C1 Sentence Structure 8 min read 中等

'SE' 被动语态：专业葡萄牙语 (Voz Passiva Sintética)

这种“合成被动语态”是你进阶高级葡语的入场券。只要记住：动词必须和后面的主语“共舞”，灵活切换 Vende-se 和 Vendem-se 就能让你的表达瞬间变专业。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'se' with a transitive verb to create a passive voice where the object becomes the grammatical subject.

  • The verb must agree with the patient (the thing being acted upon): 'Vendem-se casas'.
  • Only transitive verbs (VTD) can form this passive: 'Alugam-se apartamentos'.
  • If the subject is singular, the verb is singular: 'Vende-se uma casa'.
Object + Verb (agreed) + se

Overview

Ever walked past a dusty window in Lisbon and seen a sign saying Vende-se? Or maybe you were scrolling through a Brazilian real estate app and saw Alugam-se apartamentos? If you thought the 'se' was just for reflexive actions like washing yourself, you are in for a treat.
This is the Voz Passiva Sintética. It is the secret weapon of Portuguese speakers who want to sound professional, concise, and slightly mysterious. It allows you to focus on the action or the object without mentioning who is doing the work.
Think of it as the 'professional mode' of the language. It is everywhere: in formal emails, news headlines, and those tiny 'help wanted' signs at your favorite bakery. If you want to reach C1 level, you cannot just recognize it.
You need to master the agreement rules that even native speakers trip over. It is like the difference between saying 'I am selling cars' and 'Cars for sale.' One is about you; the other is about the business.
Portuguese has two ways to build the passive voice. You likely already know the analytic version: O livro foi escrito (The book was written). That is easy because it looks like English.
But the Voz Passiva Sintética (also called Passiva Pronominal) is much more 'Portuguese.' It uses the pronoun se attached to a transitive verb. It is shorter. It is punchier.
It is perfect for when the 'who' does not matter. Use it when you want to describe a state of affairs or a service. It is the language of advertisements and formal reports.
It makes your writing look polished and academic. Just do not use it when you are gossiping with friends about who ate the last brigadeiro. That requires a more direct approach.
Unless, of course, you want to sound like a lawyer at a party. 'Consumiu-se o último brigadeiro.' Very dramatic. Very mysterious.
Very C1.

Word Order Rules

In its most basic form, the order is Verb-se + Subject. For example: Vende-se (Verb) + casa (Subject). Notice how the 'se' is glued to the back of the verb with a hyphen.
This is called enclisis. In European Portuguese, this is the standard for starting a sentence. In Brazil, you might hear people say Se vende casa in spoken language, but for your C1 exam or a formal email, stick to the hyphen.
If you have a 'magnetic' word before the verb, the se jumps to the front. These 'magnets' include negative words like não or nunca, and adverbs. So, Não se vendem casas is the correct way to say houses are not being sold.
The subject (the thing being sold, rented, or built) usually comes after the verb. However, in more literary or formal contexts, you might see Casas vendem-se. It feels a bit like a Yoda sentence, but it is grammatically sound.
Just remember: the se is the star, and it likes its position to be just right.

How This Grammar Works

The magic happens when the object of a sentence becomes the subject. Imagine the sentence: O governo aprovou a lei (The government approved the law). To turn this into the synthetic passive, we drop the government.
We take the verb aprovar, add se, and keep a lei. Result: Aprovou-se a lei (The law was approved). The most important thing to understand is that a lei is now the subject.
Why does this matter? Because of agreement! If the government approves multiple laws, you must say Aprovaram-se as leis.
This is the single biggest trap for learners. Because the subject comes *after* the verb, your brain thinks it is an object. It is not.
The verb must dance to the tune of the noun that follows it. If the noun is plural, the verb must be plural. If you miss this, you will sound like a tourist, and we are aiming for 'local expert' status here.
Think of the se as a mirror. It reflects the action back onto the thing being discussed.

Formation Pattern

1
Creating this structure follows a very logical set of steps. Follow these to avoid the common pitfalls:
2
Choose a Transitive Direct Verb. This is a verb that takes an object without a preposition (like comprar, fazer, vender).
3
Conjugate the verb in the third person (singular or plural).
4
Match the conjugation to the patient (the thing receiving the action).
5
Attach the pronoun se using a hyphen (unless a 'magnet' word is present).
6
For example, let's use enviar (to send) for 'the documents'. The documents are plural (os documentos). So, we use the third person plural of enviar: enviaram. Add the se: Enviaram-se os documentos. Easy, right? It works in any tense. Vendeu-se (past), Vender-se-á (future - though this is very formal/literary), Vende-se (present). The logic remains the same. If you are using a compound tense, the se usually hangs out with the auxiliary verb: Têm-se feito muitas críticas (Many criticisms have been made). Just don't try to use this with verbs that need a preposition like gostar de. That is a different rule called the Indeterminate Subject, and the verb *never* goes to the plural there. Keep your transitives direct, and you will be golden.

