}.

I am tired.

2

{这|zhè} {个|gè} {很|hěn} {好|hǎo}.

This is good.

3

{他|tā} {是|shì} {老师|lǎoshī}.

He is a teacher.

4

{猫|māo} {很|hěn} {可爱|kě'ài}.

Cats are cute.

1

{今天|jīntiān} {天气|tiānqì} {很|hěn} {好|hǎo}.

The weather is good today.

2

{这|zhè} {家|jiā} {饭店|fàndiàn} {菜|cài} {很|hěn} {辣|là}.

The food at this restaurant is spicy.

3

{我|wǒ} {不|bù} {想|xiǎng} {去|qù}.

I don't want to go.

4

{你|nǐ} {去|qù} {哪儿|nǎ'er}?

Where are you going?

1

{这|zhè} {件|jiàn} {衣服|yīfú} {颜色|yánsè} {很|hěn} {漂亮|piàoliang}.

The color of this shirt is beautiful.

2

{他|tā} {工作|gōngzuò} {很|hěn} {忙|máng}.

His work is very busy.

3

{这|zhè} {种|zhǒng} {水果|shuǐguǒ} {很|hěn} {甜|tián}.

This kind of fruit is sweet.

4

{我们|wǒmen} {明天|míngtiān} {去|qù} {看|kàn} {电影|diànyǐng}.

We are going to watch a movie tomorrow.

1

{这|zhè} {个|gè} {问题|wèntí} {我们|wǒmen} {需要|xūyào} {讨论|tǎolùn}.

This issue, we need to discuss.

2

{那|nà} {部|bù} {电影|diànyǐng} {我|wǒ} {看|kàn} {过|guò}.

That movie, I have seen it.

3

{他|tā} {身体|shēntǐ} {不|bù} {太|tài} {舒服|shūfú}.

He is not feeling very well.

4

{这|zhè} {里|lǐ} {的|de} {人|rén} {很|hěn} {热情|rèqíng}.

The people here are very warm.

1

{这|zhè} {项|xiàng} {技术|jìshù} {应用|yìngyòng} {前景|qiánjǐng} {很|hěn} {广阔|guǎngkuò}.

The application prospects of this technology are broad.

2

{关于|guānyú} {这|zhè} {个|gè} {项目|xiàngmù} {我们|wǒmen} {有|yǒu} {新|xīn} {的|de} {想法|xiǎngfǎ}.

Regarding this project, we have new ideas.

3

{他|tā} {对|duì} {这|zhè} {个|gè} {领域|lǐngyù} {很|hěn} {了解|liǎojiě}.

He is very knowledgeable about this field.

4

{这|zhè} {种|zhǒng} {现象|xiànxiàng} {在|zài} {社会|shèhuì} {中|zhōng} {很|hěn} {常见|chángjiàn}.

This phenomenon is common in society.

1

{这|zhè} {种|zhǒng} {观点|guāndiǎn} {在|zài} {学术界|xuéshùjiè} {引起|yǐnqǐ} {了|le} {很大|hěndà} {的|de} {争议|zhēngyì}.

This viewpoint has caused great controversy in academia.

2

{对于|duìyú} {未来|wèilái} {的|de} {发展|fāzhǎn} {我们|wǒmen} {保持|bǎochí} {乐观|lèguān} {态度|tàidù}.

Regarding future development, we maintain an optimistic attitude.

3

{这|zhè} {项|xiàng} {政策|zhèngcè} {对|duì} {经济|jīngjì} {有|yǒu} {深远|shēnyuǎn} {影响|yǐngxiǎng}.

This policy has a profound impact on the economy.

4

{这|zhè} {里|lǐ} {的|de} {文化|wénhuà} {底蕴|dǐyùn} {非常|fēicháng} {深厚|shēnhòu}.

The cultural heritage here is extremely profound.

間違えやすい

Topic-Comment Structure: What Chinese Sentences Are Really About 対 Topic-Comment vs. SVO

Learners often try to force SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) into Chinese.

Topic-Comment Structure: What Chinese Sentences Are Really About 対 Adjective Predicates

Learners forget 'hěn' before adjectives.

