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B1 verb 8분 분량

خاموش شدن

khamosh shodan
예시 노트와 팁 خاموش شدن 30초 만에
설명 خاموش شدن in your Level:
At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'khâmush shodan' means 'to turn off' for simple things like lights and candles. It is a compound verb, so you just need to change the 'shodan' part. For example, 'Cherâgh khâmush shod' means 'The light turned off.' You will use this when talking about your house or your classroom. Remember, you don't use this verb when you are the one doing the action; you use it to describe what happened to the light. It is one of the first verbs you learn for describing your environment. Think of it as the opposite of 'rowshan shodan' (to turn on). In A1, we focus on the past tense 'shod' and the present 'mishavad'. You might use it to explain why you can't see: 'Cherâgh khâmush shod, târik ast' (The light turned off, it is dark).
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At the A2 level, you can expand your use of 'khâmush shodan' to include technology and transportation. You should be able to say that your phone, computer, or car 'turned off' or 'stalled.' For example, 'Mobile-am khâmush shod' (My phone died/turned off). You will also start to use it in the future tense and with simple reasons, like 'because the battery finished.' You should also understand the difference between 'khâmush shodan' and 'khâmush kardan' clearly now. In A2, you might use it in a restaurant or hotel context: 'Televiziyun khod-be-khod khâmush shod' (The TV turned off by itself). This level also introduces the concept of plural subjects, like 'Hame-ye cherâgh-hâ khâmush shodand' (All the lights turned off).
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At the B1 level, you are expected to use 'khâmush shodan' in more varied contexts, including metaphorical ones. You can describe a fire going out, a noise dying down, or a person becoming quiet in a story. You should be comfortable with various tenses, including the perfect tense ('khâmush shodeh ast') and the subjunctive ('mikhâham khâmush shavad'). At this level, you understand that 'khâmush' means 'silent' and can see why it's used for lights. You can also use it to describe feelings or situations that 'die out,' such as 'the anger died down' (khashm khâmush shod). You should also be able to use it in conditional sentences: 'If it rains, the fire will go out' (Agar bârân bebârad, âtash khâmush mishavad).
At the B2 level, you use 'khâmush shodan' with nuance. You can discuss social and political topics, such as a 'protest being silenced' or a 'volcano becoming dormant.' You understand the register of the word—that it can be more formal or poetic than 'sâket shodan.' You are also familiar with common idioms and collocations, such as the 'lamp of a life being extinguished.' At this level, your grammar should be flawless, handling complex sentence structures where 'khâmush shodan' is a subordinate clause. You might use it in a debate: 'The voice of the people will never be silenced' (Sedâ-ye mardom hargez khâmush nakhâhad shod). You also recognize its use in classical literature and can interpret its symbolic meaning.
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At the C1 level, you have a deep appreciation for the poetic and philosophical implications of 'khâmush shodan.' You can analyze how Persian poets like Rumi use the image of a 'khâmush' candle to discuss the ego or the soul. You use the verb in academic or highly formal writing to describe the cessation of historical eras, the cooling of celestial bodies, or the end of philosophical movements. You are aware of archaic forms or related Arabic-root synonyms used in high literature. Your usage is indistinguishable from a native speaker, employing the verb effortlessly in complex metaphors about existence and non-existence. You might use it to describe the 'cooling' of a relationship or the 'fading' of a legacy over centuries.
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At the C2 level, 'khâmush shodan' is a tool for masterful expression. You can use it to create subtle irony or profound emotional impact in your writing. You understand its relationship with the concept of 'Fanâ' (annihilation) in Sufi mysticism, where the 'extinguishing' of the self is a goal. You can discuss the etymological roots of the word and its evolution from Middle Persian. You are capable of using it in any register, from technical engineering reports about engine failure to the most abstract metaphysical treatises. You can also play with the word's literal meaning of 'silence' and its functional meaning of 'turning off' to create wordplay or puns that only a near-native or native speaker would appreciate.
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예시 노트와 팁

خاموش شدن 30초 만에

  • Khâmush shodan means 'to turn off' or 'to go out' for lights, fires, and gadgets.
  • It is an intransitive verb, meaning the subject itself undergoes the change.
  • It literally means 'to become silent,' reflecting a poetic link between light and sound.
  • Commonly used for stalling cars, dying phone batteries, and metaphorical silencing.