Pattern Variations

While the basic pattern is steady, life likes to throw curveballs. When you use this in different tenses, things get spicy. In the future tense, Portuguese uses something called mesoclisis in very formal writing.
You might see Vender-se-ão as casas. It looks like a typo, but it is actually the se sandwiched inside the verb. You will mostly see this in old books or legal documents.
In modern Brazilian Portuguese, this is virtually extinct in speech, but it is a fun flex for a C1 student. Another variation is the use of the se with modal verbs like poder or dever. You would say Podem-se ver as estrelas (The stars can be seen).
Notice again: estrelas is plural, so podem is plural. If you are writing a script for a Netflix show set in the 1800s, go wild with these variations. If you are texting a friend about a party, maybe stick to the simpler forms.
Even a C1 genius needs to know when to keep it casual.

Real Conversations

Let's see how this looks in the wild. Imagine you are at a business meeting in São Paulo.

D

Director

Já se decidiram as novas metas? (Have the new goals been decided yet?)
M

Manager

Sim, anunciaram-se as mudanças ontem no Slack. (Yes, the changes were announced yesterday on Slack.)

Notice how they don't say *who* decided or *who* announced. It's all about the goals and the changes. Now, imagine you are looking for an apartment in Porto.

Y

You

Vi o anúncio. Ainda se alugam aqueles quartos? (I saw the ad. Are those rooms still being rented?)
L

Landlord

Infelizmente não. Alugou-se o último esta manhã. (Unfortunately no. The last one was rented this morning.)

In both cases, the synthetic passive makes the speaker sound professional and direct. It's the language of efficiency. In a world of Zoom calls and busy schedules, who has time to mention the subject every time? Not you. You've got places to be and Portuguese to master.

Common Mistakes

The 'Agreement Monster' is the most common visitor here. Many people say Aluga-se apartamentos. Wrong! Since apartamentos is plural, it must be Alugam-se apartamentos. This is the mistake that makes Portuguese teachers cry. Another classic error is using the synthetic passive with verbs that require a preposition. You cannot say Tratam-se de problemas ❌. Because of the de, this is not a passive voice; it's an indeterminate subject. The correct form is Trata-se de problemas ✅ (always singular). Also, watch out for the 'Magnet Words.' If you say Não vendeu-se a casa, you are breaking a cardinal rule of placement. It must be Não se vendeu a casa. Negatives are powerful magnets; they always pull the se to the front. Finally, don't overdo it. If you use the synthetic passive in every single sentence, you'll sound like a talking law textbook. Mix it up with active sentences to keep your speech natural.

Quick FAQ

Q

Can I use this with any verb?

No. Only with Transitive Direct verbs (verbs that don't need a preposition like 'de' or 'a').

Q

Is it more common in Portugal or Brazil?

It's common in both for writing and formal speech, but European Portuguese uses the Verb-se order more strictly in speech.

Q

What is the difference between Vende-se casas and Vendem-se casas?

Vende-se casas is a very common mistake. Vendem-se casas is the grammatically correct version because the verb must agree with the plural subject.

Q

Can I use it in the past tense?

Absolutely! Comprou-se o carro means 'The car was bought.'

Q

Why not just use the analytic passive (foi vendido) instead?

You can, but the synthetic version is more common for signs, advertisements, and formal reports. It sounds more native and concise.

Passive 'Se' Agreement

Object Number Verb Person Example Translation
Singular
3rd Person Singular
Vende-se a casa
The house is sold
Plural
3rd Person Plural
Vendem-se as casas
The houses are sold
Singular
3rd Person Singular
Aluga-se o carro
The car is rented
Plural
3rd Person Plural
Alugam-se os carros
The cars are rented

Meanings

A construction used to express passive voice without mentioning the agent, focusing entirely on the action or the object.

1

Passive voice

The object of the action becomes the subject of the sentence.

“Vendem-se flores.”

“Alugam-se quartos.”

2

Impersonal passive

Used with intransitive or prepositional verbs where the subject is indeterminate.

“Vive-se bem aqui.”

“Precisa-se de funcionários.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 'SE' 被动语态：专业葡萄牙语 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
时态 单数示例 复数示例 中文含义
现在时
`Vende-se casa`
`Vendem-se casas`
出售房屋
过去完成时
`Comprou-se o pão`
`Compraram-se os pães`
面包被买走了
过去未完成时
`Fazia-se um plano`
`Faziam-se planos`
当时正在制定计划
将来时
`Dir-se-á a verdade`
`Dir-se-ão verdades`
真相将被揭开
条件式
`Aceitar-se-ia a proposta`
`Aceitar-se-iam propostas`
提议将会被接受
否定式 (现在时)
`Não se aceita cartão`
`Não se aceitam cartões`
不接受刷卡

正式程度

正式
Vende-se esta residência.

Vende-se esta residência. (Real estate)

中性
Vende-se esta casa.

Vende-se esta casa. (Real estate)

非正式
Tô vendendo a casa.

Tô vendendo a casa. (Real estate)

俚语
Passando a casa pra frente.