Topic-Comment Structure: What Chinese Sentences Are Really About 対 Shì vs. Hěn

Learners use 'shì' for everything.

よくある間違い

✗

{我|wǒ} {是|shì} {很|hěn} {累|lèi}

✓

{我|wǒ} {很|hěn} {累|lèi}

Don't use 'shì' with adjectives.
✗

{很|hěn} {我|wǒ} {累|lèi}

✓

{我|wǒ} {很|hěn} {累|lèi}

Topic must come first.
✗

{我|wǒ} {累|lèi} {吗|ma}

✓

{你|nǐ} {累|lèi} {吗|ma}

Questions usually address the listener.
✗

{我|wǒ} {不|bù} {是|shì} {累|lèi}

✓

{我|wǒ} {不|bù} {累|lèi}

Again, no 'shì' for adjectives.
✗

{今天|jīntiān} {是|shì} {很|hěn} {热|rè}

✓

{今天|jīntiān} {很|hěn} {热|rè}

Time is not a subject that takes 'shì'.
✗

{这|zhè} {书|shū} {是|shì} {好|hǎo}

✓

{这|zhè} {书|shū} {很|hěn} {好|hǎo}

Adjectives need 'hěn'.
✗

{他|tā} {很|hěn} {高|gāo} {吗|ma} {不|bù}

✓

{他|tā} {高|gāo} {吗|ma}

Don't mix question types.
✗

{关于|guānyú} {他|tā} {是|shì} {很|hěn} {聪明|cōngmíng}

✓

{关于|guānyú} {他|tā}, {他|tā} {很|hěn} {聪明|cōngmíng}

Topic-fronting requires a full sentence.
✗

{这|zhè} {个|gè} {项目|xiàngmù} {是|shì} {重要|zhòngyào}

✓

{这|zhè} {个|gè} {项目|xiàngmù} {很|hěn} {重要|zhòngyào}

Adjective predicate.
✗

{我|wǒ} {不|bù} {是|shì} {想|xiǎng} {去|qù}

✓

{我|wǒ} {不|bù} {想|xiǎng} {去|qù}

Verb negation.
✗

{这|zhè} {种|zhǒng} {情况|qíngkuàng} {是|shì} {常见|chángjiàn}

✓

{这|zhè} {种|zhǒng} {情况|qíngkuàng} {很|hěn} {常见|chángjiàn}

Adjective predicate.
✗

{他|tā} {对|duì} {这|zhè} {是|shì} {了解|liǎojiě}

✓

{他|tā} {对|duì} {这|zhè} {很|hěn} {了解|liǎojiě}

Adjective predicate.
✗

{我们|wǒmen} {是|shì} {保持|bǎochí} {乐观|lèguān}

✓

{我们|wǒmen} {保持|bǎochí} {乐观|lèguān}

Verb predicate.

文型パターン

___ 很 ___

___ 不 ___

___ 吗?

___, ___ 很 ___

Real World Usage

Texting constant

{我|wǒ} {到|dào} {了|le}.

Ordering Food very common

{这|zhè} {个|gè} {不|bù} {辣|là}.

Social Media very common

{今天|jīntiān} {很|hěn} {开心|kāixīn}!

Job Interview common

{我|wǒ} {有|yǒu} {经验|jīngyàn}.

Travel common

{这|zhè} {里|lǐ} {很|hěn} {美|měi}.

Food Delivery App common

{这|zhè} {个|gè} {很|hěn} {好|hǎo} {吃|chī}.

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💡

Drop the 'is'

Whenever you want to say 'is' + adjective, just drop it and use 'hěn' instead.
⚠️

Don't over-use 'shì'

Only use 'shì' when you are saying A equals B (e.g., I am a student).
🎯

Topic-fronting

You can move time or location to the very front to set the scene.
💬

Be direct

Chinese speakers value clarity; state your topic clearly at the start.

Smart Tips

Always add 'hěn' to sound natural.

他 高 → 他 很 高

Use 'ma' at the end for yes/no.

你 饿? → 你 饿 吗?

Put 'bù' before the verb or adjective.

我 是 不 累 → 我 不 累

Put time first.

我 今天 忙 → 今天 我 很 忙

発音

hěn hǎo -> hén hǎo

Tone Sandhi

When two third tones meet, the first becomes a second tone.

