When you want to give two or more reasons for something, you can connect them with the particle ～し. It’s similar to saying “and” or “what’s more” in English. You can also use it to list two or more actions.
It’s a really useful particle because it implies that there might be other reasons or actions, even if you don’t state them explicitly. Think of it as giving a couple of examples out of a longer potential list.
For verbs and い-adjectives, just add し directly after the plain form. For な-adjectives and nouns, you need to add だ after them before adding し.
The particle ～し (shi) connects clauses, similar to "and" or "what's more" in English. It's often used when listing multiple reasons, actions, or characteristics, implying that there might be other unstated reasons as well. This makes it a great way to soften a statement or to give a more comprehensive picture without being too abrupt. You'll frequently hear it in casual conversation, but it's also perfectly acceptable in more formal contexts when you want to provide a polite enumeration of points. Pay attention to the nuance that it often conveys an implicit suggestion or expectation along with the stated points.
The particle ～し (shi) connects clauses, listing reasons or actions. It's similar to saying "and" or "what's more" in English. Often, it's used when you want to give a few reasons for something, or describe several things that are happening.
You can use ～し with verbs, i-adjectives, na-adjectives, and nouns. For verbs and i-adjectives, you attach it directly to the plain form. For na-adjectives and nouns, you add だ (da) before ～し.
A key point is that the reasons or actions listed with ～し don't have to be exhaustive; you're just offering some of them. It also implies that there might be other reasons or actions too.
For example, if you say 「今日は忙しいし、天気も悪いから、家にいよう」 (Kyou wa isogashii shi, tenki mo warui kara, ie ni iyou), it means "Today I'm busy, and the weather's bad too, so let's stay home." Here, "being busy" and "bad weather" are two reasons given, and the "kara" (because) at the end ties them to the decision to stay home.
～し 30초 만에
- Lists reasons or actions.
- Often implies 'and, what's more'.
- Connects clauses.
§ What ～し (shi) means
- DEFINITION
- The particle ～し (shi) is used to list reasons or actions. It means "and," or "what's more." Think of it as connecting ideas that build on each other or provide multiple points for an argument.
It's not just for listing simple items. It implies that there are other reasons or actions you *could* mention, even if you don't. This makes your statements sound more natural and less abrupt.
§ Where you actually hear this word
You'll hear ～し (shi) all the time in everyday Japanese, especially in conversations where people are explaining why they did something, why they like something, or why a situation is the way it is.
In the workplace, it's common for colleagues to use ～し (shi) to explain tasks or give updates:
このプロジェクトは重要だし、時間もあまりないから、早く始めましょう。
Hint: This project is important, and what's more, we don't have much time, so let's start quickly.
彼は経験豊富だし、信頼できる人だから、任せても大丈夫です。
Hint: He's experienced, and what's more, he's reliable, so it's fine to leave it to him.
At school, students and teachers use it to discuss reasons for choices or situations:
この本は面白いし、役立つ情報も多いから、読んでみて。
Hint: This book is interesting, and what's more, it has a lot of useful information, so try reading it.
試験も近いし、課題もたくさんあるから、今日は早く帰って勉強します。
Hint: The exam is close, and what's more, I have a lot of assignments, so I'll go home early today and study.
Even in news reports or discussions, you might hear it when commentators or interviewees are giving multiple reasons for an event or trend:
最近、物価は上がるし、給料はなかなか上がらないしで、生活が大変だ。
Hint: Recently, prices are rising, and salaries aren't increasing, so life is tough.
Here are a few more examples to help you get the hang of it:
友達も来るし、天気もいいから、ピクニックに行こう。(Hint: My friends are coming, and the weather is good, so let's go for a picnic.)
あの店は料理も美味しいし、雰囲気もいいから、おすすめだよ。(Hint: That restaurant's food is delicious, and the atmosphere is good, so I recommend it.)
電車は混んでるし、時間もかかるから、バスで行こう。(Hint: The train is crowded, and it takes time, so let's go by bus.)
As you can see, ～し (shi) is incredibly versatile and allows you to give multiple reasons without sounding clunky or too formal. Practice listening for it and trying to incorporate it into your own Japanese conversations.
§ Understanding ～し in context
The particle ～し is very useful for listing reasons or actions, often with the nuance of "and, what's more" or "not only... but also." It's especially handy when you want to give multiple reasons for something or describe several things that are happening.
§ ～し vs. ～て (te-form)
Both ～し and the te-form (～て) can connect clauses, but they have different implications.
- Te-form for sequential actions or direct cause/effect
- The te-form often implies a direct sequence of events or a direct cause and effect. The actions happen one after another, or one action directly leads to the next.
ご飯を食べて、寝ました。
- Hint
- I ate and then I went to sleep. (Sequential actions)
- ～し for listing reasons or conditions
- ～し, on the other hand, lists items (reasons, characteristics, actions) without necessarily implying a strict sequence or direct cause. It often suggests there are other reasons or items that could be mentioned, even if they aren't. It's more about presenting a list of factors.
日本語は面白いし、役に立つし、勉強したいです。
- Hint
- Japanese is interesting, and it's useful, so I want to study it. (Listing reasons)
§ ～し vs. ～てから (te-kara)
While the te-form can show sequence, ～てから explicitly states "after doing X, then Y." It emphasizes the completion of the first action before the second begins.
- ～てから for clear sequence
- This structure clearly marks one action as preceding another.
宿題をしてから、遊びに行きます。
- Hint
- After doing my homework, I will go out to play.
- ～し for concurrent or related events
- ～し doesn't imply this strict temporal order. It connects items that might be happening concurrently, or are related in some other way (e.g., both are reasons for a conclusion).
今日は暑いし、疲れたし、早く家に帰りたい。
- Hint
- It's hot today, and I'm tired, so I want to go home early. (Reasons for wanting to go home)
§ ～し vs. そして (soshite) and それに (sore ni)
These are conjunctions that also mean "and" or "additionally," but they function differently.
- そして (soshite): This is a conjunction that connects sentences or clauses, often indicating a sequence or simply adding another item to a list. It's more formal than ～し.
- それに (sore ni): This means "in addition to that" or "what's more." It explicitly adds information to a previous statement.
- When to use ～し
- Use ～し when you want to list multiple reasons or features for a situation, often leading to a conclusion or an implied conclusion. It's very common in spoken Japanese because it allows for a more natural flow of reasons without having to explicitly state "and then" every time. It also subtly suggests that the list isn't exhaustive.
このレストランは美味しいし、値段も安いし、いつも混んでいます。
- Hint
- This restaurant is delicious, and the prices are cheap, so it's always crowded.
In summary, while there are several ways to connect ideas in Japanese, ～し excels at presenting a non-exhaustive list of reasons or characteristics that contribute to a larger point. It's less about strict sequence and more about providing a collection of related facts.
