تبعاً لـ 30초 만에
- Means 'according to' or 'depending on'.
- Used to cite sources, rules, or conditions.
- Connects an action/statement to its basis.
- Common in formal and precise communication.
The Arabic prepositional phrase 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) is a versatile expression that translates most directly to 'according to' or 'depending on' in English. It's used to indicate that something is based on, in accordance with, or influenced by a particular source, rule, opinion, or circumstance. Think of it as a way to cite your source or explain the basis for a statement or action.
In essence, 'تبعاً لـ' connects a statement or action to a preceding or accompanying condition or piece of information. It signals that what follows is a consequence, a guideline, or a reason derived from something else. For instance, if you are making a decision 'تبعاً لـ' a set of instructions, it means you are following those instructions. If you are stating a fact 'تبعاً لـ' a report, you are referencing that report as the source of your information.
The phrase is commonly encountered in both formal and informal contexts, though its usage leans towards more structured communication where clarity and attribution are important. You'll find it in news reports, official documents, academic writing, and even in everyday conversations when someone wants to be precise about the basis of their claims. It adds a layer of justification and transparency to speech and writing, allowing the listener or reader to understand the foundation upon which a statement is built.
Consider the subtle difference in nuance. 'According to' often implies a direct quotation or a summary of information from a specific source, like a person, a book, or a study. 'Depending on' suggests that something is contingent or variable, its outcome or nature is shaped by certain factors. 'تبعاً لـ' can encompass both these meanings, making it a very useful phrase to master. It allows you to express that something is either directly derived from a source or is influenced by a set of conditions.
When you use 'تبعاً لـ', you are essentially saying, 'This is the situation, and here's why, or here's how it's being done, because of this specific thing.' It’s a phrase that promotes accuracy and accountability in communication. It’s the linguistic bridge that links an observation, a decision, or an action to its underlying cause or justification. Mastering its usage will significantly enhance your ability to express nuanced ideas and to understand the precise meaning behind statements made by others in Arabic.
The phrase 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) functions as a prepositional phrase, meaning it precedes a noun or noun phrase to modify the main clause of a sentence. The structure is straightforward: you state an action, observation, or fact, and then you introduce the basis or reason for it using 'تبعاً لـ' followed by the relevant noun phrase.
Let's break down its common applications with examples. One of the most frequent uses is to indicate that a statement is based on information from a specific source. This could be a document, a person's opinion, or a piece of data. For instance, in a news context, you might hear or read: 'The government announced new measures, تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the recommendations of the health committee.' Here, 'the recommendations of the health committee' is the source that the government's announcement is based upon.
Another significant use is to show that an action or decision is made in accordance with a rule, law, or guideline. For example, 'Students must complete their assignments, تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the syllabus.' The syllabus acts as the governing document dictating the requirement. Similarly, 'The construction project proceeded تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the approved architectural plans.' The plans are the blueprint that must be followed.
'تبعاً لـ' can also indicate that something is dependent on or contingent upon certain circumstances. While 'depending on' might suggest variability, 'تبعاً لـ' in this context often implies that the dependency is a known factor or condition. For example, 'The success of the event will be measured تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the number of attendees.' The number of attendees is the key metric or condition for success. Or, 'Our travel plans are تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the weather forecast.' The weather is the influencing factor.
In academic or analytical writing, 'تبعاً لـ' is invaluable for referencing evidence or theoretical frameworks. 'The analysis was conducted تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the principles of supply and demand.' This clearly states the theoretical basis of the analysis. Or, 'The interpretation of the results is تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the established theories in the field.'
It's important to note the grammatical structure. 'تبعاً لـ' is followed by a noun or noun phrase. If the noun is definite, it will often take the definite article 'الـ' (al-). For example: 'تبعاً لـ الـقانون' (taba'an li al-qanun - according to the law). If the noun is indefinite, it remains as is, though this is less common when referring to specific rules or sources.
When speaking, the rhythm and intonation will naturally place emphasis on the 'تبعاً لـ' and the noun phrase that follows, signaling to the listener the basis of the preceding statement. Practicing constructing sentences with different types of sources and conditions will help solidify your understanding and usage of this essential phrase.
The phrase 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) is a staple in many forms of Arabic communication, particularly in settings where accuracy, attribution, and adherence to guidelines are paramount. You'll frequently encounter it in formal discourse, but it also finds its way into more casual conversations when precision is desired.
News Broadcasts and Articles: This is perhaps one of the most common places to hear 'تبعاً لـ'. Journalists use it to attribute information to official sources, spokespersons, or reports. For example, a news anchor might say: 'The Ministry of Health announced a new policy, تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the latest epidemiological data.' Or a newspaper headline could read: 'Economic Growth Slows, تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) official statistics.' This usage ensures that the audience understands the origin of the reported facts.
Legal and Official Documents: In legal contexts, contracts, and government regulations, 'تبعاً لـ' is used extensively to indicate that an action, requirement, or decision is in accordance with a specific law, article, or directive. For instance, a contract might state: 'The parties shall abide by the terms of this agreement, تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) Article 5.' This leaves no room for ambiguity about the governing rules.
