C1 · 上級 チャプター 13

Professional Phrasing: Passive Voice and Inversion

6 トータルルール
60 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your professional Portuguese through sophisticated passive constructions and elegant stylistic inversions.

  • Master passive structures to shift focus onto the action.
  • Apply the 'Se' particle for objective, professional communication.
  • Utilize inversion and the personal infinitive for literary precision.
Master the art of professional, polished, and powerful Portuguese.

学べること

Ready to elevate your Portuguese to truly professional heights? This Advanced (C1) chapter is your deep dive into the subtle yet powerful structures that set native-like fluency apart. We’re moving beyond basic grammar to master the elegant nuances of formal expression. You'll conquer the passive voice in its various forms, starting with the classic 'ser + particípio' to precisely shift focus to the action's recipient, ensuring perfect gender and number agreement. Then, discover the sophisticated 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), a cornerstone of professional Portuguese that lets you talk about actions without explicitly naming the doer, making your communication objective and refined. We'll also untangle the 'Impersonal Se,' understanding how prepositions and direct objects dictate verb agreement. Beyond passives, you'll unlock the art of Subject-Verb Inversion (Inversão do Sujeito), a stylistic tool for emphasizing information and adding a beautiful rhythmic flow to your writing and speech. And for that touch of literary grace, we'll explore the Personal Infinitive—both its formal and 'without' (com 'sem') applications—allowing you to express complex ideas concisely and elegantly, especially when a different subject is implied. Imagine confidently drafting a formal report, delivering a polished presentation, or engaging in a high-level discussion in Portuguese. These structures are your key to sounding authoritative, educated, and truly articulate. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be grammatically correct; you'll be stylistically impeccable, capable of expressing intricate thoughts with the sophistication and objectivity expected at a C1 level. Prepare to impress!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Transform active sentences into professional passive voice constructions.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to an advanced exploration of Portuguese grammar, designed to elevate your linguistic prowess to a truly professional C1 level. This chapter is your key to unlocking the subtle yet powerful structures that distinguish native-like fluency. We're moving beyond basic sentence construction to master the elegant nuances of formal expression, crucial for anyone aiming for C1 Portuguese.
You'll conquer the passive voice in its various forms, from the classic ser + particípio which precisely shifts focus to the action's recipient, to the sophisticated 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), a cornerstone of professional Portuguese that allows for objective and refined communication by omitting the agent.
Beyond passives, we'll delve into the art of Subject-Verb Inversion (Inversão do Sujeito), a stylistic tool for emphasis and rhythmic flow, vital for advanced writing and speech. And for that touch of literary grace, you'll master the Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) – both its formal application and its use with 'sem' – enabling you to express complex ideas concisely and elegantly, especially when a different subject is implied. Imagine confidently drafting a formal report, delivering a polished presentation, or engaging in a high-level discussion in Portuguese.
These structures are your gateway to sounding authoritative, educated, and truly articulate. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be grammatically correct; you'll be stylistically impeccable, capable of expressing intricate thoughts with the sophistication expected at a C1 level.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces you to the sophisticated tools that shape formal and professional Portuguese grammar. We begin with the Passive Infinitive, formed by ser + particípio (to be + past participle). This structure is essential for expressing necessity, obligation, or possibility in a passive sense, ensuring the participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.
For example:
A decisão deve ser tomada imediatamente.
(The decision must be taken immediately.)
Next, we tackle the 'SE' Passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), a hallmark of professional Portuguese. It's used with transitive verbs to avoid specifying the agent, making statements more objective. The verb agrees with the grammatical subject.
For instance:
Vendem-se apartamentos aqui.
(Apartments are sold here.) If the subject is singular:
Aluga-se quarto.
(A room is rented.) Closely related but distinct is the Impersonal Se. This 'se' is used with intransitive verbs or verbs requiring a preposition, and the verb *always* remains in the third person singular. It refers to an unspecified one or people in general. Example:
Trabalha-se muito neste escritório.
(One works a lot in this office.) or
Precisa-se de voluntários.
(Volunteers are needed.)
Subject-Verb Inversion (Inversão do Sujeito) is a stylistic device where the subject appears after the verb, often for emphasis or to create a more formal tone. Instead of O presidente chegou, (The president arrived.) you might hear:
Chegou o presidente.
(Arrived the president / The president arrived.) Finally, the Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) is crucial when the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the main verb's subject. It's conjugated according to its subject.
For example:
É importante nós estudarmos.
(It's important for us to study.) We also explore its use with 'sem' to express an action not performed by the implied subject:
Ele saiu sem nós vermos.
(He left without us seeing.) mastering these forms is vital for C1 Portuguese.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Vende-se casas nesta rua.
✓ Correct:
Vendem-se casas nesta rua.
(Houses are sold on this street.)
*Explanation:* With the 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), the verb must agree with the grammatical subject. Casas is plural, so the verb vender must be plural: vendem.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    É fundamental para nós estudar mais.
✓ Correct:
É fundamental para nós estudarmos mais.
(It is fundamental for us to study more.)
*Explanation:* When the subject of the infinitive (nós) is different from the main clause's subject (it/é), the Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) must be conjugated to agree with its subject.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Precisa-se de novos funcionários.
✓ Correct:
Precisa-se de novos funcionários.
(New employees are needed.)
*Explanation:* The Impersonal Se used with verbs that take a preposition (like precisar de) *always* remains in the third person singular, regardless of the number of the object.