재미있는 사실
While ～し can list reasons, it often implies there are other unstated reasons as well, making it a nuanced particle.
알아야 할 문법
Use ～し to list multiple reasons or actions without implying a strict order or cause-and-effect relationship. It simply adds items to a list.
今日は仕事も多いし、やることもたくさんある。 (I have a lot of work today, and also a lot of things to do.)
It can be used with various verb forms (plain form, -te form, ta-form, etc.) and adjectives (i-adjectives, na-adjectives), and nouns (followed by だし/です).
このレストランは美味しいし、値段も安い。 (This restaurant is delicious, and the price is cheap too.)
Often, the final clause in a sentence using ～し gives a conclusion or further action based on the listed reasons.
雨が降っているし、寒いし、家にいましょう。 (It's raining, and it's cold, so let's stay home.)
When listing reasons, it can sometimes imply a subtle nuance of 'not only X, but also Y,' suggesting that the listed items are not exhaustive.
彼女は優しいし、頭もいいし、完璧だね。 (She's kind, and she's smart too, she's perfect, isn't she?)
It can be used in a conversational context to simply add extra information or to express agreement with what someone else has said.
A: この映画、面白かったね。 (This movie was interesting, wasn't it?) B: うん、ストーリーも良かったし、俳優もかっこよかったし。 (Yeah, the story was good, and the actors were cool too.)
수준별 예문
日本語は面白いし、先生も優しいです。
Japanese is interesting, and the teacher is kind too.
〜し connects two reasons or characteristics. The first clause ends with 〜し.
このラーメンは美味しいし、安いし、よく食べます。
This ramen is delicious, and it's cheap, so I often eat it.
You can list multiple reasons using 〜し. The final clause often explains a result or conclusion.
彼は頭がいいし、運動もできるし、人気があります。
He is smart, and he can play sports, so he's popular.
〜し can connect different types of predicates (adjectives, verbs).
昨日は雨だったし、寒かったし、どこへも行きませんでした。
Yesterday it was raining, and it was cold, so I didn't go anywhere.
Use the past tense before 〜し if the reason is in the past.
このパソコンは古いし、遅いし、新しいのが欲しいです。
This computer is old, and it's slow, so I want a new one.
〜し can express dissatisfaction or a reason for wanting something else.
彼女は歌が上手だし、ダンスも得意だし、アイドルみたいです。
She's good at singing, and she's good at dancing, so she's like an idol.
〜し can emphasize multiple positive qualities.
このカフェはコーヒーも美味しいし、雰囲気もいいし、よく行きます。
This café has good coffee, and the atmosphere is nice, so I often go there.
〜し can connect reasons for a positive action or preference.
忙しいし、疲れているし、今日は早く寝たいです。
I'm busy, and I'm tired, so I want to go to bed early today.
〜し can express multiple reasons for a current state or desire.
日本語も話せるし、英語も話せる。
I can speak Japanese, and I can speak English (too).
Listing two similar abilities.
安いし、美味しいし、このレストランが好き。
It's cheap, and it's delicious, so I like this restaurant.
Listing two positive reasons.
宿題も多いし、テストも近いし、忙しい。
There's a lot of homework, and a test is coming up, so I'm busy.
Listing two reasons for being busy.
雨も降るし、風も強いし、外に出たくない。
It's raining, and the wind is strong, so I don't want to go outside.
Listing two negative conditions.
テレビも見たし、本も読んだし、ゆっくりした一日だった。
I watched TV, and I read a book, it was a relaxing day.
Listing two past actions that describe the day.
彼は優しいし、面白いし、みんなに好かれている。
He's kind, and he's interesting, so everyone likes him.
Listing two positive qualities.
時間がかかるし、お金もかかるし、旅行は大変だ。
It takes time, and it costs money, so travel is tough.
Listing two challenges of travel.
彼女は歌も上手だし、ダンスもできるし、本当に才能がある。
She's good at singing, and she can dance too, she's really talented.
Listing two talents.
昨日図書館に行ったし、新しい本も借りた。
I went to the library yesterday, and I also borrowed a new book.
Lists two actions.
彼は頭がいいし、スポーツもできる。
He's smart, and he's also good at sports.
Lists two reasons/qualities.
このレストランは美味しいし、値段も手頃だ。
This restaurant is delicious, and the price is reasonable too.
Lists two positive reasons.
雨も降っているし、風も強いから、傘を持っていったほうがいいよ。
It's raining, and the wind is strong too, so you should take an umbrella.
Lists two negative reasons.
宿題も終わったし、晩ごはんも食べたから、テレビを見てもいい？
I finished my homework, and I ate dinner, so can I watch TV?
Lists two completed actions as reasons.
今日は忙しいし、疲れているから、早く帰りたい。
Today I'm busy, and I'm tired, so I want to go home early.
Lists two reasons for wanting to go home.
あの映画は面白いし、感動的だった。
That movie was interesting, and it was moving.
Lists two qualities of the movie.
彼は親切だし、いつも助けてくれる。
He is kind, and he always helps me.
Lists two positive qualities/actions.
彼女は頭がいいし、性格もいいから、みんなに好かれています。
She's smart, and her personality is good, so everyone likes her.
Here, ～し connects two positive reasons why 'everyone likes her'.
このレストランは美味しいし、値段も手頃なので、よく利用します。
This restaurant is delicious, and the price is reasonable, so I use it often.
～し lists two reasons for a positive action (using the restaurant often).
今日は疲れたし、眠いから、もう寝よう。
Today I'm tired, and I'm sleepy, so let's go to sleep already.
Connects two states that lead to a logical conclusion.
彼は日本語が話せるし、英語もできるから、通訳ができる。
He can speak Japanese, and he can do English too, so he can interpret.
Lists multiple abilities that contribute to a larger skill.
この本は面白いし、ためになるから、ぜひ読んでみてください。
This book is interesting, and it's useful, so please try reading it.
Used to give multiple recommendations or reasons to do something.
雨が降っているし、風も強いから、傘を持っていった方がいいよ。
It's raining, and the wind is strong too, so you'd better take an umbrella.
Connects two negative conditions that lead to a cautionary suggestion.
週末は映画を観るし、友達と会うし、忙しいです。
On the weekend, I'll watch a movie, and I'll meet friends, so I'm busy.
Lists multiple planned activities, indicating a busy schedule.
このパソコンは古いし、動作も遅いから、新しいのを買いたい。
This computer is old, and its operation is slow, so I want to buy a new one.
Connects two negative aspects that lead to a desire for change.
彼は頭もいいし、性格も優しい。
He's smart, and he's kind too.
Listing positive attributes.
このレストランは美味しいし、値段も手頃だ。
This restaurant is delicious, and the prices are reasonable.
Listing positive reasons for liking something.
今日は宿題も多いし、部活もあるから忙しい。
Today I have a lot of homework, and I have club activities, so I'm busy.