Academic and Research Settings: Researchers and academics use 'تبعاً لـ' to cite the theoretical frameworks, methodologies, or previous studies upon which their work is based. You might hear a professor explaining: 'Our findings are consistent تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the theories proposed by Dr. Ahmed.' Or in a research paper: 'The experimental design was developed تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) established protocols in molecular biology.'
Business and Management: In the corporate world, 'تبعاً لـ' is used to communicate decisions or actions that are based on company policies, market analysis, or strategic plans. A manager might inform their team: 'We are restructuring the department تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the new organizational chart.' Or 'Our marketing campaigns will be launched تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the upcoming holiday season.'
Everyday Conversations (with a need for precision): While less frequent in very casual chat, people do use 'تبعاً لـ' when they want to be clear about the basis of their statement or decision. For example, if someone asks why you chose a particular restaurant, you might reply: 'I chose it تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the good reviews I read online.' Or if explaining a delay: 'We arrived late تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the unexpected traffic jam.'
Speeches and Presentations: Speakers often use 'تبعاً لـ' to refer to their supporting data, audience feedback, or the objectives of the presentation. This helps to structure their argument and guide the audience's understanding. For example, 'Based on your questions, I will now elaborate on the next point, تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) your interests.'
The key takeaway is that 'تبعاً لـ' signals a connection to a preceding or stated basis. It adds a layer of formality and clarity, making it a valuable tool for anyone aiming for precise communication in Arabic. Listen for it in news reports, official announcements, and any situation where someone is explaining the 'why' or 'how' behind a statement or action by referencing a specific source or condition.
When learning to use 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li), learners might encounter a few common pitfalls. Understanding these mistakes can help you avoid them and use the phrase more accurately.
1. Misplacing the Phrase: 'تبعاً لـ' is a prepositional phrase that introduces the basis or reason. It should typically come *before* the noun or noun phrase it modifies. Placing it after, or separating it awkwardly from its complement, can lead to confusion. For example, saying 'The decision was made تبعاً لـ...' and then pausing or adding unrelated information before stating the basis is incorrect. The correct structure is 'The decision was made تبعاً لـ the new regulations.'
2. Confusing with Similar Prepositions: While 'تبعاً لـ' can overlap in meaning with other prepositions like 'وفقاً لـ' (wafqan li - in accordance with) or 'بناءً على' (bina'an 'ala - based on), there can be subtle differences. Learners might use 'تبعاً لـ' in contexts where 'بناءً على' is more appropriate, especially when emphasizing the foundational aspect of the basis. For instance, if a decision is a direct consequence of a prior event, 'بناءً على' might be preferred. However, in many contexts, they are interchangeable.
3. Incorrect Grammatical Case: The noun or noun phrase following 'لـ' (li - to/for) in 'تبعاً لـ' is typically in the genitive case (majrur). While this is often handled naturally by native speakers, learners might struggle with the correct case endings, especially in formal written Arabic. For example, if the noun is singular and definite, it should end with a kasra (ـِ). Forgetting or misapplying these endings can be a common error in written Arabic.
4. Overuse or Underuse: Some learners might overuse 'تبعاً لـ' in every instance where they would say 'according to' in English, even in very informal situations where simpler phrasing would suffice. Conversely, others might underuse it, opting for less precise expressions when 'تبعاً لـ' would add valuable clarity and formality. Finding the right balance depends on the context and register.
5. Direct Translation from English: English has many ways to express 'according to' or 'depending on', and learners might attempt a direct word-for-word translation that doesn't fit Arabic grammar or idiomatic usage. For example, trying to force a structure that doesn't naturally accommodate 'تبعاً لـ' can result in awkward sentences. It's crucial to learn the phrase as a complete unit and understand its function within Arabic sentence structure.
6. Forgetting the 'لـ': The 'لـ' (li) is an integral part of the phrase. Omitting it, perhaps by thinking of 'تبعاً' as an adverb on its own, would change the meaning and grammatical function. The phrase must always include 'لـ' followed by the noun it governs.
To avoid these mistakes, practice constructing sentences with 'تبعاً لـ' in various contexts. Pay close attention to how native speakers use it in authentic materials like news articles, formal speeches, and written reports. Understanding the grammatical structure and the nuances of its meaning in relation to similar phrases will significantly improve your accuracy.
The Arabic language, like any rich language, offers several ways to express the concept of 'according to' or 'depending on'. While 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) is a common and useful phrase, understanding its alternatives can help you choose the most precise word for a given context and enrich your vocabulary.
1. وفقاً لـ (wafqan li): This is perhaps the closest synonym to 'تبعاً لـ' and is often used interchangeably. 'وفقاً لـ' also means 'according to' or 'in accordance with'. It is frequently used in formal contexts, such as legal documents, official statements, and academic writing, to indicate adherence to rules, regulations, or established norms. The nuance is very similar to 'تبعاً لـ', emphasizing conformity and alignment.
2. بناءً على (bina'an 'ala): This phrase translates more directly to 'based on' or 'on the basis of'. It is used when you want to highlight that something is founded upon a particular premise, evidence, or event. 'بناءً على' often implies a stronger sense of foundation or derivation. For example, 'The decision was made بناءً على (bina'an 'ala) the results of the investigation.' This suggests the investigation's results were the primary foundation for the decision.