The Persian compound verb خاموش شدن (khâmush shodan) is a cornerstone of the Persian language, acting as the primary way to describe the transition of any light, fire, or electronic device from an active state to an inactive one. In English, we translate this as 'to be turned off,' 'to go out,' or 'to become unlit.' However, the Persian term is intransitive, meaning the focus is on the object itself undergoing the change rather than an external agent performing the action. For instance, if a candle flickers and dies due to a breeze, it has undergone the process of khâmush shodan. This distinction is vital for learners to grasp because Persian separates the 'becoming' (shodan) from the 'doing' (kardan). When you use this verb, you are describing a state of change. In a world increasingly filled with gadgets, this verb is heard daily—whether it is your phone battery dying, your laptop entering sleep mode, or the city lights dimming at dawn.

Literal Meaning
The word 'khâmush' literally means 'silent' or 'quiet.' Therefore, the verb literally translates to 'becoming silent.' This beautifully reflects the Persian worldview where a light that goes out is perceived as a light that has fallen silent.
Technological Usage
In modern Iran, this is the standard verb for electronics. If your car stalls at a red light, you say 'mâshin khâmush shod.' If your television stops working during a storm, it has 'khâmush shod.'

ناگهان تمام چراغ‌های خیابان خاموش شدند.
Suddenly, all the streetlights went out.

Beyond the physical, 'khâmush shodan' carries a heavy weight in literature and emotional discourse. It is frequently employed to describe the fading of emotions or the silencing of a voice. When a protest is suppressed or a rumor dies down, Persians might say it became 'khâmush.' This metaphorical extension is what elevates the word from a simple technical term to a poetic device. In classical poetry, the 'extinguishing' of a candle is often a metaphor for the end of a lover's life or the conclusion of a gathering. Understanding this verb requires recognizing that in Persian, silence and darkness are often linguistically linked. When the 'noise' of light or life ceases, the result is 'khâmush.'

شمع با وزش باد خاموش شد.
The candle went out with the blowing of the wind.

Social Context
When a person stops talking or is silenced by authority, this verb is used to show a loss of agency or a deliberate choice to remain quiet in the face of overwhelming odds.

Using خاموش شدن correctly involves understanding its conjugation as a compound verb. In Persian, compound verbs consist of a non-verbal element and a light verb. Here, the light verb is 'shodan' (to become). Only the 'shodan' part changes to reflect tense, person, and number, while 'khâmush' remains static. This makes it relatively straightforward for learners once they master the conjugations of 'shodan.' Whether you are speaking about the past, present, or future, the structure remains consistent: [Subject] + [khâmush] + [conjugated form of shodan]. For example, in the past tense: 'Man khâmush shodam' (I became silent), though more commonly used for objects like 'Cherâgh khâmush shod' (The light went out).

اگر بنزین تمام شود، ماشین خاموش می‌شود.
If the gas runs out, the car will turn off (stall).

In the present continuous or habitual sense, you use the prefix 'mi-' with the present stem of shodan (shav). Thus, 'khâmush mishavad' means 'it turns off' or 'it is turning off.' This is useful for describing automatic processes, like a smart light that turns off at a certain time. In the imperative or subjunctive, you use 'shavad' or 'shav.' For example, 'mikhâham khâmush shavad' (I want it to be turned off). It's important to note that because it is intransitive, you never use a direct object marker (râ) with this verb. The thing that is turning off is the subject of the sentence, not the object.

Common Tense Examples
Past: 'Khâmush shod' (It turned off). Present: 'Khâmush mishavad' (It turns off). Future: 'Khâmush khâhad shod' (It will turn off).

صدای موسیقی کم‌کم خاموش شد.
The sound of the music gradually died down.

You will encounter خاموش شدن in a variety of everyday and specialized environments. In a typical Iranian household, this verb is part of the daily vocabulary concerning energy conservation and technology. If a family member notices a light left on in an empty room, they might ask, 'Cherâ cherâgh khâmush nashodeh?' (Why hasn't the light been turned off?). On the streets, drivers use it to describe mechanical failures: 'Mâshinam vasate otobân khâmush shod' (My car stalled in the middle of the highway). This specific usage for cars—meaning the engine stopped running—is incredibly common and essential for anyone driving in Iran.