Listing reasons for being busy.
あの映画は感動するし、考えさせられる内容だった。
That movie was moving, and it made me think.
Listing emotional and intellectual impacts of something.
雨も降ってるし、風も強いから出かけたくない。
It's raining, and the wind is strong, so I don't want to go out.
Listing negative reasons for not wanting to do something.
彼女は歌も上手いし、ダンスも得意だ。
She's good at singing, and she's also good at dancing.
Listing multiple skills.
この本は面白いし、勉強にもなる。
This book is interesting, and it's also educational.
Listing multiple benefits.
疲れているし、お腹も空いたから早く家に帰りたい。
I'm tired, and I'm hungry, so I want to go home quickly.
Listing reasons for a desired action.
자주 쓰는 조합
자주 쓰는 구문
このレストランは美味しいし、値段も手頃だし、よく行きます。
This restaurant is delicious and the price is reasonable, so I go there often.
今日は寒いし、風も強いし、家にいよう。
Today it's cold and windy, so let's stay home.
彼は優しいし、面白いし、みんなに好かれています。
He is kind and funny, so everyone likes him.
仕事も忙しいし、プライベートでもやることが多いし、大変です。
Work is busy and I have a lot to do in my private life, so it's tough.
この映画はストーリーも良いし、俳優も素晴らしいし、おすすめです。
This movie has a good story and great actors, I recommend it.
旅行に行きたいけど、お金もないし、時間もないし、無理かな。
I want to travel, but I don't have money or time, so maybe it's impossible.
彼女は歌も上手いし、ダンスも得意だし、才能がありますね。
She's good at singing and dancing, she's talented, isn't she?
このカフェは雰囲気がいいし、コーヒーも美味しいし、お気に入りです。
This cafe has a nice atmosphere and delicious coffee, it's my favorite.
勉強もしたいし、遊びにも行きたいし、どうしよう。
I want to study and I want to go out and play, what should I do?
この本は情報も多いし、読みやすいし、とても役に立ちます。
This book has a lot of information and is easy to read, so it's very helpful.
자주 혼동되는 단어
While both connect ideas, ～し lists reasons/actions within a clause with a nuance, while そして is a neutral conjunction for sequence or addition between sentences/clauses.
Both add information. ～し connects clauses directly for reasons/actions. それに adds an extra point to a previous statement, usually at the beginning of a new clause.
Both can indicate reasons. ～し lists reasons with a softer implication or mild complaint. から directly states a cause/reason for an outcome.
문법 패턴
혼동하기 쉬운
Both ～し and そして can connect sentences. Students might use them interchangeably.
～し is a particle that connects clauses within a sentence, often listing reasons or actions, and implying there's more to be said or that the listed items are connected by a common theme. It can also imply a mild complaint or emphasis. そして is a conjunction that connects sentences or clauses, indicating a sequential or additive relationship, similar to 'and then' or 'in addition'. It's more of a neutral connector.
電車は安いし、速いし、便利だ。(Densha wa yasui shi, hayai shi, benri da.) - The train is cheap, fast, and convenient. (Implies these are reasons to take the train.)
Both ～し and それに add information. It's easy to mix them up when listing reasons.
～し connects clauses directly within a sentence, often listing reasons or actions. それに is a conjunction meaning 'in addition to that' or 'what's more,' and usually appears at the beginning of a sentence or clause to add an extra point to what was just said. It often provides further justification or an additional characteristic.
このラーメンは美味しいし、それに値段も安い。(Kono ramen wa oishii shi, sore ni nedan mo yasui.) - This ramen is delicious, and what's more, the price is cheap too.
Both can be used for listing items, making students think they are interchangeable.
～し is primarily for listing reasons or actions, often with an implied consequence or additional information. とか is a particle used for listing examples non-exhaustively, meaning 'such as' or 'and so on'. It doesn't carry the same implication of providing reasons or emphasizing a connection.
休みの日は映画を見るとか、本を読むとかする。(Yasumi no hi wa eiga o miru toka, hon o yomu toka suru.) - On my days off, I do things like watch movies or read books.
Both ～し and から can indicate a reason, leading to confusion about which to use.
～し lists reasons, often implying there are other reasons or that the listed reasons are part of a larger picture, sometimes with a nuance of mild complaint or emphasis. から explicitly states a reason or cause for a subsequent action or state, meaning 'because' or 'since'. から is a more direct and strong expression of cause and effect.
宿題が多いし、遊びに行けない。(Shukudai ga ooi shi, asobi ni ikenai.) - I have a lot of homework, so I can't go out and play. (Implies this is a reason, and maybe other factors too.)
When listing things, 'also' or 'too' can feel similar to the additive nature of ～し.
～し connects clauses, listing reasons or actions with an additive or causative nuance. も is a particle meaning 'also' or 'too', and simply adds an item to a list or indicates that something applies to another item. It doesn't inherently imply a reason or a broader context like ～し can.
彼女は歌も上手だし、ダンスも得意だ。(Kanojo wa uta mo jouzu da shi, dansu mo tokui da.) - She's good at singing, and she's also good at dancing. (Here, も is used with し to list multiple positive attributes.)
문장 패턴
Verb[て-form] + ～し、Verb[て-form] + ～し、Verb。 (Listing reasons/actions for a conclusion)
彼が病気だし、時間もないし、パーティーに行かないよ。 (He's sick, and I don't have time, so I'm not going to the party.)
い-adjective[conjunctive form] + ～し、い-adjective[conjunctive form] + ～し、Sentence。 (Listing reasons)
このレストランは美味しいし、値段も安いし、よく行きます。 (This restaurant is delicious, and the price is cheap, so I go there often.)
な-adjective[だ/で] + ～し、な-adjective[だ/で] + ～し、Sentence。 (Listing reasons)
彼は親切だし、面白いし、みんなに好かれている。 (He's kind, and he's interesting, so everyone likes him.)
Noun + だし、Noun + だし、Sentence。 (Listing reasons)
今日は日曜日だし、天気もいいし、出かけましょう。 (It's Sunday today, and the weather is good, so let's go out.)
Verb[plain form] + ～し、Sentence。 (Adding an additional reason/information)
この本は面白いし、役に立つよ。 (This book is interesting, and it's useful.)
Sentence + ～し、Sentence。 (Connecting two related statements)
彼は英語も話せるし、日本語も話せる。 (He can speak English, and he can also speak Japanese.)
암기하기
기억법
Think of 'し' as 'surely, there's more!' – it signals that you're listing multiple points.
시각적 연상
Imagine a conveyor belt with multiple items (reasons/actions) on it, and 'し' is the signal that keeps the belt moving to show 'and also, and also.'
Word Web
챌린지
Try to describe your favorite food using '～し' to list multiple reasons why you like it. For example: 「ラーメンは美味しいし、色々な種類があるし、大好きです。」
어원
Native Japanese
원래 의미: Emphasizing a reason or adding an item to a list.