3. حسب (hasab): This word is simpler and more direct, meaning 'according to' or 'as per'. It is commonly used in everyday speech and can be less formal than 'تبعاً لـ' or 'وفقاً لـ'. For instance, 'حسب (hasab) what I heard, the meeting is tomorrow.' Or, 'حسب (hasab) the instructions, we need to fill this form.'
4. استناداً إلى (istinadan ila): This phrase means 'based on', 'relying on', or 'citing'. It is similar to 'بناءً على' but often carries a stronger implication of relying on a source for authority or justification. It's common in academic and legal contexts. For example, 'This argument is supported استناداً إلى (istinadan ila) historical evidence.'
5. بموجب (bimujib): This phrase is highly formal and is almost exclusively used in legal and official contexts. It means 'by virtue of', 'under', or 'pursuant to'. It indicates that an action or right is granted or mandated by a specific law, decree, or contract. For example, 'The employee is entitled to leave بموجب (bimujib) the labor law.'
When choosing between these alternatives, consider the level of formality required and the specific nuance you wish to convey. 'تبعاً لـ' and 'وفقاً لـ' are generally interchangeable in many formal contexts. 'بناءً على' and 'استناداً إلى' are better for emphasizing the foundational or evidential basis. 'حسب' is a good option for simpler, less formal statements. 'بموجب' is reserved for strict legal or official mandates.
How Formal Is It?
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재미있는 사실
The root 'ت ب ع' is related to words like 'تابع' (tābi'), meaning a follower or subordinate, and 'اتبع' (ittaba'), meaning to follow or adopt. This core concept of 'following' is central to how 'تبعاً لـ' functions, indicating that something is guided by or comes after a specific source or rule.
발음 가이드
- Pronouncing 'تبعاً' as a single word without the distinct 'li' at the end.
- Incorrectly stressing the first syllable instead of the second.
- Not clearly articulating the 'l' sound in 'li'.
난이도
Recognizable in written texts, especially formal ones. Understanding the context is key to grasping its meaning.
Requires understanding of formal structures and correct case endings for the following noun.
Common in formal speech and news, less so in very casual conversation, but essential for precise communication.
Frequently heard in news broadcasts and formal presentations. Context helps identify its meaning.
다음에 무엇을 배울까
선수 학습
다음에 배울 것
고급
알아야 할 문법
The preposition 'لـ' (li) governs the genitive case (majrūr) for the noun that follows it.
تبعاً لـ الـقانونِ (taba'an li al-qānūni) - The noun 'القانون' is in the genitive case.
Definite nouns following 'لـ' typically take the definite article 'الـ'.
تبعاً لـ الـقانون (taba'an li al-qānūn) - 'The law'.
The phrase 'تبعاً لـ' functions similarly to other prepositional phrases that introduce the basis or reason for an action or statement.
He acted تبعاً لـ the advice (He acted based on the advice).
The noun phrase following 'تبعاً لـ' can be simple or complex, including possessive constructions.
تبعاً لـ رأيِهِ (taba'an li ra'yihī) - According to his opinion.
When 'تبعاً لـ' is followed by a verb clause, it is usually introduced by 'ما' (mā - what/that which).
عملت تبعاً لـ ما قالته المعلمة (I acted according to what the teacher said).
수준별 예문
كتابي تبعاً لـ القائمة.
My book is according to the list.
Simple sentence structure connecting an object to a list.
اللون تبعاً لـ طلبي.
The color is according to my request.
Using 'تبعاً لـ' to indicate a choice based on a request.
الدرس تبعاً لـ الكتاب.
The lesson is according to the book.
Connecting a lesson to its source material.
الجواب تبعاً لـ السؤال.
The answer is according to the question.
Showing the direct relationship between question and answer.
الخطة تبعاً لـ الجدول.
The plan is according to the schedule.
Linking a plan to a predetermined schedule.
الطقس تبعاً لـ التوقعات.
The weather is according to the forecasts.
Referring to weather forecasts as the basis.
الصور تبعاً لـ الوصف.
The pictures are according to the description.
Matching visual content with its description.
النتيجة تبعاً لـ العمل.
The result is according to the work.
Simple cause and effect relationship.
قررنا الذهاب تبعاً لـ نصيحة صديقنا.
We decided to go according to our friend's advice.
Using 'تبعاً لـ' with a noun indicating advice.
تم ترتيب الحفل تبعاً لـ البرنامج المحدد.
The party was arranged according to the set program.
'تبعاً لـ' used with a program or schedule.
يجب أن نتبع القوانين تبعاً لـ توجيهات الحكومة.
We must follow the laws according to the government's directives.
Connecting laws to official directives.
تمت المهمة تبعاً لـ التعليمات التي أعطيت لنا.
The task was completed according to the instructions given to us.
Indicating completion based on instructions.
أنا أفعل هذا تبعاً لـ ما تعتقد أنه صحيح.
I am doing this according to what you believe is right.
Referencing someone's belief as the basis for action.
الأسعار ستتغير تبعاً لـ الظروف الاقتصادية.
The prices will change depending on the economic conditions.
Using 'تبعاً لـ' to show dependence on economic factors.
تم تقييم الأداء تبعاً لـ المعايير المتفق عليها.
The performance was evaluated according to the agreed-upon criteria.
Evaluation based on established criteria.
هذا التصميم هو تبعاً لـ رغبة العميل.
This design is according to the client's wish.
Design conforming to client preferences.
