C1 Sentence Structure 8 min read ふつう

代名動詞受身 'SE':プロフェッショナルなポルトガル語 (Voz Passiva Sintética)

The Synthetic Passive makes you sound professional by focusing on the object, provided your verb agrees with the subject.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'se' with a transitive verb to create a passive voice where the object becomes the grammatical subject.

  • The verb must agree with the patient (the thing being acted upon): 'Vendem-se casas'.
  • Only transitive verbs (VTD) can form this passive: 'Alugam-se apartamentos'.
  • If the subject is singular, the verb is singular: 'Vende-se uma casa'.
Object + Verb (agreed) + se

Overview

### Overview
ポルトガル語を学習する上で、C1レベルを目指すあなたが避けて通れないのが「Voz Passiva Sintética(合成受動態)」、別名「Passiva Pronominal」です。街中で見かける「Vende-se(売出中)」や「Alugam-se apartamentos(アパート貸し出し中)」という表現は、まさにこの文法が使われています。日本語の受動態(「~される」)と機能は似ていますが、ポルトガル語のこの形式は、単なる受動態以上の「プロフェッショナルな響き」を持っています。日本語では「誰が」を省略する場合、単に主語を落とすか、「~ということが決定された」のように「こと」という形式名詞を使いますが、ポルトガル語では動詞に se を付加することで、行為の対象を主語に据え、スマートに表現します。
この文法が重要な理由は、ビジネスや公的な文書において、主語を曖昧に、かつ客観的に見せることができるからです。日本語の「~が売られている」という状態描写に近いですが、ポルトガル語では動詞と主語の「数の一致」という非常に厳格なルールが存在します。多くの学習者がこの「数の一致」で躓きます。なぜなら、日本語の述語には「数(単数・複数)」という概念が文法的に存在しないからです。日本語の「売られている」は、対象が一つでも複数でも形は変わりませんが、ポルトガル語では動詞の形を変化させなければなりません。この違いを意識することが、C1レベルへの登竜門となります。
### How This Grammar Works
Voz Passiva Sintéticaの仕組みを理解するには、まず「再帰代名詞 se」が「受動態のマーカー」として機能していると考える必要があります。日本語の文法で最も近い概念は「受身」ですが、ポルトガル語のこの形式は、英語の The book was written に相当する O livro foi escrito(分析的受動態)よりも、より簡潔で「状態」に焦点を当てた表現です。
日本語の「自動詞的表現」と比較してみましょう。日本語では「窓が開いた(窓が自動的に開いた)」と「窓が開けられた(誰かによって)」を使い分けますが、ポルトガル語の合成受動態は、後者の「誰かによって」というニュアンスを内包しつつ、行為者(エージェント)を完全に消去します。重要なのは、se がついた動詞の後の名詞が「目的語」ではなく「主語」として扱われる点です。日本語の「~を売る」という他動詞的思考が残っていると、Vende-se casas(家を売る)のように誤解してしまいますが、正しくは Vendem-se casas(家々が売られる)となります。ここでの casas は文法上の「主語」です。日本語の「~が(主格)」と「~を(対格)」の助詞の違いを、ポルトガル語では動詞の語尾の変化で表現していると考えると理解しやすいでしょう。
| 日本語の構造 | ポルトガル語の構造 | 比較のポイント |
|---|---|---|
| 本が売られている | Vende-se o livro | 動詞と主語の単複一致 |
| 本々が売られている | Vendem-se os livros | 複数形への動詞変化 |
### Formation Pattern
合成受動態を作る際は、以下のステップに従います。まず、他動詞(直接目的語をとる動詞)を用意します。次に、その動詞を三人称(単数または複数)に活用させます。最後に se をハイフンで結合します。否定語(não, nuncaなど)がある場合は、se が動詞の前に移動する「磁石の法則(Próclise)」が働きます。
| 文の構成 | 例文 | 備考 |
|---|---|---|
| 基本形 | Vende-se a casa | 単数主語 |
