C1 · 상급 챕터 13

Professional Phrasing: Passive Voice and Inversion

6 총 규칙
60 예문
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your professional Portuguese through sophisticated passive constructions and elegant stylistic inversions.

  • Master passive structures to shift focus onto the action.
  • Apply the 'Se' particle for objective, professional communication.
  • Utilize inversion and the personal infinitive for literary precision.
Master the art of professional, polished, and powerful Portuguese.

배울 내용

Ready to elevate your Portuguese to truly professional heights? This Advanced (C1) chapter is your deep dive into the subtle yet powerful structures that set native-like fluency apart. We’re moving beyond basic grammar to master the elegant nuances of formal expression. You'll conquer the passive voice in its various forms, starting with the classic 'ser + particípio' to precisely shift focus to the action's recipient, ensuring perfect gender and number agreement. Then, discover the sophisticated 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), a cornerstone of professional Portuguese that lets you talk about actions without explicitly naming the doer, making your communication objective and refined. We'll also untangle the 'Impersonal Se,' understanding how prepositions and direct objects dictate verb agreement. Beyond passives, you'll unlock the art of Subject-Verb Inversion (Inversão do Sujeito), a stylistic tool for emphasizing information and adding a beautiful rhythmic flow to your writing and speech. And for that touch of literary grace, we'll explore the Personal Infinitive—both its formal and 'without' (com 'sem') applications—allowing you to express complex ideas concisely and elegantly, especially when a different subject is implied. Imagine confidently drafting a formal report, delivering a polished presentation, or engaging in a high-level discussion in Portuguese. These structures are your key to sounding authoritative, educated, and truly articulate. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be grammatically correct; you'll be stylistically impeccable, capable of expressing intricate thoughts with the sophistication and objectivity expected at a C1 level. Prepare to impress!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Transform active sentences into professional passive voice constructions.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome to an advanced exploration of Portuguese grammar, designed to elevate your linguistic prowess to a truly professional C1 level. This chapter is your key to unlocking the subtle yet powerful structures that distinguish native-like fluency. We're moving beyond basic sentence construction to master the elegant nuances of formal expression, crucial for anyone aiming for C1 Portuguese.
You'll conquer the passive voice in its various forms, from the classic ser + particípio which precisely shifts focus to the action's recipient, to the sophisticated 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), a cornerstone of professional Portuguese that allows for objective and refined communication by omitting the agent.
Beyond passives, we'll delve into the art of Subject-Verb Inversion (Inversão do Sujeito), a stylistic tool for emphasis and rhythmic flow, vital for advanced writing and speech. And for that touch of literary grace, you'll master the Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) – both its formal application and its use with 'sem' – enabling you to express complex ideas concisely and elegantly, especially when a different subject is implied. Imagine confidently drafting a formal report, delivering a polished presentation, or engaging in a high-level discussion in Portuguese.
These structures are your gateway to sounding authoritative, educated, and truly articulate. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be grammatically correct; you'll be stylistically impeccable, capable of expressing intricate thoughts with the sophistication expected at a C1 level.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces you to the sophisticated tools that shape formal and professional Portuguese grammar. We begin with the Passive Infinitive, formed by ser + particípio (to be + past participle). This structure is essential for expressing necessity, obligation, or possibility in a passive sense, ensuring the participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.
For example:
A decisão deve ser tomada imediatamente.
(The decision must be taken immediately.)
Next, we tackle the 'SE' Passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), a hallmark of professional Portuguese. It's used with transitive verbs to avoid specifying the agent, making statements more objective. The verb agrees with the grammatical subject.
For instance:
Vendem-se apartamentos aqui.
(Apartments are sold here.) If the subject is singular:
Aluga-se quarto.
(A room is rented.) Closely related but distinct is the Impersonal Se. This 'se' is used with intransitive verbs or verbs requiring a preposition, and the verb *always* remains in the third person singular. It refers to an unspecified one or people in general. Example:
Trabalha-se muito neste escritório.
(One works a lot in this office.) or
Precisa-se de voluntários.
(Volunteers are needed.)
Subject-Verb Inversion (Inversão do Sujeito) is a stylistic device where the subject appears after the verb, often for emphasis or to create a more formal tone. Instead of O presidente chegou, (The president arrived.) you might hear:
Chegou o presidente.
(Arrived the president / The president arrived.) Finally, the Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) is crucial when the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the main verb's subject. It's conjugated according to its subject.
For example:
É importante nós estudarmos.
(It's important for us to study.) We also explore its use with 'sem' to express an action not performed by the implied subject:
Ele saiu sem nós vermos.
(He left without us seeing.) mastering these forms is vital for C1 Portuguese.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong:
    Vende-se casas nesta rua.
Correct:
Vendem-se casas nesta rua.
(Houses are sold on this street.)
*Explanation:* With the 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), the verb must agree with the grammatical subject. Casas is plural, so the verb vender must be plural: vendem.
  1. 1Wrong:
    É fundamental para nós estudar mais.
Correct:
É fundamental para nós estudarmos mais.
(It is fundamental for us to study more.)
*Explanation:* When the subject of the infinitive (nós) is different from the main clause's subject (it/é), the Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) must be conjugated to agree with its subject.
  1. 1Wrong:
    Precisa-se de novos funcionários.
Correct:
Precisa-se de novos funcionários.
(New employees are needed.)
*Explanation:* The Impersonal Se used with verbs that take a preposition (like precisar de) *always* remains in the third person singular, regardless of the number of the object.