Japonic문화적 맥락
The particle ～し is very common in everyday Japanese conversation. It's a useful way to give multiple reasons without sounding overly formal or exhaustive, and it's often used when politely suggesting something or explaining a situation.
실생활에서 연습하기
실제 사용 상황
Talking about reasons for being busy
- 仕事も多いし、プライベートも忙しいです。
- 友達と約束もあるし、やることがたくさんあります。
- 今日は会議が多いし、レポートも書かないといけません。
Explaining why you like something
- このレストランは美味しいし、雰囲気もいいです。
- この映画は面白いし、俳優も素晴らしいです。
- この本は読みやすいし、情報も多いです。
Listing things to do
- 買い物もしなきゃいけないし、銀行にも行かなきゃ。
- 掃除もしないとだし、洗濯もしないと。
- 宿題も多いし、試験勉強もしないといけないです。
Describing someone's qualities
- 彼女は優しいし、頭もいいです。
- 彼は面白いし、話も上手です。
- あの先生は教え方も上手だし、親切です。
Giving excuses or explanations
- 雨も降っているし、風も強いから、今日は家でゆっくりしましょう。
- 時間もないし、お金もないから、今回は諦めます。
- 体調も悪いし、気分も乗らないから、今日は休みます。
대화 시작하기
"最近忙しいですか？どんなことで忙しいですか？"
"どんな映画が好きですか？その映画のどんなところが好きですか？"
"週末は何をしますか？"
"あなたの好きな人はどんな人ですか？"
"最近、何か嬉しいことありましたか？"
일기 주제
最近のあなたの忙しい理由を3つ挙げてください。
あなたのお気に入りのカフェやレストランについて、好きな点を3つ挙げて説明してください。
明日、あなたが絶対にしなければならないこと、そしてしたいことをそれぞれ2つずつ挙げてください。
あなたが尊敬する人について、その人のどんな点が素晴らしいか3つ挙げてください。
最近、何か決断したことはありますか？その決断に至った理由を2つ挙げてください。
자주 묻는 질문
10 질문The particle '～し' means 'and, what's more'. It's used when you want to list reasons, actions, or characteristics, implying that there are other things to consider, or that the listed items are not exhaustive. Think of it as saying 'and also' or 'besides that'.
You attach '～し' to the plain form of verbs and adjectives. For nouns, you add だ (da) or です (desu) before 'し'.
Examples:
- 食べる (taberu, to eat) becomes 食べるし (taberu shi)
- 寒い (samui, cold) becomes 寒いし (samui shi)
- 静か (shizuka, quiet) becomes 静かだし (shizuka da shi)
- 学生 (gakusei, student) becomes 学生だし (gakusei da shi)
'～し' is different from '～て' or '～が'. While '～て' connects clauses in a sequence and '～が' connects contrasting or additive clauses, '～し' specifically lists reasons or facts, often implying a conclusion or a suggestion that follows. It's like saying 'A, and what's more B, so C'.
Yes, you can use '～し' with just one reason. Even with a single reason, '～し' still carries the nuance that there might be other reasons or that this reason is just one piece of a larger picture. It often softens the statement or makes it sound less like a direct command.
'～し' itself is neutral in formality. The formality depends on the verb ending or the overall sentence structure. If you're using plain forms throughout, it'll be informal. If you're using polite forms, it will be polite.
Sure. Here's an example:
このレストランは安いし、美味しいし、よく行きます。
(Kono resutoran wa yasui shi, oishii shi, yoku ikimasu.)
(This restaurant is cheap, and what's more, delicious, so I often go there.)
Here, 'cheap' and 'delicious' are two reasons for going to the restaurant often.
Okay, here's one:
彼は優しいし、頭もいいし、みんなに好かれています。
(Kare wa yasashii shi, atama mo ii shi, minna ni sukareteimasu.)
(He is kind, and also smart, so everyone likes him.)
Here, 'kind' and 'smart' are characteristics being listed.
Yes, '～し' usually implies that there's a follow-up statement or conclusion, even if it's not explicitly stated. It sets up the context for what comes next, which could be another reason, an action, or an opinion based on the listed points.
'そして' (soshite) means 'and then' or 'and' and connects sentences or clauses in a sequential or additive way. '～し' is a particle that lists reasons or facts within a single sentence, often leading to a conclusion. 'そして' is more for connecting separate ideas, while '～し' is for building up to a single point.
A common mistake is using '～し' when a simple '～て' form would be more natural for connecting actions in sequence. Remember, '～し' emphasizes listing reasons or characteristics, often with an implied consequence or additional information. Also, make sure to use the plain form before adding '～し'.
셀프 테스트 144 질문
このレストランはやすい___、おいしいです。
The particle 'し' is used to list reasons or actions. Here it connects 'cheap' and 'delicious' as reasons for liking the restaurant.
あの人はハンサム___、やさしいです。
The particle 'し' is used to list multiple positive attributes about a person, connecting 'handsome' and 'kind'.
今日は雨が降っている___、寒いです。
The particle 'し' lists two reasons: it's raining and it's cold.
この映画は面白い___、有名です。
The particle 'し' is used to connect 'interesting' and 'famous' as qualities of the movie.
彼は日本語が話せる___、英語も話せます。
Here, 'し' is used to add another action or ability: he can speak Japanese, and also English.
この本は小さい___、とても役に立ちます。
The particle 'し' connects the characteristics 'small' and 'useful' about the book.
Choose the best particle to connect these reasons: 彼は背が高い___、とても優しいです。 (He is tall, ___ very kind.)
The particle 'し' is used to list reasons or additional characteristics, often implying there are more.
Which sentence correctly uses '～し' to list reasons?
'～し' attaches directly to the plain form of adjectives and verbs, or to nouns/な-adjectives with 'だ'. '今日は寒いし、雨です。' means 'Today is cold, and it's raining.'
Complete the sentence: このレストランは安い___、美味しいです。 (This restaurant is cheap, ___ delicious.)
'し' is used here to list two positive attributes of the restaurant, implying both are reasons someone might like it.
You can use '～し' to list reasons for something.
Yes, '～し' is commonly used to connect multiple reasons or actions, often implying that there are more.
The particle '～し' can only be used at the end of a sentence.
No, '～し' is used to connect clauses within a sentence, typically appearing before the final clause.
In '日本語は難しいし、面白いです。' (Japanese is difficult, and interesting.), 'し' is used to show a contrast.
No, in this sentence, 'し' is used to list two characteristics (difficult and interesting), not to show a contrast. It means 'Japanese is difficult, and what's more, it's interesting.'
What two things did I do?
What two good things about this shop?
What is the weather like today?