تم اتخاذ القرار تبعاً لـ توصيات فريق العمل.
The decision was made according to the team's recommendations.
Formal usage with a professional team's recommendations.
يجب أن تسير الأمور تبعاً لـ الجدول الزمني المعتمد.
Things must proceed according to the approved timeline.
Emphasizing adherence to an approved schedule in a project context.
أعمال الترميم ستتم تبعاً لـ المخططات الهندسية الأصلية.
The renovation works will be carried out according to the original architectural plans.
Referencing original plans for construction or renovation.
تم تفسير النتائج تبعاً لـ النظريات السائدة في المجال.
The results were interpreted according to the prevailing theories in the field.
Academic context: interpreting data based on established theories.
التحقيقات جارية تبعاً لـ ما ورد في البلاغ الأولي.
Investigations are ongoing according to what was stated in the initial report.
Legal/investigative context: following up on an initial report.
ستتم معالجة الشكاوى تبعاً لـ سياسات الشركة المعتمدة.
Complaints will be processed according to the company's approved policies.
Business context: processing issues based on company policies.
الزيادة في الرواتب ستكون تبعاً لـ أداء الموظفين.
The salary increase will be according to the employees' performance.
Linking financial rewards to performance metrics.
تم تعديل الخطة تبعاً لـ التغيرات غير المتوقعة في السوق.
The plan was modified according to unexpected changes in the market.
Adapting plans based on market dynamics.
يتم تقييم أداء المدرسة تبعاً لـ المؤشرات الوطنية للجودة التعليمية.
The school's performance is evaluated according to national indicators of educational quality.
Formal evaluation based on national standards.
سيتم توزيع الموارد تبعاً لـ الأولويات المحددة في الخطة الاستراتيجية.
Resources will be allocated according to the priorities set in the strategic plan.
Strategic resource allocation based on defined priorities.
تم تحليل البيانات تبعاً لـ المنهجية العلمية المتبعة في البحث.
The data was analyzed according to the scientific methodology followed in the research.
Scientific analysis adhering to a specific methodology.
تخضع هذه الإجراءات للتدقيق تبعاً لـ اللوائح التنظيمية المعمول بها.
These procedures are subject to audit according to the prevailing regulatory by-laws.
Formal compliance with regulatory frameworks.
يستند رأي الخبراء إلى الأدلة المتوفرة تبعاً لـ أحدث الأبحاث.
The experts' opinion is based on available evidence according to the latest research.
Expert opinions grounded in current research.
تم تعديل تصميم المنتج تبعاً لـ ردود الفعل الأولية من المستخدمين.
The product design was modified according to the initial feedback from users.
Product development influenced by user feedback.
تُمنح الجوائز تبعاً لـ معايير التميز التي حددتها اللجنة.
Awards are granted according to the criteria of excellence set by the committee.
Awarding based on specific criteria of excellence.
يجب أن تتماشى القرارات المستقبلية تبعاً لـ رؤية المنظمة طويلة الأمد.
Future decisions must align according to the organization's long-term vision.
Aligning decisions with overarching organizational vision.
يُدار هذا الصندوق الاستثماري تبعاً لـ استراتيجية مدروسة تهدف إلى تحقيق أقصى عائد ممكن.
This investment fund is managed according to a well-thought-out strategy aimed at achieving the maximum possible return.
Complex financial management based on strategic planning and risk assessment.
تُقاس فعالية الحملة التسويقية تبعاً لـ مجموعة من المقاييس المحددة مسبقاً، بما في ذلك نسبة التحويل ومعدل المشاركة.
The effectiveness of the marketing campaign is measured according to a set of predefined metrics, including conversion rate and engagement rate.
Measuring campaign success using specific, predefined metrics.
تم تطوير البروتوكول العلاجي الجديد تبعاً لـ أحدث الأبحاث السريرية والتجارب المخبرية.
The new therapeutic protocol was developed according to the latest clinical research and laboratory experiments.
Development of medical protocols based on cutting-edge research.
يخضع التخطيط العمراني في المدينة تبعاً لـ رؤية استراتيجية طويلة الأجل تهدف إلى الاستدامة والتنمية المتوازنة.
Urban planning in the city is subject to a long-term strategic vision aimed at sustainability and balanced development.
Urban development guided by a comprehensive, long-term strategic vision.
يُرجح أن تتأثر الأسواق العالمية تبعاً لـ التطورات الجيوسياسية الأخيرة في المنطقة.
Global markets are likely to be affected according to recent geopolitical developments in the region.
Forecasting market impacts based on geopolitical shifts.
تمت صياغة تقرير التقييم تبعاً لـ إطار عمل متكامل يراعي جميع الجوانب الفنية والمالية.
The assessment report was drafted according to an integrated framework that considers all technical and financial aspects.
Comprehensive report drafting within an integrated framework.
تُعتبر هذه الخطوة ضرورية تبعاً لـ المتطلبات القانونية الجديدة التي دخلت حيز التنفيذ.
This step is considered necessary according to the new legal requirements that have come into effect.
Necessity of action driven by new legal mandates.
سيتم تقييم أداء الموظفين تبعاً لـ نظام تقييم شامل يعتمد على الكفاءات والسلوك المهني.
Employee performance will be evaluated according to a comprehensive evaluation system based on competencies and professional conduct.