Real Conversations

A

A

A proposta deve ser analisada com urgência. (The proposal must be analyzed urgently.)
B

B

Sim, discutiu-se o assunto na reunião de ontem e espera-se uma decisão em breve. (Yes, the matter was discussed at yesterday's meeting and a decision is expected soon.)
A

A

É essencial vocês entenderem a importância deste projeto. (It's essential for you all to understand the importance of this project.)
B

B

Sem nós compreendermos os detalhes, será difícil avançar. (Without us understanding the details, it will be difficult to move forward.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between the 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética) and the Impersonal Se in C1 Portuguese grammar?

The 'se' passive is used with transitive verbs, and the verb agrees with the direct object (which becomes the grammatical subject). The Impersonal Se is used with intransitive verbs or verbs followed by a preposition, and the verb *always* remains in the third person singular.

Q

How does Subject-Verb Inversion (Inversão do Sujeito) change the emphasis in a sentence?

Inversion often places emphasis on the verb or the action itself, or on the element that comes *after* the verb. It can make a statement sound more formal or dramatic, a key feature of advanced Portuguese.

Q

When is the Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) typically used in formal writing?

It's used when the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the subject of the main verb, especially after prepositions or certain impersonal expressions (e.g., É importante...). It adds precision and elegance, vital for C1 Portuguese.

Cultural Context

In Portuguese-speaking cultures, particularly in formal, academic, or journalistic contexts, the passive voice, especially the 'se' passive (Voz Passiva Sintética), is highly valued for its objectivity and conciseness. It's common to see headlines like
Proíbe-se fumar
(Smoking is prohibited) or in official reports. Subject-Verb Inversion and the Personal Infinitive are also markers of educated speech and writing, adding a layer of sophistication.
While less common in very casual spoken Portuguese, mastering these structures is crucial for anyone aiming for C1 Portuguese and beyond, allowing you to navigate complex professional and intellectual discourse with native-like authority.

重要な例文 (8)

1

O relatório precisa ser enviado até às cinco horas.

レポートは5時までに送られる必要があります。

ポルトガル語の受身不定詞の作り方 (ser + particípio)
2

As encomendas esperam ser entregues hoje.

荷物は今日配達されるのを待っています。

ポルトガル語の受身不定詞の作り方 (ser + particípio)
3

`Vende-se` este carro semi-novo.

This slightly used car is for sale.

代名動詞受身 'SE'：プロフェッショナルなポルトガル語 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
4

`Alugam-se` quartos para estudantes.

Rooms are for rent for students.

代名動詞受身 'SE'：プロフェッショナルなポルトガル語 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
5

Vendem-se móveis antigos de escritório.