گوشی‌ام به خاطر سرمای زیاد خاموش شد.
My phone turned off because of the extreme cold.

In the news and media, the verb takes on a more serious tone. It is used to describe the cessation of activities, such as 'khâmush shodan-e átash-e jang' (the extinguishing of the fires of war). During power outages, which can occur in various regions, news reports will frequently use this verb to describe the 'blacking out' of cities or districts. Furthermore, in the context of mourning or tributes, the 'extinguishing of a star' or a 'lamp' is a common metaphor for the passing of a prominent figure. You will also see it in technical manuals and UI/UX design; for example, a button on a Persian-language website might say 'Khâmush' for 'Off' or 'Power Off.'

Environmental Contexts
Forest fires: 'Âtash-e jangal khâmush shod' (The forest fire was extinguished). Volcanoes: 'Âtash-feshân khâmush shod' (The volcano became dormant/extinct).

The most frequent mistake learners make with خاموش شدن is confusing it with its transitive counterpart, خاموش کردن (khâmush kardan). Because English often uses the same word 'turn off' for both situations (e.g., 'The light turned off' vs. 'I turned off the light'), English speakers often default to one or the other. In Persian, if you say 'Man cherâgh râ khâmush shodam,' it literally means 'I became an extinguished light,' which is nonsensical. You must use 'shodan' when the subject is the thing becoming off, and 'kardan' when a person is doing the action to an object. Another common error is using 'khâmush shodan' for 'closing' things like books or doors. For those, you must use 'bastan.'

اشتباه: من تلویزیون را خاموش شدم.
Wrong: I became the TV turned off.
درست: من تلویزیون را خاموش کردم.
Correct: I turned off the TV.

Another nuance involves the word 'silent.' While 'khâmush' means silent, you wouldn't use 'khâmush shodan' to tell someone to 'be quiet' in a casual setting. Saying 'khâmush sho!' to a friend is extremely harsh, almost like saying 'be extinguished!' or 'shut up!' in a very aggressive way. Instead, use 'sâket sho' or 'harf nazan.' Learners also sometimes forget to conjugate 'shodan' correctly in the plural. If multiple lights go out, the verb must be 'khâmush shodand.' Lastly, avoid using this verb for 'putting out' a cigarette in the sense of the action; if the cigarette 'goes out' on its own, use 'shodan,' but if you stub it out, use 'kardan.'

Summary of Errors
1. Confusing 'shodan' with 'kardan'. 2. Using it for doors/books. 3. Using it as a polite command for silence. 4. Subject-verb agreement with plural subjects.

While خاموش شدن is the most versatile term, several other verbs and phrases can be used depending on the context. If you are specifically talking about a fire being put out or dying down, you might encounter فرونشستن (foru-neshastan), which implies a subsiding or settling. For a person becoming quiet, ساکت شدن (sâket shodan) is the standard, neutral term used in everyday life. If someone stops talking suddenly due to shock, you might use لال شدن (lâl shodan), though this is quite informal and can be offensive as it literally means 'to become mute.'

Comparison Table
  • خاموش شدن: General use for lights, engines, electronics, and metaphorical silence.
  • ساکت شدن: Specifically for people or environments becoming quiet.
  • قطع شدن (ghat' shodan): Specifically for services like electricity, internet, or a phone call being cut off.
  • از کار افتادن (az kâr oftâdan): For a machine or heart 'breaking down' or 'stopping' permanently.

In poetic or high-literary Persian, you might see انطفا (entefâ), an Arabic-rooted word for 'extinguishing,' but this is rare in spoken language. For a star or light 'fading,' the verb کم‌سو شدن (kam-su shodan) is used. Understanding these alternatives helps you choose the right 'flavor' for your sentence. If you want to sound natural when your internet goes out, don't say 'internetam khâmush shod' (my internet became silent); say 'internetam ghat' shod' (my internet was cut).

برق رفت و همه جا تاریک شد.
The power went out and everywhere became dark (an alternative to saying the lights became khâmush).

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The word 'khâmush' was the pen name (takhallus) used by the famous mystic poet Rumi in many of his ghazals, signifying his belief that true spiritual experience begins where words end.