Read this aloud:
このえいがはおもしろいし、あたらしいです。
Focus: おもしろいし (omoshiroi shi)
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Read this aloud:
わたしはねこもすきだし、いぬもすきです。
Focus: ねこもすきだし (neko mo suki da shi)
당신의 답변:
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Read this aloud:
かれはせが高いし、かっこいいです。
Focus: せが高いし (se ga takai shi)
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You want to say you like apples and also oranges. Use ～し to connect the two ideas.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
りんごも好きだし、みかんも好きです。
You are explaining why you are busy. Say you have work and also have homework. Use ～し.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
仕事もあるし、宿題もあるから忙しいです。
You want to say a restaurant is cheap and delicious. Use ～し.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
このレストランは安いし、おいしいです。
Why does Person B like the shop?
Read this passage:
A: どうしてこのお店が好きですか？ B: 食べ物はおいしいし、店員さんも親切です。
Why does Person B like the shop?
Person B lists two reasons: the food is delicious (食べ物はおいしい) and the staff are kind (店員さんも親切です), connected by ～し.
Person B lists two reasons: the food is delicious (食べ物はおいしい) and the staff are kind (店員さんも親切です), connected by ～し.
Why is Person B studying Japanese?
Read this passage:
A: なぜ日本語を勉強していますか？ B: 日本の文化が好きだし、将来日本に行きたいです。
Why is Person B studying Japanese?
Person B gives two reasons: liking Japanese culture (日本の文化が好き) and wanting to go to Japan in the future (将来日本に行きたいです).
Person B gives two reasons: liking Japanese culture (日本の文化が好き) and wanting to go to Japan in the future (将来日本に行きたいです).
Why can't Person B go to the park tomorrow?
Read this passage:
A: 明日、公園に行きませんか？ B: ごめんなさい、明日は雨だし、忙しいです。
Why can't Person B go to the park tomorrow?
Person B states two reasons for not going: it will rain (雨だし) and they are busy (忙しいです).
Person B states two reasons for not going: it will rain (雨だし) and they are busy (忙しいです).
This sentence means 'I'm a student, and also I don't have time.' The particle '～し' connects the two reasons.
This sentence means 'This store is cheap, and what's more, delicious.' '～し' is used to list positive attributes.
This sentence means 'I have homework, and also I have a part-time job.' It lists multiple things the speaker has to do.
Choose the best particle to connect these reasons: 彼は忙しい___、疲れています。
The particle 'し' is used to list reasons or actions, often implying 'and, what's more'. 'が' means 'but', 'で' is a particle indicating location or means, and 'へ' indicates direction.
Which sentence correctly uses ～し to list reasons?
The particle 'し' is used to list multiple reasons or characteristics. The other options use 'が' (but), 'ので' (because), and 'と' (if/when), which have different functions.
Complete the sentence: 彼女は料理が上手だ___、優しい。
The particle 'し' is used to list reasons or characteristics in a natural way. 'だから' means 'therefore', 'しかし' means 'however', and 'そして' means 'and then', which are not suitable for listing reasons here.
The particle ～し can be used to list positive and negative reasons together.
Yes, ～し can be used to list any kind of reasons or characteristics, regardless of whether they are positive or negative.
When using ～し, the reasons must always be in a specific order.
No, the order of reasons when using ～し is generally flexible. You can list them in any order that makes sense for your message.
You can only use ～し with adjectives, not with verbs.
No, you can use ～し with both adjectives (い-adjectives and な-adjectives) and verbs. For example, 彼は勉強するし、運動もする (He studies and he also exercises).
The weather is being described with two reasons.
Two positive points about a restaurant.
Two qualities of a person.
Read this aloud:
彼女は歌が上手だし、ダンスもできます。
Focus: し (shi)
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Read this aloud:
この本は面白いし、役に立ちます。
Focus: し (shi)
당신의 답변:
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Read this aloud:
仕事は忙しいし、疲れています。
Focus: し (shi)
당신의 답변:
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You want to say that you couldn't go to the party because you were busy and you had a cold. Write a sentence using ～し.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
忙しかったし、風邪をひいたし、パーティーに行けませんでした。
You are giving two reasons why you like living in Japan: the food is delicious and the people are kind. Write a sentence using ～し.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
食べ物も美味しいし、人々も親切だし、日本に住むのが好きです。
You need to explain why you didn't finish your homework: it was difficult and you were sleepy. Write a sentence using ～し.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
宿題は難しかったし、眠かったし、終わりませんでした。
なぜ田中さんには日本で友達がたくさんいますか？
Read this passage:
田中さんは日本語が上手だし、日本の文化もよく知っています。だから、田中さんは日本で友達がたくさんいます。
なぜ田中さんには日本で友達がたくさんいますか？
文章には、田中さんが日本語が上手だし、日本の文化もよく知っているから友達が多いと書かれています。
文章には、田中さんが日本語が上手だし、日本の文化もよく知っているから友達が多いと書かれています。
このレストランはどんなところですか？
Read this passage:
このレストランは料理が美味しいし、値段も安いし、いつも人が多いです。
このレストランはどんなところですか？
文章には、料理が美味しいし、値段も安いと書いてあります。
文章には、料理が美味しいし、値段も安いと書いてあります。
この人は何をしたいですか？
Read this passage:
私は犬が好きだし、猫も好きです。だから、動物を飼いたいです。
この人は何をしたいですか？
文章には、犬も猫も好きだから動物を飼いたいと書いてあります。
文章には、犬も猫も好きだから動物を飼いたいと書いてあります。
The particle ～し is used here to list reasons. The sentence means: It's cheap, and it's delicious, so I like this store.
～し connects reasons. This means: It's raining today, and I have homework, so I'll stay home.
Here, ～し lists reasons for wanting to study Japanese. It means: Japanese is interesting, and it's useful, so I want to study it.
このレストランは美味しい___、値段も手頃です。 (This restaurant is delicious, ___ the price is reasonable.)
The particle '～し' is used here to list reasons or additional characteristics. In this case, 'delicious' and 'reasonable price' are two positive aspects of the restaurant.
彼は日本語が話せる___、英語も話せます。 (He can speak Japanese, ___ he can speak English too.)
Here, '～し' connects two abilities, showing that he can speak both languages. It adds another item to the list of his skills.
疲れた___、お腹も空いたから、早く帰りたい。 (I'm tired, ___ I'm also hungry, so I want to go home quickly.)
'～し' is used to list reasons for wanting to go home: being tired and being hungry. Both contribute to the desire to leave.
雨が降っている___、風も強いので、今日は出かけたくない。 (It's raining, ___ the wind is strong, so I don't want to go out today.)
In this sentence, '～し' connects two reasons for not wanting to go out: rain and strong wind.
この本は面白い___、勉強にもなる。 (This book is interesting, ___ it's also educational.)
'～し' is used to list two positive qualities of the book: it's interesting and it's good for studying.
彼は優しい___、いつも手伝ってくれる。 (He is kind, ___ he always helps me.)