アンティークのオフィス家具が売りに出されています。

非人称のSe（フォーマルな用法）
6

Precisa-se de programadores experientes.

経験豊富なプログラマーが募集されています。

非人称のSe（フォーマルな用法）
7

Chegou finalmente a encomenda que eu esperava!

ついに、待っていた荷物が届いた！

語順：主語と動詞の倒置 (Inversão do Sujeito)
8

Onde estão os meus óculos?

私のメガネはどこにあるの？

語順：主語と動詞の倒置 (Inversão do Sujeito)

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

一致が命！

過去分詞は形容詞のように振る舞うことを忘れないでください。対象が女性名詞や複数形なら、語尾を必ず変えましょう。
A foto deve ser tirada.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の受身不定詞の作り方 (ser + particípio)
💡

Check the object

Always look at the noun after the verb. If it's plural, your verb must be plural.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 代名動詞受身 'SE'：プロフェッショナルなポルトガル語 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
🎯

「De」検出器を起動せよ

動詞のすぐ後に前置詞 de が見えたら、脳内で「単数形限定！」とアラートを鳴らしてください。
Precisa-se de ajuda imediatamente.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 非人称のSe（フォーマルな用法）
🎯

「発見」の効果を狙おう

風景を描写するとき、場所の後に動詞を置いて、最後に主語を出すと聞き手に驚きを与えられます。
Lá no fundo do corredor ficava o meu escritório.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 語順：主語と動詞の倒置 (Inversão do Sujeito)

重要な語彙 (5)

Voz Passiva Passive Voice Sintética Synthetic Inversão Inversion Infinitivo Infinitive Indeterminado Indeterminate

Real-World Preview

presentation

Boardroom Presentation

Review Summary

  • Ser + Particípio
  • Verbo + se + sujeito
  • Verbo (3ª pessoa singular) + se
  • Verbo + Sujeito
  • Infinitivo + -es (para eles)
  • Sem + Infinitivo

よくある間違い

In synthetic passive voice, the verb must agree with the subject (casas).

Wrong: Vende-se casas.
正解: Vendem-se casas.

After a preposition, use the oblique pronoun 'mim', not the subject pronoun 'eu'.

Wrong: O relatório foi feito por eu.
正解: O relatório foi feito por mim.

The personal infinitive must show agreement with the subject 'eles'.

Wrong: Para eles fazer o trabalho.
正解: Para eles fazerem o trabalho.

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

ポルトガル語の受身不定詞の作り方 (ser + particípio)

C1
動作を受ける側にスポットを当てて、「性・数の一致」を完璧にするのがポイントです。 ser + particípio や concordância、そして上級者なら infinitivo pessoal を使いこなしましょう！
O relatório precisa ser enviado até às cinco horas...
10 例文
2

代名動詞受身 'SE'：プロフェッショナルなポルトガル語 (Voz Passiva Sintética)

C1
The Synthetic Passive makes you sound professional by focusing on the object, provided your verb agrees with the subject.
`Vende-se` este carro semi-novo.
10 例文
3

非人称のSe（フォーマルな用法）

C1
前置詞があれば「単数固定」、目的語があれば「数の一致」を意識しましょう。Precisa-se de や Alugam-se が鍵です。
Vendem-se móveis antigos de escritório.
10 例文
4

語順：主語と動詞の倒置 (Inversão do Sujeito)

C1
倒置を使いこなして、文章にリズムと洗練された響きを加えましょう。 Chegou! や Existem、 Alugam-se が魔法のキーワードです。
Chegou finalmente a encomenda que eu esperava!
10 例文
5

フォーマル・文学的な人称不定詞：洗練されたポルトガル語のために (Infinitivo Pessoal)

C1
主語を明確にしながら、文章を短くエレガントにまとめる魔法のツールです。 Infinitivo Pessoal を使いこなせば、ネイティブのような洗練された響きになります。
Para eles compreenderem a proposta, precisamos de...
10 例文
6

他人に知られずに何かをする：Sem + 人称不定詞

C1
「誰かが〜することなく」と主語を明確にしたい時は、不定詞に人称の語尾をプラスして sem とセットで使いましょう。 sem «人称不定詞» «主語の明示»
Ele entrou na sala sem nós notarmos.
10 例文

Next Steps

You've reached a major milestone! Your writing now carries the weight of a seasoned professional. Keep practicing these structures in your daily emails and presentations.