| 複数形 | Vendem-se as casas | 複数主語 |
| 否定形 | Não se vende a casa | 否定語による位置移動 |
| 完了形 | Têm-se feito melhorias | 補助動詞との連動 |
このパターンは、特に「広告」や「公的通知」で頻繁に使われます。例えば、不動産屋の看板で Aluga-se casa とあれば「一軒家貸し出し中」という意味ですが、Alugam-se casas となれば複数の物件が対象となります。日本語では「家貸し出し中」と書けば単複どちらもカバーできますが、ポルトガル語ではこの「数の一致」を無視すると、ネイティブには非常に不自然に聞こえます。
### When To Use It
この表現は、主語を特定したくない、あるいは主語が重要ではない場面で多用されます。例えば、ニュースの見出し、会社の公式発表、あるいはフォーマルなメールの文末などで、「~が検討されている」「~が承認された」と述べたい時に最適です。
  1. 1広告・掲示板: Vende-se este carro.(この車、売ります。)
  2. 2ニュース・報告書: Anunciaram-se as novas medidas.(新しい措置が発表された。)
  3. 3抽象的な一般論: Diz-se que o projeto será adiado.(そのプロジェクトは延期されると言われている。)
日本語の「~と言われている」という伝聞表現は、ポルトガル語の Diz-se と非常に相性が良いです。また、ビジネスシーンで「この問題は解決されました」と言いたい時、Resolveu-se este problema と言うことで、誰が解決したかは言わずに、解決という事実だけを強調できます。これは日本語の「解決済みです」という、主体を伏せる感覚と非常に似ており、日本人学習者にとって使い勝手の良い表現です。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1数の一致の無視: 日本人学習者が最も犯しやすいミスです。Aluga-se apartamentos と書いてしまうケースです。日本語では「アパートを貸す」という目的語の感覚が強いため、apartamentos を目的語と誤認してしまいます。正しくは Alugam-se apartamentos です。
  2. 2自動詞への適用: Chega-se cedo(早く着く)のように、自動詞に対してこの構文を使うのは誤りです。合成受動態は「他動詞」にしか適用できません。これは日本語の「~が着く」という自動詞の感覚が強いため、受動態に変換しようとして混乱が生じるためです。
  3. 3否定語の配置ミス: Não vende-se と書いてしまうミス。日本語の「~しない」という否定の感覚が動詞の直前に働くため、se を動詞の後ろに残してしまいます。しかし、não は強力な磁石であり、se を動詞の前に引き寄せます。Não se vende が正解です。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
合成受動態と混同しやすいのが「不定人称主語(Sujeito Indeterminado)」です。これは se を使いつつも、動詞は常に三人称単数で固定される形式です。これには「前置詞を伴う動詞」が使われます。
| 比較項目 | 合成受動態 | 不定人称主語 |
|---|---|---|
| 動詞の種類 | 他動詞 (直接目的語) | 自動詞・前置詞付き動詞 |
| 数の一致 | 主語と動詞が一致する | 常に単数 |
| 例文 | Vendem-se casas | Trata-se de problemas |
Tratam-se de problemas と言ってしまうと、problemas が主語であると誤解されますが、tratarde を伴うため受動態にはなりません。常に Trata-se de... と単数で固定するのが正解です。この違いは日本語にはないため、動詞が前置詞を必要とするかどうかを辞書で確認する癖をつけることが、C1レベルへの鍵です。
### Quick FAQ
Q: Vende-seVendem-se、どちらを使うべきですか?
A: 後続の名詞(主語)が単数なら Vende-se、複数なら Vendem-se です。常に名詞の数を確認してください。
Q: なぜ foi vendido ではなく vendeu-se を使うのですか?
A: foi vendido は特定の行為者に焦点が当たりがちですが、vendeu-se は「売られた」という事実や状態に焦点を当て、より客観的で簡潔な響きを与えます。
Q: 未来形でも使えますか?
A: はい。Vender-se-á a casa となりますが、これは非常に硬い文語表現です。日常会話では Vai-se vender a casa と補助動詞を使うのが一般的です。
Q: この構文は話し言葉でも使いますか?
A: ブラジルでは口語で Se vende casase を前に置く傾向がありますが、フォーマルな場や試験では、ポルトガル同様に Vende-se とハイフンで繋ぐのが正統派です。