발음 가이드

UK /xɒːˈmuːʃ ʃoˈdæn/
US /xɑːˈmuːʃ ʃoʊˈdæn/
In compound verbs like this, the primary stress falls on the last syllable of the non-verbal element: khâ-MUSH shodan.
라임이 맞는 단어
فراموش (farâmush - forgotten) آغوش (âghush - embrace) موش (mush - mouse) گوش (gush - ear) نوش (nush - drink/pleasant) جوش (jush - boil) کوش (kush - strive) هوش (hush - intelligence)
자주 하는 실수
  • Pronouncing 'kh' as a simple 'k'. It must be fricative.
  • Making the 'â' too short like the 'a' in 'cat'.
  • Stress on the 'shodan' part instead of 'khâmush'.
  • Confusing the 'u' in 'khâmush' with a short 'u' sound.
  • Merging the two 'sh' sounds into one long one.
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수준별 예문

1

چراغ خاموش شد.

The light turned off.

Simple past tense (3rd person singular).

2

شمع خاموش شد.

The candle went out.

The subject 'sham' (candle) is singular.

3

اتاق خاموش است.

The room is dark (lit. the room is extinguished/silent).

Using 'khâmush' as an adjective with 'ast'.

4

لامپ‌ها خاموش شدند.

The lamps turned off.

Plural subject requires plural verb ending '-and'.

5

آیا چراغ خاموش شد؟

Did the light turn off?

Question form using the particle 'âyâ'.

6

خورشید خاموش نمی‌شود.

The sun does not turn off.

Present negative form 'na-mishavad'.

7

چراغ کی خاموش می‌شود؟

When does the light turn off?

Interrogative 'key' (when).

8

آتش خاموش شد.

The fire went out.

Literal use for fire.

1

گوشی من خاموش شد.

My phone turned off.

Possessive 'man' after 'gushi'.

2

ماشین ناگهان خاموش شد.

The car suddenly stalled.

Adverb 'nâgahân' (suddenly).

3

کامپیوتر خاموش نمی‌شود.

The computer won't turn off.

Negative present tense expressing inability.

4

لپ‌تاپم خاموش شده است.

My laptop has turned off.

Present perfect tense 'shodeh ast'.

5

باتری تمام شد و تبلت خاموش شد.

The battery finished and the tablet turned off.

Compound sentence with 'va' (and).

6

تلویزیون را خاموش نکن، خودش خاموش می‌شود.

Don't turn off the TV, it turns off by itself.

Contrast between 'khâmush kardan' and 'khâmush shodan'.

7

چراغ‌های ماشین خاموش شدند.

The car's lights turned off.

Plural subject 'cherâgh-hâ'.

8

رادیو در میان راه خاموش شد.

The radio turned off halfway.

Prepositional phrase 'dar miyân-e râh'.

1

آتش جنگ بالاخره خاموش شد.

The fire of war finally went out.

Metaphorical use of 'âtash'.

2

صدای جمعیت کم‌کم خاموش شد.

The sound of the crowd gradually died down.

Describing sound/noise.

3

امید در دلش خاموش شد.

Hope died out in his heart.

Abstract subject 'omid' (hope).

4

اگر باد بیاید، شمع خاموش می‌شود.

If the wind blows, the candle will go out.

Conditional sentence Type 1.

5

او می‌خواست که چراغ‌ها خاموش شوند.

He wanted the lights to be turned off.

Subjunctive mood 'shavand'.

6

پس از رفتن او، خانه خاموش شد.

After he left, the house became silent.

Temporal clause 'pas az...'.

7

فریادها در گلو خاموش شدند.

The screams were silenced in the throat.

Poetic use for suppressed speech.

8

ستاره‌ای در آسمان خاموش شد.

A star in the sky went out.

Literary/Scientific context.

1

با مرگ او، چراغ دانش در این شهر خاموش شد.

With his death, the lamp of knowledge in this city was extinguished.

High-level metaphorical usage.

2

خشم او به تدریج خاموش شد.

His anger gradually subsided.

Abstract emotional state.

3

اعتراضات با دخالت پلیس خاموش شدند.

The protests were silenced by police intervention.

Passive-like meaning in an active intransitive structure.

4

این آتش‌فشان سال‌هاست که خاموش شده است.

This volcano has been dormant for years.

Specific term for dormant volcanoes.

5

نور امید نباید در هیچ قلبی خاموش شود.

The light of hope must not be extinguished in any heart.