Comprehensive performance evaluation based on multiple factors.
تُستمد شرعية الحكومة وقراراتها تبعاً لـ الدستور الذي يمثل العقد الاجتماعي بين الحاكم والمحكوم.
The government's legitimacy and decisions are derived according to the constitution, which represents the social contract between the ruler and the ruled.
Philosophical and legal basis of governance derived from constitutional principles.
يُجرى تحليل التكاليف والفوائد تبعاً لـ نماذج اقتصادية متقدمة تأخذ في الاعتبار العوامل الخارجية والتكاليف غير المباشرة.
Cost-benefit analysis is conducted according to advanced economic models that consider externalities and indirect costs.
Advanced economic analysis incorporating complex factors and models.
تمت صياغة استراتيجية الأمن القومي تبعاً لـ تقييم دقيق للتهديدات الراهنة والمستقبلية، مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الديناميكيات الإقليمية والدولية.
The national security strategy was formulated according to a precise assessment of current and future threats, taking into account regional and international dynamics.
Formulation of national security strategy based on comprehensive threat assessment and geopolitical analysis.
تُبنى القرارات المتعلقة بالسياسة النقدية تبعاً لـ مؤشرات اقتصادية معقدة، بما في ذلك معدلات التضخم وسعر الصرف وسوق العمل.
Decisions related to monetary policy are made according to complex economic indicators, including inflation rates, exchange rates, and the labor market.
Monetary policy decisions informed by a complex interplay of economic indicators.
يُشرف على تطوير المناهج التعليمية تبعاً لـ رؤية تربوية شاملة تهدف إلى تنمية قدرات الطلاب الفكرية والإبداعية.
The development of educational curricula is overseen according to a comprehensive educational vision aimed at fostering students' intellectual and creative abilities.
Curriculum development driven by a holistic educational vision focused on student potential.
تُقيم الأثر البيئي للمشاريع الكبرى تبعاً لـ معايير دولية صارمة، مع التركيز على الاستدامة والحفاظ على الموارد الطبيعية.
The environmental impact of major projects is assessed according to strict international standards, with a focus on sustainability and the conservation of natural resources.
Rigorous environmental impact assessment based on international sustainability standards.
يُمكن فهم تطور المجتمعات البشرية تبعاً لـ تفاعلاتها مع البيئة وتطور أدواتها وتقنياتها.
The evolution of human societies can be understood according to their interactions with the environment and the development of their tools and technologies.
Understanding societal evolution through environmental interaction and technological advancement.
تُعزى أسباب الأزمات الاقتصادية غالباً تبعاً لـ عوامل هيكلية متجذرة في النظام المالي العالمي.
The causes of economic crises are often attributed according to deep-rooted structural factors within the global financial system.
Attributing economic crises to systemic structural issues within the global financial framework.
자주 쓰는 조합
자주 쓰는 구문
— According to the law.
Every citizen must respect the law. <strong>تبعاً لـ القانون</strong> (taba'an li al-qanun), all actions must be legal.
— According to the instructions.
Please follow the steps carefully. <strong>تبعاً لـ التعليمات</strong> (taba'an li al-ta'līmāt), you need to mix the ingredients first.
— According to the reports.
The company's performance has improved. <strong>تبعاً لـ التقارير</strong> (taba'an li al-taqārīr), sales have increased by 10%.
— According to the experts' opinion.
The project is feasible. <strong>تبعاً لـ رأي الخبراء</strong> (taba'an li ra'yi al-khubara'), the risks are manageable.
— According to what was agreed upon.
We will proceed as planned. <strong>تبعاً لـ ما تم الاتفاق عليه</strong> (taba'an li mā tamma al-ittifāq 'alayhi), the deadline remains unchanged.
— Depending on the circumstances.
Our plans might change. <strong>تبعاً لـ الظروف</strong> (taba'an li al-ẓurūf), we may need to adjust the schedule.
— According to the discretion of.
The manager has the authority to make decisions. This is <strong>تبعاً لـ تقدير</strong> (taba'an li taqdīr) their judgment.
— According to what is mentioned.
The document states that. <strong>تبعاً لـ ما هو مذكور</strong> (taba'an li mā huwa madhkūr), the event will be held online.
— According to the plan/diagram.
The construction follows the blueprint. The building is being erected <strong>تبعاً لـ المخطط</strong> (taba'an li al-mukhaṭṭaṭ).
— According to the context.
The meaning of the word changes. It depends <strong>تبعاً لـ السياق</strong> (taba'an li al-siyāq) in which it is used.
자주 혼동되는 단어
Very similar meaning ('in accordance with', 'according to') and often interchangeable in formal contexts. 'تبعاً لـ' can sometimes imply a more direct following or consequence.
Means 'based on'. It emphasizes the foundational aspect more strongly than 'تبعاً لـ', which can also mean 'depending on'.
Simpler and less formal, meaning 'according to' or 'as per'. 'تبعاً لـ' is generally preferred in more structured communication.
관용어 및 표현
— Following the course of events; going with the flow.
He's not one to plan meticulously; he prefers to go تبعاً لـ مسار الأحداث (taba'an li masār al-aḥdāth).
Informal/Figurative— As the situation requires; as circumstances dictate.
We must be flexible and act تبعاً لـ ما تقتضيه الحال (taba'an li mā taqtaḍīhi al-ḥāl).