Real Conversations

A

A

A proposta deve ser analisada com urgência. (The proposal must be analyzed urgently.)
B

B

Sim, discutiu-se o assunto na reunião de ontem e espera-se uma decisão em breve. (Yes, the matter was discussed at yesterday's meeting and a decision is expected soon.)
A

A

É essencial vocês entenderem a importância deste projeto. (It's essential for you all to understand the importance of this project.)
B

B

Sem nós compreendermos os detalhes, será difícil avançar. (Without us understanding the details, it will be difficult to move forward.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between the 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética) and the Impersonal Se in C1 Portuguese grammar?

The 'se' passive is used with transitive verbs, and the verb agrees with the direct object (which becomes the grammatical subject). The Impersonal Se is used with intransitive verbs or verbs followed by a preposition, and the verb *always* remains in the third person singular.

Q

How does Subject-Verb Inversion (Inversão do Sujeito) change the emphasis in a sentence?

Inversion often places emphasis on the verb or the action itself, or on the element that comes *after* the verb. It can make a statement sound more formal or dramatic, a key feature of advanced Portuguese.

Q

When is the Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) typically used in formal writing?

It's used when the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the subject of the main verb, especially after prepositions or certain impersonal expressions (e.g., É importante...). It adds precision and elegance, vital for C1 Portuguese.

Cultural Context

In Portuguese-speaking cultures, particularly in formal, academic, or journalistic contexts, the passive voice, especially the 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), is highly valued for its objectivity and conciseness. It's common to see headlines like
Proíbe-se fumar
(Smoking is prohibited) or in official reports. Subject-Verb Inversion and the Personal Infinitive are also markers of educated speech and writing, adding a layer of sophistication.
While less common in very casual spoken Portuguese, mastering these structures is crucial for anyone aiming for C1 Portuguese and beyond, allowing you to navigate complex professional and intellectual discourse with native-like authority.

주요 예문 (6)

1

O relatório precisa ser enviado até às cinco horas.

보고서는 5시까지 전송되어야 합니다.

포르투갈어 수동 부정사 만들기 (ser + particípio)
2

As encomendas esperam ser entregues hoje.

택배들이 오늘 배송되기를 기다리고 있어요.

포르투갈어 수동 부정사 만들기 (ser + particípio)
3

`Vende-se` este carro semi-novo.