Passive 'Se' Agreement

Object Number Verb Person Example Translation
Singular
3rd Person Singular
Vende-se a casa
The house is sold
Plural
3rd Person Plural
Vendem-se as casas
The houses are sold
Singular
3rd Person Singular
Aluga-se o carro
The car is rented
Plural
3rd Person Plural
Alugam-se os carros
The cars are rented

Meanings

A construction used to express passive voice without mentioning the agent, focusing entirely on the action or the object.

1

Passive voice

The object of the action becomes the subject of the sentence.

“Vendem-se flores.”

“Alugam-se quartos.”

2

Impersonal passive

Used with intransitive or prepositional verbs where the subject is indeterminate.

“Vive-se bem aqui.”

“Precisa-se de funcionários.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 代名動詞受身 'SE':プロフェッショナルなポルトガル語 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Verb + se + Object
Vendem-se livros
Negative
Não + se + Verb + Object
Não se vendem livros
Interrogative
Verb + se + Object?
Vendem-se livros?
Impersonal
Verb (3rd sing) + se + Prep
Precisa-se de ajuda
Past Tense
Verb (past) + se + Object
Venderam-se os livros
Future Tense
Verb (future) + se + Object
Vender-se-ão os livros

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Vende-se esta residência.

Vende-se esta residência. (Real estate)

ニュートラル
Vende-se esta casa.

Vende-se esta casa. (Real estate)

カジュアル
Tô vendendo a casa.

Tô vendendo a casa. (Real estate)

スラング
Passando a casa pra frente.

Passando a casa pra frente. (Real estate)

Passive 'Se' Logic

Voz Passiva Sintética

Agreement

  • Singular Singular verb
  • Plural Plural verb

Constraint

  • Transitive Must be VTD

レベル別の例文

1

Aluga-se casa.

House for rent.

2

Vende-se carro.

Car for sale.

3

Conserta-se sapato.

Shoes repaired.

4

Faz-se chave.

Keys made.

1

Vendem-se casas aqui.

Houses are sold here.

2

Não se vendem ingressos.

Tickets are not sold.

3

Aceitam-se cartões.

Cards are accepted.

4

Procura-se funcionário.

Employee wanted.

1

Discutiram-se os problemas.

The problems were discussed.

2

Publicaram-se os resultados.

The results were published.

3

Fizeram-se alterações no plano.

Changes were made to the plan.

4

Notaram-se erros no relatório.

Errors were noted in the report.

1

Observaram-se mudanças climáticas.

Climate changes were observed.

2

Comentaram-se as novas leis.

The new laws were commented on.

3

Aprovaram-se as medidas de segurança.

The safety measures were approved.

4

Anunciaram-se novas vagas.

New positions were announced.

1

Constataram-se irregularidades no processo.

Irregularities were found in the process.

2

Reivindicaram-se direitos fundamentais.

Fundamental rights were claimed.

3

Identificaram-se falhas estruturais.

Structural flaws were identified.

4

Implementaram-se estratégias de mitigação.

Mitigation strategies were implemented.

1

Depreenderam-se conclusões lógicas do estudo.

Logical conclusions were inferred from the study.

2

Ratificaram-se os tratados internacionais.

The international treaties were ratified.

3

Submeteram-se as propostas à análise.

The proposals were submitted for analysis.

4

Divulgaram-se os dados preliminares.

The preliminary data were released.