Here, '～し' connects two characteristics of 'he': being kind and always helping. It adds to the description of his personality.
You want to invite a friend to a party. List two reasons why they should come, using the particle ～し to connect them. For example: 「食べ物はおいしいし、人もたくさん来るし、パーティーに来てください。」(The food is delicious, and lots of people are coming, so please come to the party.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
音楽もいいし、飲み物もたくさんあるし、一緒に楽しみましょう！(The music is good, and there are lots of drinks, so let's have fun together!)
You're explaining to a friend why you like a certain cafe. Give two reasons using ～し. For example: 「コーヒーも美味しいし、雰囲気もいいし、このカフェが好きです。」(The coffee is delicious, and the atmosphere is good, so I like this cafe.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
店員さんも親切だし、ケーキも美味しいし、また行きたいです。(The staff are kind, and the cakes are delicious, so I want to go again.)
You're telling your teacher why you were late for class. Give two reasons using ～し. For example: 「電車が遅れたし、道も混んでいたし、遅れてすみません。」(The train was delayed, and the road was crowded, so I'm sorry for being late.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
目覚まし時計が鳴らなかったし、準備に時間がかかったし、本当にすみません。(My alarm didn't ring, and it took me a long time to get ready, I'm truly sorry.)
この文で、田中さんを尊敬する理由は何ですか？ (What are the reasons for respecting Mr. Tanaka in this sentence?)
Read this passage:
田中さんは、日本語が上手だし、日本の文化にも詳しいし、とても尊敬しています。色々なことを教えてもらっています。(Mr. Tanaka is good at Japanese, and he knows a lot about Japanese culture, so I really respect him. He teaches me various things.)
この文で、田中さんを尊敬する理由は何ですか？ (What are the reasons for respecting Mr. Tanaka in this sentence?)
「日本語が上手だし、日本の文化にも詳しいし」が理由として挙げられています。(The reasons given are 'being good at Japanese and knowing a lot about Japanese culture.')
「日本語が上手だし、日本の文化にも詳しいし」が理由として挙げられています。(The reasons given are 'being good at Japanese and knowing a lot about Japanese culture.')
このレストランがいつも混んでいる理由は何ですか？ (What is the reason this restaurant is always crowded?)
Read this passage:
このレストランは、値段も安いし、料理も美味しいし、いつもたくさんの人がいます。特にランチタイムはいつも満席です。(This restaurant is cheap, and the food is delicious, so there are always many people. Especially at lunchtime, it's always full.)
このレストランがいつも混んでいる理由は何ですか？ (What is the reason this restaurant is always crowded?)
「値段も安いし、料理も美味しいし」が混んでいる理由として挙げられています。(The reasons given for it being crowded are 'the prices are cheap and the food is delicious.')
「値段も安いし、料理も美味しいし」が混んでいる理由として挙げられています。(The reasons given for it being crowded are 'the prices are cheap and the food is delicious.')
この人が週末に家で過ごす理由は何ですか？ (What is the reason this person will spend the weekend at home?)
Read this passage:
週末は、雨が降るし、風も強いし、家でゆっくり過ごします。映画を見たり、本を読んだりする予定です。(This weekend, it will rain, and the wind will be strong, so I will relax at home. I plan to watch movies and read books.)
この人が週末に家で過ごす理由は何ですか？ (What is the reason this person will spend the weekend at home?)
「雨が降るし、風も強いし」が家で過ごす理由として挙げられています。(The reasons given for spending time at home are 'it will rain and the wind will be strong.')
「雨が降るし、風も強いし」が家で過ごす理由として挙げられています。(The reasons given for spending time at home are 'it will rain and the wind will be strong.')
This sentence lists two reasons why 'he' is good: he's handsome, and he's smart. The '～し' particle connects these two reasons.
Here, '～し' is used to list two positive attributes of the restaurant: it's delicious, and it's cheap.
This sentence uses '～し' to list two reasons (tired and hungry) for wanting to go home quickly.
Choose the best sentence using 〜し to list reasons for being tired.
The particle 〜し is used to connect reasons or actions, often implying there are more reasons than explicitly stated. Option 3 effectively uses 〜し to list two reasons for being tired: not sleeping much and work being tough. The English hint is: 'I didn't sleep much yesterday, and work was tough, so I'm tired.'
Which sentence correctly uses 〜し to explain why someone is going to the hospital?
Here, 〜し is used to list multiple symptoms as reasons for going to the hospital. The English hint is: 'My head hurts, and I have a fever, so I'm going to the hospital.'
Select the sentence that uses 〜し to give reasons for enjoying a trip.
The particle 〜し correctly connects the two positive aspects of the trip (beautiful scenery and delicious food) as reasons for it being the best. The English hint is: 'The scenery was beautiful, and the food was delicious, so it was the best trip.'
The sentence 「彼は日本語が話せるし、英語も話せるし、とても優秀な人だ。」means 'He can speak Japanese, and he can speak English, so he is a very talented person.'
The use of 〜し twice effectively lists both language abilities as reasons contributing to his talent. The English hint is: 'He can speak Japanese, and he can speak English, so he is a very talented person.'
The sentence 「この店は高いし、サービスも悪いし、二度と行きたくない。」implies that the speaker wants to go to the store again.
The sentence lists two negative reasons (expensive and bad service) for not wanting to go there again. The English hint is: 'This store is expensive, and the service is bad, so I never want to go there again.'
In the sentence 「雨が降っているし、風も強いし、外に出るのはやめましょう。」, 〜し is used to give reasons for staying inside.
The sentence correctly uses 〜し to list the rain and strong wind as reasons to avoid going outside. The English hint is: 'It's raining, and the wind is strong, so let's not go outside.'
The speaker is listing reasons why a room is good.
The speaker is explaining why they are busy today.
The speaker is giving reasons to revisit a restaurant.
Read this aloud:
日本語は面白いし、役に立つし、学ぶ価値があります。
Focus: し (shi)
당신의 답변:
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Read this aloud:
彼は頭がいいし、優しいし、とてもいい人です。
Focus: し (shi)
당신의 답변:
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Read this aloud:
明日は雨が降るし、風も強いし、外出はやめましょう。
Focus: し (shi)
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
You want to explain to a friend why you like living in Japan. List at least two reasons using '～し'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
日本の食べ物はおいしいし、安全だから日本に住むのが好きです。 (Nihon no tabemono wa oishii shi, anzen dakara Nihon ni sumu no ga suki desu. - Japanese food is delicious, and it's safe, so I like living in Japan.)
Describe a difficult situation you faced and list two reasons why it was difficult, using '～し'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
仕事が多くて忙しいし、新しいプロジェクトのプレッシャーもあったから大変でした。 (Shigoto ga ookute isogashii shi, atarashii purojekuto no puresshā mo atta kara taihen deshita. - There was a lot of work and I was busy, and there was also pressure from the new project, so it was difficult.)