이 준신차를 판매합니다.

'SE' 수동태: 전문적인 포르투갈어 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
4

`Alugam-se` quartos para estudantes.

학생용 방 임대합니다.

'SE' 수동태: 전문적인 포르투갈어 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
5

Chegou finalmente a encomenda que eu esperava!

드디어 내가 기다리던 택배가 왔어!

어순: 주어-동사 도치 (Inversão do Sujeito)
6

Onde estão os meus óculos?

내 안경 어디 있지?

어순: 주어-동사 도치 (Inversão do Sujeito)

팁과 요령 (4)

⚠️

성수 일치는 절대 법칙!

과거분사는 여기서 형용사처럼 작동한다는 걸 잊지 마세요. 대상이 여성이거나 복수라면 끝글자를 꼭 맞춰줘야 해요!
A lição deve ser lida com muita atenção.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 포르투갈어 수동 부정사 만들기 (ser + particípio)
🎯

복수형 테스트

'~들이 되고 있다'라고 해석된다면 동사도 무조건 복수형으로 써야 해요. 예를 들어 Vendem-se casas는 '집들이 팔리고 있다'는 뜻이죠.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'SE' 수동태: 전문적인 포르투갈어 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
🎯

'De' 탐지기를 가동하세요!

동사 바로 뒤에 전치사 de가 보인다면 뇌가 '무조건 단수!'라고 외쳐야 해요. 복수형으로 쓰는 건 문법적으로 불가능하답니다: Precisa-se de ajuda.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비인칭 Se (공식 용법)
🎯

발견의 묘미를 살려보세요

장소를 먼저 말하고 주인공을 나중에 등장시키면 듣는 사람의 궁금증을 자극할 수 있어요:
Ali está a encomenda.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 어순: 주어-동사 도치 (Inversão do Sujeito)

핵심 어휘 (5)

Voz Passiva Passive Voice Sintética Synthetic Inversão Inversion Infinitivo Infinitive Indeterminado Indeterminate

Real-World Preview

presentation

Boardroom Presentation

Review Summary

  • Ser + Particípio
  • Verbo + se + sujeito
  • Verbo (3ª pessoa singular) + se
  • Verbo + Sujeito
  • Infinitivo + -es (para eles)
  • Sem + Infinitivo

자주 하는 실수

In synthetic passive voice, the verb must agree with the subject (casas).

Wrong: Vende-se casas.
정답: Vendem-se casas.

After a preposition, use the oblique pronoun 'mim', not the subject pronoun 'eu'.

Wrong: O relatório foi feito por eu.
정답: O relatório foi feito por mim.

The personal infinitive must show agreement with the subject 'eles'.

Wrong: Para eles fazer o trabalho.
정답: Para eles fazerem o trabalho.

이 챕터의 규칙 (6)

Next Steps

You've reached a major milestone! Your writing now carries the weight of a seasoned professional. Keep practicing these structures in your daily emails and presentations.

Rewrite a news article snippet using passive voice.

빠른 연습 (10)

격식 있는 표현이 되도록 단어를 나열하세요.

다음 단어들을 조합하세요: (fumar, se, permite, Não, aqui)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Não se permite fumar aqui
부정어 'Não'은 대명사 'se'를 동사 앞으로 끌어당기는 성질(Proclisis)이 있습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비인칭 Se (공식 용법)

개인 부정사의 올바른 형태로 빈칸을 채우세요.

Trouxe estes livros para vocês ___ (ler) durante as férias.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: lerem
주어가 'vocês'(복수)이므로, 부정사 'ler'에 '-em' 어미를 붙여야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있고 문학적인 인칭 부정사: 고급 포르투갈어의 핵심 (Infinitivo Pessoal)

수일치 오류를 찾아 수정하세요.