間違えやすい

The 'SE' Passive: Professional Portuguese (Voz Passiva Sintética) Reflexive Se

Learners confuse the passive 'se' (things done to objects) with reflexive 'se' (people doing things to themselves).

The 'SE' Passive: Professional Portuguese (Voz Passiva Sintética) Impersonal Se

Learners try to pluralize the verb in impersonal constructions.

The 'SE' Passive: Professional Portuguese (Voz Passiva Sintética) Analytical Passive

Learners mix up 'ser + participle' with 'se + verb'.

よくある間違い

Vende-se casas

Vendem-se casas

The verb must agree with the plural object.

Alugam-se casa

Aluga-se casa

Verb must match singular object.

Se vende casas

Vendem-se casas

Particle placement is usually post-verb in formal writing.

Precisa-se de funcionários

Precisam-se de funcionários

Wait, this is actually wrong! 'Precisa-se' is correct because it's impersonal.

Faz-se bolos

Fazem-se bolos

Plural object requires plural verb.

Não vendem-se casas

Não se vendem casas

Negative particle pulls 'se' to the front.

Consertam-se sapato

Conserta-se sapato

Singular object.

Acredita-se em milagres

Acredita-se em milagres

Correct, but learners often try to pluralize.

Alugam-se apartamentos

Alugam-se apartamentos

Correct, but learners often forget the 'se'.

Vende-se os carros

Vendem-se os carros

Agreement error.

Submeteu-se as propostas

Submeteram-se as propostas

Agreement error with complex subjects.

Identificou-se falhas

Identificaram-se falhas

Agreement error.

Constatou-se irregularidades

Constataram-se irregularidades

Agreement error.

Ratificou-se os tratados

Ratificaram-se os tratados

Agreement error.

文型パターン

___-se ___.

___-se ___ aqui.

Não se ___ ___.

___-se ___ no relatório.

Real World Usage

Real estate signs constant

Aluga-se apartamento.

Job postings very common

Procura-se gerente.

News headlines common

Anunciam-se novas medidas.

Shop signs common

Consertam-se relógios.

Academic papers common

Observaram-se resultados positivos.

Social media (formal) occasional

Aceitam-se encomendas.

💡

Check the object

Always look at the noun after the verb. If it's plural, your verb must be plural.
⚠️

Don't use with VTI

If the verb needs a preposition (like 'precisar de'), do not pluralize the verb.
🎯

Use for professional tone

This construction makes your writing sound much more objective and professional.
💬

Regional variation

In Brazil, spoken language often prefers 'a gente' or active voice, so save this for writing.

Smart Tips

Always check the number of the object.

Vende-se casas Vendem-se casas

Never pluralize the verb.

Precisam-se de funcionários Precisa-se de funcionários

Use the passive 'se' to sound objective.

Nós vimos erros Viram-se erros

If you are unsure, use the analytical passive.

Vende-se casas As casas são vendidas

発音

si

The 'se' particle

Pronounced as /si/ in Brazil and /sɨ/ in Portugal.

Falling intonation

Vende-se a casa ↘

Statement of fact.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'se' as a mirror: it reflects the object back onto the verb.

視覚的連想

Imagine a shop window with a sign that changes size. If one item is inside, the sign is small (singular). If many items are inside, the sign grows (plural).

Rhyme

Se o objeto é plural, o verbo deve acompanhar, se é singular, o verbo não vai mudar.

Story

A shopkeeper is very precise. He counts his items every morning. If he has one chair, he writes 'Vende-se cadeira'. If he has ten, he quickly adds an 'm' to the verb: 'Vendem-se cadeiras'. He never makes a mistake because he loves order.

Word Web

Vende-seVendem-seAluga-seAlugam-sePrecisa-seFaz-se

チャレンジ

Find three signs in your city or online (e.g., 'Aluga-se', 'Vende-se') and check if the verb matches the object.

文化メモ

The synthetic passive is very common in formal writing, but in speech, people often use 'a gente' or active voice.