Rewrite a news article snippet using passive voice.

Continue to: Logical Flow: Explaining Why and How

クイック練習 (10)

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Eles saíram da sala para não ser ouvidos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eles saíram da sala para não serem ouvidos.
主語が特定の複数（Eles）の場合、C1レベルでは人称不定詞 'serem' を使うのが文法的に正しく、明確です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の受身不定詞の作り方 (ser + particípio)

正しい `ser` + 過去分詞の形を埋めてください。一致に注意しましょう。

As {janelas|feminine} precisam ___ (limpar).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ser limpas
名詞 'as janelas' は女性複数形なので、過去分詞も 'limpas' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の受身不定詞の作り方 (ser + particípio)

一致の誤りを見つけて修正してください

Find and fix the mistake:

Vendem-se carro usado em bom estado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vende-se carro usado em bom estado.
'carro' は単数形なので、受動態の動詞も単数形の 'Vende-se' にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 非人称のSe（フォーマルな用法）

フォーマルな文脈で最も正しい文を選んでください。

Choose the grammatically correct sentence for a formal context:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: É necessário nós partirmos imediatamente.
非人称表現の後に具体的な主語 'nós' が続く場合、人称不定詞 'partirmos' を使うのが最もエレガントです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマル・文学的な人称不定詞：洗練されたポルトガル語のために (Infinitivo Pessoal)

Fix the error.

Find and fix the mistake:

Vende-se sapatos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem-se sapatos
Plural agreement.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 代名動詞受身 'SE'：プロフェッショナルなポルトガル語 (Voz Passiva Sintética)

適切な人称不定詞の形を空欄に入れてください。

Trouxe estes livros para vocês ___ (ler) durante as férias.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: lerem
主語が 'vocês'（複数）なので、不定詞に '-em' を付ける必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマル・文学的な人称不定詞：洗練されたポルトガル語のために (Infinitivo Pessoal)

nós に合わせて動詞を正しく活用させてください。

Não podemos começar a reunião sem nós ___ (chegar).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: chegarmos
前置詞 'sem' の後で主語が 'nós' なので、不定詞の語幹に -mos をつけた人称不定詞を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 他人に知られずに何かをする：Sem + 人称不定詞

Fill in the correct verb form.

___-se casas aqui. (vender)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem
Casas is plural.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 代名動詞受身 'SE'：プロフェッショナルなポルトガル語 (Voz Passiva Sintética)

一致の誤りを修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela saiu sem tu ver.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela saiu sem tu veres.
主語が tu の場合、人称不定詞には必ず -es という語尾をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 他人に知られずに何かをする：Sem + 人称不定詞

最も自然なポルトガル語の表現を選んでください。

「彼らが知らないうちに」の正しい訳は？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sem eles saberem.
主語が eles なので語尾 -em が必要です。 'sem que' を使うなら接続法にする必要がありますが、この選択肢は直説法なので間違いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 他人に知られずに何かをする：Sem + 人称不定詞

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

動詞 ser の不定詞形と過去分詞を組み合わせたものです。主語が動作を行うのではなく、受けることを示します。例えば ser amado（愛されること）などです。
不定詞の主語が複数で、それを特定したい「人称不定詞」として使う場合です。
Eles trabalham para serem promovidos.
（彼らは昇進するために働いています）のように使います。
No, only with transitive verbs (VTD).
Because 'precisar' is an intransitive/prepositional verb, making it an impersonal construction.
どちらも正解です！ただ 'Diz-se' の方が抽象的で、「〜との噂だ」や「一般に言われている」という権威ある響きになります。
Diz-se que ele é rico.
はい、看板や正式な文書では使われます。ただ、ブラジルの日常会話では文法的に崩れた Vende casas と言う人が多いのも事実です。
Vende-se esta casa antiga.
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Logical Flow: Explaining Why and How
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