Question intonation

Sentence + ma? (rising)

Indicates a yes/no question.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of a news broadcast: The anchor says the Topic (Headline) first, then gives the Comment (Details).

視覚的連想

Imagine a label maker. You stick a label on an object (Topic), then write a description on the label (Comment).

Rhyme

Topic first, comment next, that's how you write Chinese text.

Story

I walk into a room. I point to the cat (Topic). I say 'cute' (Comment). My friend points to the coffee (Topic). He says 'hot' (Comment). We are speaking Chinese!

Word Web

{我|wǒ}{很|hěn}{不|bù}{吗|ma}{天气|tiānqì}{今天|jīntiān}

チャレンジ

Describe 5 things in your room using the [Topic] + [Comment] structure in 5 minutes.

文化メモ

Topic-comment is used in all formal and informal settings.

Often uses more particles like 'a' at the end of topics.

Influenced by Cantonese, sometimes drops 'hěn' in casual speech.

Topic-comment structure is an ancient feature of Sinitic languages, reflecting a focus on context over rigid subject-predicate agreement.

会話のきっかけ

“

{你|nǐ} {饿|è} {吗|ma}?

“

{今天|jīntiān} {天气|tiānqì} {怎么样|zěnmeyàng}?

“

{你|nǐ} {工作|gōngzuò} {忙|máng} {吗|ma}?

“

{这|zhè} {部|bù} {电影|diànyǐng} {你|nǐ} {看|kàn} {过|guò} {吗|ma}?

日記のテーマ

Describe your day using 5 sentences.
Describe your favorite food.
Describe your workplace or school.
Discuss a current event.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

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Test Yourself

Fill in the missing word.

{我|wǒ} ___ {累|lèi}.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 很
Adjectives need 'hěn'.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我 很 累
Topic + Comment structure.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

{他|tā} {是|shì} {高|gāo}.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他 很 高
No 'shì' with adjectives.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我 很 累
Topic first.
Translate to Chinese. 翻訳

He is not tall.

Answer starts with: 他 不...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他 不 高
Negative structure.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: {你|nǐ} {饿|è} {吗|ma}? B: ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我 很 饿
Standard response.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

{天气|tiānqì} + {冷|lěng}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 天气 很 冷
Topic-Comment.
Match the topic to the comment. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我 - 很 忙
Common pairing.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the missing word.

{我|wǒ} ___ {累|lèi}.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 很
Adjectives need 'hěn'.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我 很 累
Topic + Comment structure.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

{他|tā} {是|shì} {高|gāo}.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他 很 高
No 'shì' with adjectives.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

{很|hěn} / {我|wǒ} / {累|lèi}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我 很 累
Topic first.
Translate to Chinese. 翻訳

He is not tall.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他 不 高
Negative structure.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: {你|nǐ} {饿|è} {吗|ma}? B: ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我 很 饿
Standard response.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

{天气|tiānqì} + {冷|lěng}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 天气 很 冷
Topic-Comment.
Match the topic to the comment. Match Pairs

{我|wǒ} - {很|hěn} {忙|máng}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我 - 很 忙
Common pairing.

Score: /8

よくある質問 (8)

Chinese uses position and adjectives directly. 'Is' is only for equating nouns.

It's a modifier for adjectives. It doesn't always mean 'very' in this context.

Only if it's clear from context. Otherwise, keep it.

Just add 'bù' before the comment.

Yes, it's the standard structure for all levels.

You can have a main topic and a sub-topic.

Only in specific emphatic structures.

Describe everything you see in your room.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Japanese high

Wa-particle

Japanese marks the topic with a particle, Chinese marks it with position.

English low

Subject-Verb-Object

English uses 'to be', Chinese uses position.

Spanish low

Ser/Estar

Spanish verb conjugation vs. Chinese lack thereof.

German low

SVO/V2

German syntax is rigid, Chinese is topic-based.

Arabic moderate

Nominal Sentence

Arabic has gender/number agreement, Chinese does not.

French low

SVO

French requires 'être', Chinese uses position.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Serial Verb Constructions: Chaining Actions Together
Next
黄金ルール：基本の語順 (STPVO)

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