Imagine you're trying to convince someone to try a new restaurant. Give two reasons why they should go, using '～し'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
このレストランは雰囲気がいいし、料理も美味しいからぜひ行ってみてください。 (Kono resutoran wa fun'iki ga ii shi, ryōri mo oishii kara zehi itte mite kudasai. - This restaurant has a nice atmosphere, and the food is delicious, so please try going.)
What are the two reasons Tanaka-san gives for being tired?
Read this passage:
A: 田中さん、どうして最近元気がないんですか？ (Tanaka-san, dōshite saikin genki ga nai n desu ka? - Mr. Tanaka, why have you been a bit down lately?) B: いやぁ、仕事が忙しいし、週末も家族の用事があったし、ちょっと疲れているんです。 (Iyaa, shigoto ga isogashii shi, shūmatsu mo kazoku no yōji ga atta shi, chotto tsukarete iru n desu. - Well, work is busy, and I had family errands on the weekend, so I'm a bit tired.)
What are the two reasons Tanaka-san gives for being tired?
Tanaka-san explicitly states '仕事が忙しいし' (work is busy) and '週末も家族の用事があったし' (there were family errands on the weekend) as reasons for being tired.
Tanaka-san explicitly states '仕事が忙しいし' (work is busy) and '週末も家族の用事があったし' (there were family errands on the weekend) as reasons for being tired.
According to B, why do people frequent this cafe?
Read this passage:
A: このカフェ、いつも混んでるね。 (Kono kafe, itsumo konderu ne. - This cafe is always crowded, isn't it?) B: そうだね。コーヒーが美味しいし、Wi-Fiも使えるし、みんなここで作業してるんだよ。 (Sō da ne. Kōhī ga oishii shi, Wi-Fi mo tsukaeru shi, minna koko de sagyō shiteru n da yo. - That's right. The coffee is delicious, and you can use Wi-Fi, so everyone works here.)
According to B, why do people frequent this cafe?
B states 'コーヒーが美味しいし' (the coffee is delicious) and 'Wi-Fiも使えるし' (you can also use Wi-Fi) as reasons.
B states 'コーヒーが美味しいし' (the coffee is delicious) and 'Wi-Fiも使えるし' (you can also use Wi-Fi) as reasons.
What two aspects made the party enjoyable for Yamada-san?
Read this passage:
A: 山田さん、昨日のパーティー、楽しかった？ (Yamada-san, kinō no pātī, tanoshikatta? - Mr. Yamada, was yesterday's party fun?) B: うん、楽しかったよ！料理は美味しいし、音楽も最高だったし、本当にいい時間だった。 (Un, tanoshikatta yo! Ryōri wa oishii shi, ongaku mo saikō datta shi, hontō ni ii jikan datta. - Yeah, it was fun! The food was delicious, and the music was great, it was a really good time.)
What two aspects made the party enjoyable for Yamada-san?
Yamada-san mentions '料理は美味しいし' (the food was delicious) and '音楽も最高だったし' (the music was great) as reasons for enjoying the party.
Yamada-san mentions '料理は美味しいし' (the food was delicious) and '音楽も最高だったし' (the music was great) as reasons for enjoying the party.
彼女は頭がいい___、とても優しい。
The particle 'し' is used here to list reasons or characteristics. She is smart, and what's more, very kind.
このレストランは料理がおいしい___、雰囲気もいい。
'し' is used to connect two positive attributes of the restaurant: delicious food and good atmosphere.
彼はいつも遅刻する___、宿題も提出しない。
Here, 'し' connects two negative actions or habits, emphasizing that both are true.
昨日は雨が降った___、風も強かった。
This sentence uses 'し' to list two weather conditions that occurred yesterday.
このアパートは家賃が高い___、駅からも遠い。
'し' is used here to connect two reasons why this apartment might be undesirable: high rent and far from the station.
彼は日本語が話せる___、英語もペラペラだ。
'し' is used to list multiple abilities, indicating that he can speak both Japanese and fluent English.
Choose the most appropriate option to complete the sentence: 彼はいつも親切だし、___。
The particle '～し' is used to list reasons or actions that build on each other, often leading to a conclusion or further elaboration. In this context, '親切だし' (he is kind, and...) suggests another positive attribute. '頭もいい。' (he is also smart.) fits perfectly as another positive quality.
Select the best continuation for: このレストランは雰囲気がいいし、___。
Similar to the previous example, '雰囲気がいいし' (the atmosphere of this restaurant is good, and...) sets up another positive point. '料理も美味しい。' (the food is also delicious.) continues this pattern, making it the most suitable choice.
What is the most natural way to complete this sentence: 彼女は日本語が上手だし、___。
The phrase '日本語が上手だし' (she is good at Japanese, and...) implies another skill or positive attribute. '英語も話せる。' (she can also speak English.) provides a logical and positive continuation of her linguistic abilities.
The sentence 「雨が降っているし、風も強いから、傘を持っていったほうがいい。」 (It's raining, and the wind is strong, so you should take an umbrella.) correctly uses '～し' to list reasons.
The particle '～し' is used here to list two reasons (rain and strong wind) that contribute to the conclusion (taking an umbrella). This is a correct and common usage of '～し'.
In the sentence 「彼は忙しいし、疲れているし、今日は休みたいと言っていた。」 (He is busy, and he is tired, so he said he wants to rest today.), '～し' is used to connect two unrelated ideas.
'～し' is used here to connect two related reasons (being busy and being tired) that lead to the same outcome (wanting to rest). It is not used to connect unrelated ideas, but rather to build a comprehensive list of contributing factors.
The particle '～し' can only be used to list positive reasons or actions.
'～し' can be used to list both positive and negative reasons or actions, as long as they are contributing factors to a larger point or situation. For example, 「宿題も多いし、テストも近いし、全然遊べない。」 (There's a lot of homework, and a test is coming up, so I can't play at all.) uses '～し' to list negative reasons.
The speaker likes Japanese anime and is interested in Japanese culture. What does the speaker like?
This restaurant is delicious and reasonably priced. Why does the speaker use it often?
The speaker has a lot of homework and needs to wake up early tomorrow. What will the speaker do?
Read this aloud:
週末は天気もいいし、どこかへ出かけませんか？
Focus: し (shi) particle at the end of いいし (ī shi)
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Read this aloud:
彼は頭もいいし、優しいから、みんなに好かれています。
Focus: し (shi) particle at the end of いいし (ī shi)
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Read this aloud:
このパソコンは古いし、動作も遅いから、新しいのを買いたいです。
Focus: し (shi) particle at the end of 古いし (furui shi)
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This sentence lists two positive attributes about 'him': he's intelligent and has a great personality. The 'し' particle connects these two reasons.