Formal/Figurative— Following a signal or cue; acting upon a hint.
He didn't make a move until he received the signal, acting strictly تبعاً لـ إشارة (taba'an li ishārah).
Figurative— Following in the footsteps of; emulating.
She decided to pursue a career in medicine, following تبعاً لـ خطى (taba'an li khuṭā) her father.
Figurative— Following a trend or wave; going with the crowd.
Many young people are adopting new fashion styles تبعاً لـ موجة (taba'an li mawjah) popular influencers.
Figurative/Informal— Following the trail or evidence; tracking.
The detective followed the clues تبعاً لـ الأثر (taba'an li al-athar) left at the crime scene.
Figurative— As duty dictates; according to what is required by duty.
He felt compelled to speak out, acting تبعاً لـ ما يمليه الواجب (taba'an li mā yumlihi al-wājib).
Formal/Figurative— Following a rhythm or pace.
The dancers moved gracefully تبعاً لـ إيقاع (taba'an li īqā') the music.
Figurative— Following the voice of reason.
Despite the temptation, she chose to act تبعاً لـ صوت العقل (taba'an li ṣawt al-'aql).
Figurative— Following one's heart; acting on intuition or emotion.
He decided to quit his job and travel the world, following تبعاً لـ القلب (taba'an li al-qalb).
Figurative/Informal혼동하기 쉬운
Both phrases mean 'according to' and are used in similar formal contexts.
'تبعاً لـ' can sometimes carry a stronger sense of direct consequence or adherence, while 'وفقاً لـ' emphasizes conformity and agreement. However, in many situations, they are interchangeable.
<strong>تبعاً لـ</strong> (taba'an li) the law, you must report this. / <strong>وفقاً لـ</strong> (wafqan li) the law, you must report this.
Both indicate that something is derived from a source or reason.
'بناءً على' highlights the foundation or basis of something ('based on'), implying that the subsequent action or statement is constructed upon that foundation. 'تبعاً لـ' is broader and can also mean 'depending on' or 'in accordance with' a rule or guideline.
The decision was made <strong>بناءً على</strong> (bina'an 'ala) the evidence. (Emphasis on evidence as the foundation) / The decision was made <strong>تبعاً لـ</strong> (taba'an li) the committee's recommendation. (Emphasis on following the recommendation).
Both mean 'according to'.
'حسب' is generally less formal and more direct. 'تبعاً لـ' is more suited for formal writing and speech, implying a more structured adherence to a rule, source, or condition.
<strong>حسب</strong> (hasab) the instructions, mix flour and water. / We are proceeding <strong>تبعاً لـ</strong> (taba'an li) the instructions given.
Similar to 'بناءً على', it means 'based on' or 'relying on'.
'استناداً إلى' often implies a stronger reliance on the source for authority or justification, akin to 'citing'. 'تبعاً لـ' is more about following or conforming.
This theory is supported <strong>استناداً إلى</strong> (istinadan ila) experimental data. / The experiment was conducted <strong>تبعاً لـ</strong> (taba'an li) the established protocol.
Both can indicate adherence to a rule or document.
'بموجب' is strictly legal and formal, meaning 'by virtue of' or 'under' a law or contract. 'تبعاً لـ' is more general and can be used in non-legal contexts.
The rights are granted <strong>بموجب</strong> (bimujib) the contract. / The project will proceed <strong>تبعاً لـ</strong> (taba'an li) the agreed-upon plan.
문장 패턴
Noun + <u>تبعاً لـ</u> + Noun
اللون <u>تبعاً لـ</u> طلبي.
Verb Phrase + <u>تبعاً لـ</u> + Noun Phrase
ذهبنا <u>تبعاً لـ</u> الخطة.
Main Clause + <u>تبعاً لـ</u> + Noun Phrase (definite)
تمت الموافقة <u>تبعاً لـ</u> الشروط.
Complex Sentence + <u>تبعاً لـ</u> + Noun Phrase (specific terminology)
تم تحليل البيانات <u>تبعاً لـ</u> المنهجية العلمية.
Sophisticated Sentence + <u>تبعاً لـ</u> + Abstract Noun Phrase
يُدار الصندوق <u>تبعاً لـ</u> استراتيجية مدروسة.
Advanced Clause + <u>تبعاً لـ</u> + Complex Noun Phrase
تُستمد الشرعية <u>تبعاً لـ</u> الدستور.
<u>تبعاً لـ</u> + Noun Phrase, + Main Clause
<u>تبعاً لـ</u> التوقعات، فإن الطقس سيكون جيداً.
Main Clause + <u>تبعاً لـ</u> + Pronoun + Noun
تم العمل <u>تبعاً لـ</u> توجيهاته.
어휘 가족
명사
동사
관련
사용법
High in formal and semi-formal contexts.
-
Omitting the preposition 'لـ'.
→
تبعاً لـ
The phrase is 'تبعاً لـ', and the preposition 'لـ' is essential. Saying just 'تبعاً' would not convey the same meaning or grammatical function.
-
Incorrect case ending after 'لـ'.
→
تبعاً لـ الـقانونِ
The noun following 'لـ' is in the genitive case. For definite singular nouns, this means ending with a kasra (ـِ). Forgetting this is common for learners.
-
Using 'تبعاً لـ' where 'بناءً على' is more appropriate.