The synthetic passive is used more frequently in both formal and informal speech compared to Brazil.

It is the standard for official documents to maintain neutrality.

The construction derives from Latin 'se' (reflexive pronoun) which evolved to indicate passive voice in Romance languages.

会話のきっかけ

O que se vende nesta loja?

Que tipo de profissional se procura hoje em dia?

Como se resolvem conflitos no trabalho?

Quais medidas se adotaram para melhorar a economia?

日記のテーマ

Write a sign for a shop using the passive 'se'.
Describe a news event using the passive 'se'.
Write a formal report on a project.
Discuss the pros and cons of a new law.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct verb form.

___-se casas aqui. (vender)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem
Casas is plural.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Alugam-se casas
Plural agreement.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Vende-se sapatos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem-se sapatos
Plural agreement.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Eles vendem carros. -> ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem-se carros
Passive conversion.
Is this correct? True False Rule

Precisa-se de funcionários.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Impersonal construction.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: O que se faz aqui? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Fazem-se sapatos
Plural agreement.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

os / resultados / publicaram-se

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Publicaram-se os resultados
Plural agreement.
Match the sentence to its type. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1. Passive, 2. Impersonal
Passive vs Impersonal.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the correct verb form.

___-se casas aqui. (vender)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem
Casas is plural.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Alugam-se casas
Plural agreement.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Vende-se sapatos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem-se sapatos
Plural agreement.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Eles vendem carros. -> ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem-se carros
Passive conversion.
Is this correct? True False Rule

Precisa-se de funcionários.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Impersonal construction.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: O que se faz aqui? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Fazem-se sapatos
Plural agreement.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

os / resultados / publicaram-se

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Publicaram-se os resultados
Plural agreement.
Match the sentence to its type. Match Pairs

Match: 1. Vende-se casa 2. Precisa-se de ajuda

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1. Passive, 2. Impersonal
Passive vs Impersonal.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the blank. 穴埋め問題

___ (ouvir) passos no corredor ontem à noite.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ouviram-se
Which sentence is grammatically correct? 選択問題

Choose the correct option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Alugam-se apartamentos de luxo.
Fix the agreement error. Error Correction

Descobriu-se novas evidências sobre o caso.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Descobriram-se novas evidências sobre o caso.
Translate into Portuguese using the synthetic passive. 翻訳

The rules were changed.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mudaram-se as regras.
Match the verb form to the subject. Match Pairs

Match these:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Procura-se: um emprego, Procuram-se: soluções, Não se aceita: desculpa, Não se aceitam: críticas
Arrange the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ainda se alugam apartamentos
Select the formal version. 選択問題

Choose the synthetic passive:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Assinou-se o documento.
Fill in the blank. 穴埋め問題

Já ___ (divulgar) os resultados do exame.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se divulgaram
Identify the correct negative form. Error Correction

Nunca se falou-se disso aqui.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nunca se falou disso aqui.
Translate 'Coffee is served'. 翻訳

How do you say it formally?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Serve-se café.

Score: /10

よくある質問 (8)

No, only with transitive verbs (VTD).

Because 'precisar' is an intransitive/prepositional verb, making it an impersonal construction.

It is more common in writing. In speech, people often use active voice.

You usually use the analytical passive instead.

No, reflexive 'se' refers to the subject acting on itself.

Yes, 'Venderam-se casas' is perfectly fine.

Yes, it is considered a formal register.

Failing to pluralize the verb when the object is plural.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Pasiva refleja

None, it's almost identical.

French moderate

On + verb

French 'on' is always singular.

German low

Man + verb

German lacks a direct passive 'se' equivalent.

Japanese low

Passive form (reru/rareru)

Japanese uses morphology, not a particle.

Arabic low

Passive verb form

Arabic uses internal vowel changes.

Chinese low

Bei (被) structure

Chinese 'bei' marks the agent or the passive directly.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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