Negative subjunctive 'na-shavad' with modal 'nabâyad'.

6

سیستم به طور خودکار خاموش خواهد شد.

The system will turn off automatically.

Formal future tense 'khâhad shod'.

7

بحث‌های سیاسی در مهمانی خاموش شد.

The political debates at the party died down.

Describing social atmosphere.

8

صدای پیانو در فضای سالن خاموش شد.

The sound of the piano faded into the hall's space.

Aesthetic description of sound decay.

1

شعله‌های سرکش تمدن باستان سرانجام خاموش شدند.

The rebellious flames of the ancient civilization were finally extinguished.

Grand historical narrative style.

2

در برابر ابهت کوهستان، هر صدایی خاموش می‌شود.

In the face of the mountain's majesty, every sound is silenced.

Philosophical/Descriptive register.

3

او چنان در مراقبه فرو رفت که تمام حس‌هایش خاموش شد.

He sank so deep into meditation that all his senses became silent.

Describing internal states of consciousness.

4

خاموش شدن چراغ عمر، واقعیتی است که همه باید بپذیرند.

The extinguishing of the lamp of life is a reality everyone must accept.

Gerund/Infinitive as the subject of the sentence.

5

با طلوع خورشید، نور ستارگان در افق خاموش گشت.

With the rising of the sun, the light of the stars faded on the horizon.

Using 'gasht' as a formal/poetic synonym for 'shod'.

6

شایعات با انتشار بیانیه رسمی خاموش شدند.

The rumors were quelled by the publication of the official statement.

Abstract social dynamics.

7

شور و اشتیاق جوانی‌اش به سردی گرایید و خاموش شد.

The passion and enthusiasm of his youth turned cold and died out.

Literary description of aging.

8

چراغ این حجره سال‌هاست که خاموش مانده است.

The lamp of this shop has remained extinguished for years.

Using 'mândeh ast' to show a continued state.

1

در غیاب واژه‌ها، حقیقت در سکوت خاموش متجلی می‌شود.

In the absence of words, truth manifests in the silent extinguishing (of thought).

Highly abstract philosophical usage.

2

او در جستجوی آن لحظه‌ای بود که 'من' در 'او' خاموش شود.

He was searching for that moment when the 'I' would be extinguished in 'Him' (the Divine).

Sufi mystical terminology.

3

انقراض گونه‌ها، خاموش شدن نغمه‌ای منحصر به فرد در ارکستر طبیعت است.

The extinction of species is the silencing of a unique melody in nature's orchestra.

Complex metaphorical analogy.

4

هرچند شمع بمیرد، روشنایی در خاطره‌ها خاموش نخواهد گشت.

Even if the candle dies, the light will not be extinguished in memories.

Archaic/Formal future tense 'nakhâhad gasht'.

5

خاموش شدن موتور در آن ارتفاع بحرانی، به معنای فاجعه بود.

The engine stalling at that critical altitude meant disaster.

Technical/Dramatic narrative.

6

در دیالکتیک تاریخ، گاهی نوری خاموش می‌شود تا نوری بزرگتر بتابد.

In the dialectic of history, sometimes a light is extinguished so that a greater light may shine.

Academic/Philosophical register.

7

فریاد حق‌طلبی با زندان و شکنجه خاموش‌شدنی نیست.

The cry for justice cannot be silenced by prison and torture.

Using the '-shodani' suffix for potentiality/necessity.

8

او به چنان سکوتی دست یافت که حتی تپش قلبش نیز در آن خاموش می‌نمود.

He achieved such a silence that even his heartbeat seemed extinguished within it.

Literary 'mi-namud' (seemed/appeared).

자주 쓰는 조합

چراغ خاموش شدن
ماشین خاموش شدن
آتش خاموش شدن
گوشی خاموش شدن
ستاره خاموش شدن
فتنه خاموش شدن
خشم خاموش شدن
شمع خاموش شدن
موتور خاموش شدن
صدا خاموش شدن

자주 쓰는 구문

خودبه‌خود خاموش شدن

— To turn off automatically or by itself.

این تلویزیون خودبه‌خود خاموش می‌شود.

ناگهان خاموش شدن

— To turn off or stall suddenly.

برق ناگهان خاموش شد.

برای همیشه خاموش شدن

— To be extinguished forever (often meaning death).