→
The decision was made بناءً على (bina'an 'ala) the investigation results.
While similar, 'بناءً على' emphasizes the foundational aspect of the source more strongly than 'تبعاً لـ', which can also mean 'depending on'.
-
Placing 'تبعاً لـ' awkwardly in a sentence.
→
We acted <u>تبعاً لـ</u> the instructions.
'تبعاً لـ' should directly precede the noun or noun phrase it modifies, forming a cohesive unit that explains the basis of the action.
-
Translating directly from English without considering Arabic structure.
→
تبعاً لـ ما قلته
Directly translating 'according to what you said' might lead to an incorrect structure. 'تبعاً لـ ما' is the standard Arabic way to connect the phrase to a verb clause.
팁
Genitive Case
Remember that the noun or noun phrase following 'تبعاً لـ' is in the genitive case (majrūr). Pay attention to case endings in written Arabic to ensure grammatical correctness.
Visualize the Link
Think of 'تبعاً لـ' as creating a link or chain between two things: the action/statement and its source/reason. Visualize this connection to help remember its meaning and function.
Clear Articulation
Practice pronouncing 'تبعاً لـ' clearly, ensuring the stress is on the second syllable of 'تبعاً' and that the 'l' sound in 'لـ' is distinct. This will make your speech sound more natural and understandable.
Explore Synonyms
Familiarize yourself with synonyms like 'وفقاً لـ', 'بناءً على', and 'حسب'. Understanding their subtle differences will allow you to choose the most appropriate word for any given situation and express yourself with greater nuance.
Sentence Construction
Actively construct sentences using 'تبعاً لـ' in various contexts. Start with simple examples and gradually build complexity. Try to use it when describing how you follow rules, instructions, or information from sources.
Active Listening
When listening to Arabic, especially in formal settings, actively listen for 'تبعاً لـ'. Try to identify the source or condition that follows it. This will help you understand the speaker's reasoning and context.
Contextual Clues
When reading, pay attention to how 'تبعاً لـ' is used. The surrounding sentences will often provide clues about the type of source or condition being referred to, helping you grasp the precise meaning.
Respect for Authority
Recognize that in many Arabic-speaking cultures, there is a strong emphasis on respecting established rules and authorities. Using 'تبعاً لـ' appropriately reflects this cultural value by acknowledging the basis of actions or statements.
Beyond Literal Meaning
While 'according to' is a good translation, try to understand the deeper implication of 'تبعاً لـ' as establishing a connection, dependency, or adherence. This will help you use it more effectively in nuanced situations.
암기하기
기억법
Imagine a person walking, and they are 'following' a map. The map tells them where to go. So, they are going 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) the map. The map is the 'source' or 'rule' they are following.
시각적 연상
Picture a chain link. Each link is connected to the one before it. The current link is 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) the previous link. The first link is the 'basis' or 'origin' that all subsequent links follow.
Word Web
챌린지
Try to explain three of your daily decisions or observations using 'تبعاً لـ'. For example, 'I chose this outfit تبعاً لـ the weather forecast.' or 'I'm eating salad تبعاً لـ my diet plan.'
어원
The phrase 'تبعاً لـ' originates from the root 'ت ب ع' (t-b-'a), which fundamentally means 'to follow'. This root is common in Arabic and relates to concepts of succession, adherence, and consequence.
원래 의미: The literal meaning of 'تبعاً' is 'following' or 'in succession'. When combined with the preposition 'لـ' (li - to/for), it signifies that something follows *to* or *for* a particular thing, thus establishing a relationship of dependence or adherence.
Semitic문화적 맥락
Using 'تبعاً لـ' appropriately demonstrates respect for the source of information or authority. Misusing it or failing to cite sources when expected can be seen as disrespectful or unreliable.
In English-speaking cultures, while 'according to' and 'depending on' are used, there can be a stronger emphasis on individual autonomy and innovation, sometimes leading to less frequent explicit referencing of the basis for actions compared to more traditional societies.
실생활에서 연습하기
실제 사용 상황
Legal Documents
- تبعاً لـ المادة...
- تبعاً لـ القانون...
- تبعاً لـ البند...
News Reporting
- تبعاً لـ تصريح...
- تبعاً لـ الإحصائيات...
- تبعاً لـ المصادر...
Academic Writing
- تبعاً لـ النظرية...
- تبعاً لـ الدراسة...
- تبعاً لـ المنهجية...
Business and Management
- تبعاً لـ السياسة...
- تبعاً لـ الخطة...
- تبعاً لـ التوقعات...
Giving Instructions or Explanations
- تبعاً لـ التعليمات...
- تبعاً لـ ما قلته...
- تبعاً لـ الظروف...
대화 시작하기
"What did the news report say today? Was it تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) official sources?"
"How did you decide to do that? Was it تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) someone's advice?"
"Did you follow the instructions exactly? Were you acting تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) them?"
"Is the plan proceeding as expected? Is it going تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the schedule?"
"What is your opinion on this matter? Is it تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) what you read?"
일기 주제
Describe a time you had to make a decision based on specific guidelines. Use 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) to explain the basis of your decision.
Write about a news event and cite your source using 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li). For example, 'تبعاً لـ (taba'an li) the latest report, ...'