This sentence explains why 'I stayed home yesterday'. The 'し' particle lists 'it was raining' and 'I caught a cold' as reasons.
This sentence describes why this restaurant is good: the food is delicious and the atmosphere is nice. 'し' connects these two positive aspects.
彼女は頭がいい___、努力家なので、成功するでしょう。
The particle '～し' is used to list reasons or actions, often implying there are other unstated reasons. Here, it lists 'being smart' as one reason for success, with 'being hardworking' as another.
このレストランは雰囲気がいい___、料理も美味しいので、お気に入りです。
Here, '～し' connects two positive attributes of the restaurant: good atmosphere and delicious food, both contributing to it being a favorite.
昨日は雨が降った___、風も強かったので、外出を諦めました。
'～し' is used here to list multiple reasons (rain and strong wind) for deciding not to go out.
彼は日本語が話せる___、英語も堪能なので、国際的な仕事に向いています。
This sentence uses '～し' to list two language skills (Japanese and English) that make him suitable for international work.
あの映画は映像が美しい___、ストーリーも感動的で、多くの人に支持されています。
The particle '～し' lists 'beautiful visuals' and 'moving story' as reasons for the movie's popularity.
新しいプロジェクトは予算が限られている___、時間もないので、かなり難しい課題です。
Here, '～し' presents 'limited budget' and 'lack of time' as two challenging factors for the new project.
Choose the most appropriate particle to complete the sentence: 彼はいつも親切___、頼りになる人です。
The particle '～し' is used to list reasons or actions, often implying 'and, what's more.' In this context, it connects 'kind' and 'reliable' as reasons why someone is a good person.
Select the correct sentence using '～し' to convey multiple reasons for an action: Why did you decide to study abroad?
The '～し' particle is used to list multiple reasons, often followed by 'からです' or similar expressions to state the conclusion. Options B and C are grammatically acceptable but do not fully capture the nuance of listing reasons. Option D uses 'そして' which is a conjunction for sequencing actions rather than listing reasons.
Which of the following sentences correctly uses '～し' to express multiple contributing factors?
'～し' effectively links 'busy' and 'bad weather' as reasons for staying home. Options B, C, and D do not convey the same nuance of listing contributing factors as '～し' does.
The particle '～し' can be used to list positive and negative reasons for a situation.
'～し' is versatile and can list any type of reason or factor, regardless of whether it's positive, negative, or neutral. For example, '彼女は頭がいいし、優しいし、人気者だ' (She's smart, and kind, and popular) or 'この仕事は給料が低いし、残業も多いし、大変だ' (This job has low pay, and a lot of overtime, so it's tough).
When using '～し', the clauses before and after it must always be in the same tense.
The particle '～し' does not require the clauses to be in the same tense. The tense is determined by the individual clauses themselves, or by the overall context of the sentence. For example, '昨日は雨だったし、風も強かったから、出かけなかった' (Yesterday it was raining, and the wind was strong, so I didn't go out) uses past tense for both reasons.
Using '～し' always implies a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the listed items.
While '～し' often implies reasons or contributing factors, it doesn't always indicate a direct cause-and-effect. It can simply list multiple characteristics or actions that occur together. For example, '彼は歌も上手いし、ダンスもできる' (He's good at singing, and he can dance too) lists two abilities without a direct causal link.
The speaker is suggesting going out. Listen for the reasons.
The speaker is describing a restaurant. Pay attention to the good points mentioned.
The speaker is talking about a person's qualities. What two positive attributes are mentioned?
Read this aloud:
週末は映画を観るし、本も読むし、家でゆっくり過ごします。
Focus: し (shi) particle at the end of each reason
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Read this aloud:
この仕事は給料もいいし、やりがいもあるし、続けていきたいです。
Focus: The intonation of 'し' when listing reasons.
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Read this aloud:
疲れているし、お腹も空いているし、早く家に帰りたい。
Focus: Pronunciation of 'し' in a negative context.
당신의 답변:
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You are explaining why you chose a specific university to a friend. Use '～し' at least twice to list reasons. Write 3-4 sentences.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
この大学を選んだのは、評判がいいし、学びたい専門分野があるし、家からも近いからです。
Describe a frustrating situation where multiple things went wrong. Use '～し' to connect at least three negative points. Write 3-4 sentences.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
今日は遅刻するし、財布を忘れるし、大事な書類もなくすし、本当に最悪な一日でした。
You're trying to convince someone to try a new restaurant. List at least two positive aspects using '～し'. Write 2-3 sentences.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
新しいレストラン、行ってみない？料理が美味しいし、雰囲気もとても良いし、きっと気に入るよ。
この文で、「～し」はどのような役割をしていますか？
Read this passage:
彼はいつもよく勉強するし、運動もできるし、性格もいいから、みんなに尊敬されています。
この文で、「～し」はどのような役割をしていますか？
「～し」は、複数の理由や特徴を列挙する際に使われます。
「～し」は、複数の理由や特徴を列挙する際に使われます。
この文から、筆者が家にいた主な理由は何だと考えられますか？
Read this passage:
昨日は雨が降っていたし、風も強かったし、とても寒かったので、一日中家にいました。
この文から、筆者が家にいた主な理由は何だと考えられますか？
「～し」を使って複数の悪天候の理由が挙げられているため、それら全てが家にいた理由だと分かります。
「～し」を使って複数の悪天候の理由が挙げられているため、それら全てが家にいた理由だと分かります。
この文の筆者が伝えたい、彼女の最も強調したい特徴は何ですか？
Read this passage:
彼女は絵も上手だし、歌も得意だし、本当に才能豊かな人です。
この文の筆者が伝えたい、彼女の最も強調したい特徴は何ですか？
「～し」を使って複数の才能を列挙することで、総合的に「才能豊か」であることを強調しています。
「～し」を使って複数の才能を列挙することで、総合的に「才能豊か」であることを強調しています。
This sentence lists two positive attributes about 'him': he's smart and kind. The 'し' particle connects these two reasons.
Here, 'し' is used to give two reasons why this restaurant is good: the food is delicious and the atmosphere is nice.
This sentence explains why someone stayed home, listing two reasons: it was raining and the wind was strong.
/ 144 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Use '～し' to list multiple reasons or actions, often implying additional unstated points.
- Lists reasons or actions.
- Often implies 'and, what's more'.
- Connects clauses.
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home 관련 단어
上に
B1Above; on top of.
不在
B1Absent; not present. Not in a particular place.
手頃な
B1Affordable, reasonable (price).
お先に
B1Excuse me for going first; said when leaving before others.
仲介
B1Mediation, agency (e.g., real estate).
あっ
B1Ah!; an exclamation of sudden realization or surprise.
エアコン
A2air conditioner
冷暖房
B1Air conditioning and heating system.
風通しの良い
B1Well-ventilated; airy.
～可
A2Suffix meaning "permitted" or "allowed".