صدای او برای همیشه خاموش شد.

به تدریج خاموش شدن

— To fade or go out gradually.

نور خورشید به تدریج خاموش شد.

در نطفه خاموش شدن

— To be nipped in the bud (silenced before it grows).

شورش در نطفه خاموش شد.

خاموش شدن و سوختن

— To go out and burn (often of a bulb failing).

لامپ خاموش شد و سوخت.

بی‌دلیل خاموش شدن

— To turn off without reason.

لپ‌تاپم بی‌دلیل خاموش شد.

زیر باران خاموش شدن

— To go out under the rain.

سیگارش زیر باران خاموش شد.

با فوت خاموش شدن

— To be blown out (like a candle).

شمع با یک فوت خاموش شد.

خاموش شدن چراغ عمر

— The ending of one's life.

چراغ عمرش در جوانی خاموش شد.

관용어 및 표현

"چراغ کسی خاموش شدن"

— To die or for someone's lineage/fame to end.

با مرگ تنها پسرش، چراغ خانه‌اش خاموش شد.

Poetic/Old-fashioned
"آتش زیر خاکستر خاموش شدن"

— For a hidden or simmering conflict to finally end.

کینه قدیمی بالاخره خاموش شد.

Literary
"صدای کسی را خاموش کردن"

— To silence someone (the transitive version of the idiom).

آن‌ها می‌خواستند صدای آزادی‌خواهان را خاموش کنند.

Political
"خاموش شدن دیگ طمع"

— For the 'pot of greed' to stop boiling (to stop being greedy).

پس از ورشکستگی، دیگ طمعش خاموش شد.

Literary
"ستاره‌اش خاموش شد"

— His/her star faded (lost fame or died).

آن بازیگر قدیمی ستاره‌اش خاموش شد.

Journalistic
"چراغ جادو خاموش شدن"

— The 'magic lamp' going out (losing one's source of luck).

با رفتن مدیر، چراغ جادوی شرکت خاموش شد.

Colloquial
"آتش عشق خاموش شدن"

— For the fire of love to die out.

عشق آن‌ها بعد از سال‌ها خاموش شد.

Romantic
"خاموش شدن از هستی"

— To cease to exist.

او در مراقبه از هستی خاموش شد.

Mystical
"شمع محفل خاموش شدن"

— The 'candle of the gathering' going out (the life of the party leaving or dying).

با رفتن او، شمع محفل ما خاموش شد.

Poetic
"نور از چشم خاموش شدن"

— To lose sight or to die.

نور از چشمان پیرمرد خاموش شد.

Poetic

어휘 가족

명사

خاموشی (khâmushi) - silence/blackout
خاموش‌کننده (khâmush-konandeh) - extinguisher

동사

خاموش کردن (khâmush kardan) - to turn off/extinguish (transitive)

형용사

خاموش (khâmush) - silent/off
خاموش‌شدنی (khâmush-shodani) - extinguishable

관련

ساکت
تاریک
سرد
آرام
مرگ
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기억법

Think of a 'MUSH' (mouse) being 'KHA' (quiet) in the dark. KHA-MUSH. When the lights go out, the mouse is quiet.

시각적 연상

Imagine a candle flame turning into a speech bubble with an 'X' over it, representing 'becoming silent' as it goes out.

Word Web

Light Fire Engine Silence Death Electronic Darkness Quiet

챌린지

Try to go through your house and name five things that can 'khâmush shodan' (e.g., lamp, TV, stove, phone, computer).

어원

Derived from Middle Persian 'xamōš' (silent). It shares Indo-European roots related to quietness and dampening of sound or light.

원래 의미: Primarily meant 'silent' or 'quiet' before being applied to the physical act of extinguishing light.

Indo-Iranian > Iranian > West Iranian > Persian

문화적 맥락

Be careful using 'khâmush sho' as a command; it is much harsher than 'be quiet' and can sound like 'shut up' or 'drop dead' depending on the tone.

English speakers often say 'the power went out' or 'the battery died.' Persian uses 'khâmush shodan' for both, though 'tamâm shodan' (finishing) is also used for batteries.

Rumi's pen name 'Khâmush' The poem 'Cherâghi ke khâmush shod' (The lamp that went out) Modern Iranian song 'Khâmush Shodan' about a fading love
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