Reflect on a personal goal and explain how you are working towards it. Use 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) to describe the plan or strategy you are following.
Describe a situation where you had to follow someone else's instructions. Use 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) to indicate who gave the instructions.
Write a short paragraph about a rule or law you follow in your daily life. Start with 'تبعاً لـ' (taba'an li) followed by the rule.
자주 묻는 질문
10 질문The literal translation of 'تبعاً لـ' involves the word 'تبعاً' meaning 'following' or 'in succession', combined with the preposition 'لـ' (li) meaning 'to' or 'for'. Thus, it signifies something that follows *to* or *for* a particular source or condition, leading to the meaning 'according to' or 'depending on'.
'تبعاً لـ' leans towards formal and semi-formal communication. While it can be used in precise everyday explanations, it's less common in very casual chat compared to simpler alternatives like 'حسب'. Its formality makes it ideal for news, legal, and academic contexts.
Directly with a verb, 'تبعاً لـ' is not used. However, it can be followed by a clause introduced by 'ما' (mā), which functions as a relative pronoun. For example, 'عملت تبعاً لـ ما قالته المعلمة' (I acted according to what the teacher said). The 'ما' clause acts as the noun phrase that 'تبعاً لـ' governs.
While often interchangeable, 'تبعاً لـ' can sometimes imply a more direct following or a consequence, whereas 'وفقاً لـ' emphasizes conformity and agreement with a rule or standard. In most formal writing, their usage is very similar.
The noun or noun phrase that follows 'تبعاً لـ' is governed by the preposition 'لـ', meaning it should be in the genitive case (majrūr). For definite nouns, this usually means ending with a kasra (ـِ) in singular form. For example, 'تبعاً لـ الـقانونِ'.
Yes, 'تبعاً لـ' can be used to indicate something that is expected or predicted based on current information or conditions. For example, 'The economy is expected to grow تبعاً لـ the latest forecasts.' Here, it links the prediction to the source of the forecast.
Typically, 'تبعاً لـ' is followed by a noun or a noun phrase. If you need to refer to a verb or a clause, you would usually use 'تبعاً لـ ما' followed by the verb clause, where 'ما' acts as a nominalizer.
Read Arabic news articles and formal texts, identifying instances of 'تبعاً لـ' and noting what follows. Try to rephrase sentences using 'تبعاً لـ' and its synonyms to understand the nuances. Practice writing sentences yourself, starting with simple structures and gradually moving to more complex ones.
If the source is a person, you can say 'تبعاً لـ كلامه/كلامها' (according to his/her words), or 'تبعاً لـ رأيه/رأيها' (according to his/her opinion). This clearly attributes the statement or decision to that person.
It implies certainty in the sense that the statement or action is *based* on the stated source or condition. However, the certainty of the source itself (e.g., a forecast) is separate from the certainty of the connection. It establishes a factual link, not necessarily a guarantee of the outcome.
셀프 테스트 10 질문
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Perfect score!
Summary
The Arabic phrase 'تبعاً لـ' is a crucial prepositional phrase meaning 'according to' or 'depending on'. It is used to establish the basis or justification for a statement, action, or situation, referencing a source, rule, or condition. Mastering its usage enhances clarity and precision in formal and semi-formal Arabic communication.
- Means 'according to' or 'depending on'.
- Used to cite sources, rules, or conditions.
- Connects an action/statement to its basis.
- Common in formal and precise communication.
Context is Key
Always consider the context when using 'تبعاً لـ'. In formal settings like legal documents or news reports, it adds necessary precision. In casual conversation, simpler phrases might be more appropriate unless you need to be very specific about the basis of your statement.
Genitive Case
Remember that the noun or noun phrase following 'تبعاً لـ' is in the genitive case (majrūr). Pay attention to case endings in written Arabic to ensure grammatical correctness.
Visualize the Link
Think of 'تبعاً لـ' as creating a link or chain between two things: the action/statement and its source/reason. Visualize this connection to help remember its meaning and function.
Clear Articulation
Practice pronouncing 'تبعاً لـ' clearly, ensuring the stress is on the second syllable of 'تبعاً' and that the 'l' sound in 'لـ' is distinct. This will make your speech sound more natural and understandable.
관련 콘텐츠
business 관련 단어
عادلاً
B1정직하고 옳으며 편견 없는 방식으로 행동하는 것을 의미합니다.
عاجز
B1어떤 일을 할 힘이나 능력이 없는 사람이나 사물을 묘사할 때 씁니다.
إعلانات
A2제품, 서비스 또는 이벤트에 대해 사람들에게 정보를 제공하거나 설득하도록 설계된 공개 발표 또는 메시지, 종종 상업적입니다.
إعلاني
B1광고와 관련된 또는 광고로 구성된.
عالج
A2문제를 처리하거나, 사안을 다루거나, 의료 서비스를 제공하는 데 사용됩니다.
أعلن
A2사람들에게 정보를 알리는 것, 종종 공식적으로나 공개적으로.
عالي الجودة
B1평균보다 훨씬 품질이 좋은, 아주 높은 수준을 의미해요.
عامةً
B1일반적으로 (Ilbanjeogeuro).
عامَةً
B1일반적으로는 대부분의 경우나 대부분의 사람들을 의미합니다.
أعمال
B1직업이나 상업 활동 같은, 사람들이 하는 일을 의미해요.