Vendem-se carro usado em bom estado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vende-se carro usado em bom estado.
'carro'가 단수이므로 수동의 의미를 가진 동사도 단수형인 'Vende-se'가 되어야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비인칭 Se (공식 용법)

다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 바르게 고친 것을 고르세요.

Não se fazem-se omeletes sem quebrar ovos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Não se fazem omeletes sem quebrar ovos.
부정어 'não'은 se를 동사 앞으로 끌어당기는 자석 역할을 합니다. se를 중복해서 쓰면 안 돼요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'SE' 수동태: 전문적인 포르투갈어 (Voz Passiva Sintética)

가장 자연스러운 포르투갈어 표현을 선택하세요.

다음의 가장 좋은 번역을 선택하세요: 'Without them knowing.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sem eles saberem.
'Sem eles saber'는 일치가 부족해요(문법 오류). 'Sem que eles sabem'은 잘못된 법(직설법 대신 접속법 사용)이에요. 'Sem eles saberem'이 올바른 개인 부정사입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 남들 모르게 행동하기: 'Sem'과 인칭 부정사

일치 오류를 수정하세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela saiu sem tu ver.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela saiu sem tu veres.
주어가 'tu'일 때, 개인 부정사는 '-es' 어미를 추가해야 합니다: 'veres'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 남들 모르게 행동하기: 'Sem'과 인칭 부정사

문장에서 실수를 찾아 수정하세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

O gerente saiu sem eles saber.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O gerente saiu sem eles saberem.
주어 'eles'에는 부정사 'saber'에 복수 어미 '-em'이 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있고 문학적인 인칭 부정사: 고급 포르투갈어의 핵심 (Infinitivo Pessoal)

문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고쳐보세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Eles saíram da sala para não ser ouvidos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eles saíram da sala para não serem ouvidos.
주어가 구체적인 복수(Eles)일 때는 인칭 부정사 'serem'을 사용하는 것이 C1 수준의 정확한 표현이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 포르투갈어 수동 부정사 만들기 (ser + particípio)

도치된 문장에서 주어와 동사의 수 일치 오류를 찾아 고쳐보세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Surgiu vários problemas durante a viagem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Surgiram vários problemas durante a viagem.
주어 'vários problemas'가 복수이므로, 비록 앞에 있더라도 동사 'surgir'는 복수형인 'Surgiram'이 되어야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 어순: 주어-동사 도치 (Inversão do Sujeito)

격식 있는 가정법 문장에 알맞은 동사 형태를 채워 넣으세요.

___ eu você, estudaria mais para o exame.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Fosse
포르투갈어에서 '내가 당신이라면'을 격식 있게 표현할 때 'se'를 생략하고 'Fosse'를 문장 맨 앞에 둡니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 어순: 주어-동사 도치 (Inversão do Sujeito)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

'ser' 동사의 원형과 과거분사를 합쳐서 만드는 구조예요. 주어가 행동을 하는 게 아니라 '받는' 상태임을 나타내죠. 예: ser amado (사랑받는 것).
문장의 주어가 복수이고, 그 주어가 누구인지 구체적일 때 인칭 부정사 'serem'을 써요. 예:
Eles trabalham para serem promovidos.
동사 뒤에 대명사 se를 붙여서 만드는 수동태예요. 행위자보다는 행동의 대상이 되는 사물에 집중할 때 사용하죠: Vende-se casa.
일반 수동태는 'ser + 과거분사'를 써서
A casa foi vendida
라고 하지만, 합성 수동태는 Vende-se a casa처럼 훨씬 짧고 간결해요.
둘 다 가능해요! 하지만 'Diz-se'는 훨씬 추상적이고 객관적인 느낌을 줘요.
Diz-se que o café faz bem
이라고 하면 특정 사람들보다 '세간의 전언'이라는 권위가 실리거든요.
네, 표지판이나 공식 문서에서는요. 하지만 브라질 구어체에서는 그냥 Vende casas라고 하거나
Casas são vendidas
라고 편하게 말하는 경우가 많아요.