Passando a casa pra frente. (Real estate)

合成被动语态的核心要素

合成被动语态

必要条件

  • Verbo Transitivo Direto 及物动词
  • Pronome 'se' 代词 'se'

关键特征

  • Concordância 与主语保持一致

分析式 vs 合成式被动语态

分析式 (传统型)
A casa foi vendida 房子被卖了
Livros são lidos 书被阅读
合成式 (精炼型)
Vende-se a casa 出售房屋
Leem-se livros 书被阅读

判断是否为合成被动语态

1

句中是否有 'se'？

YES
继续
NO
非合成被动语态
2

动词是否为及物动词？

YES
它是合成被动语态！
NO
它是无人称主语句

常见使用场景

💰

商业贸易

  • • Vende-se
  • • Aluga-se
  • • Compra-se
📋

正式信息

  • • Sabe-se
  • • Diz-se
  • • Anuncia-se
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按水平分级的例句

1

Aluga-se casa.

House for rent.

2

Vende-se carro.

Car for sale.

3

Conserta-se sapato.

Shoes repaired.

4

Faz-se chave.

Keys made.

1

Vendem-se casas aqui.

Houses are sold here.

2

Não se vendem ingressos.

Tickets are not sold.

3

Aceitam-se cartões.

Cards are accepted.

4

Procura-se funcionário.

Employee wanted.

1

Discutiram-se os problemas.

The problems were discussed.

2

Publicaram-se os resultados.

The results were published.

3

Fizeram-se alterações no plano.

Changes were made to the plan.

4

Notaram-se erros no relatório.

Errors were noted in the report.

1

Observaram-se mudanças climáticas.

Climate changes were observed.

2

Comentaram-se as novas leis.

The new laws were commented on.

3

Aprovaram-se as medidas de segurança.

The safety measures were approved.

4

Anunciaram-se novas vagas.

New positions were announced.

1

Constataram-se irregularidades no processo.

Irregularities were found in the process.

2

Reivindicaram-se direitos fundamentais.

Fundamental rights were claimed.

3

Identificaram-se falhas estruturais.

Structural flaws were identified.

4

Implementaram-se estratégias de mitigação.

Mitigation strategies were implemented.

1

Depreenderam-se conclusões lógicas do estudo.

Logical conclusions were inferred from the study.

2

Ratificaram-se os tratados internacionais.

The international treaties were ratified.

3

Submeteram-se as propostas à análise.

The proposals were submitted for analysis.

4

Divulgaram-se os dados preliminares.

The preliminary data were released.

容易混淆

The 'SE' Passive: Professional Portuguese (Voz Passiva Sintética) 对比 Reflexive Se

Learners confuse the passive 'se' (things done to objects) with reflexive 'se' (people doing things to themselves).

The 'SE' Passive: Professional Portuguese (Voz Passiva Sintética) 对比 Impersonal Se

Learners try to pluralize the verb in impersonal constructions.

The 'SE' Passive: Professional Portuguese (Voz Passiva Sintética) 对比 Analytical Passive

Learners mix up 'ser + participle' with 'se + verb'.

常见错误

✗

Vende-se casas

✓

Vendem-se casas

The verb must agree with the plural object.
✗

Alugam-se casa

✓

Aluga-se casa

Verb must match singular object.
✗

Se vende casas

✓

Vendem-se casas

Particle placement is usually post-verb in formal writing.
✗

Precisa-se de funcionários

✓

Precisam-se de funcionários

Wait, this is actually wrong! 'Precisa-se' is correct because it's impersonal.
✗

Faz-se bolos

✓

Fazem-se bolos

Plural object requires plural verb.
✗

Não vendem-se casas

✓

Não se vendem casas

Negative particle pulls 'se' to the front.
✗

Consertam-se sapato

✓

Conserta-se sapato

Singular object.
✗

Acredita-se em milagres

✓

Acredita-se em milagres

Correct, but learners often try to pluralize.
✗

Alugam-se apartamentos

✓

Alugam-se apartamentos

Correct, but learners often forget the 'se'.
✗

Vende-se os carros

✓

Vendem-se os carros

Agreement error.
✗

Submeteu-se as propostas

✓

Submeteram-se as propostas

Agreement error with complex subjects.
✗

Identificou-se falhas

✓

Identificaram-se falhas

Agreement error.
✗

Constatou-se irregularidades

✓

Constataram-se irregularidades

Agreement error.
✗

Ratificou-se os tratados

✓

Ratificaram-se os tratados

Agreement error.

句型

___-se ___.

___-se ___ aqui.

Não se ___ ___.

___-se ___ no relatório.

Real World Usage

Real estate signs constant

Aluga-se apartamento.

Job postings very common

Procura-se gerente.

News headlines common

Anunciam-se novas medidas.

Shop signs common

Consertam-se relógios.

Academic papers common

Observaram-se resultados positivos.

Social media (formal) occasional

Aceitam-se encomendas.

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🎯

复数检查法

如果你能把句子改成“某物被...”，那动词就必须变复数。比如看到“房子被卖”，就要用：“Vendem-se casas”。
⚠️

介词陷阱

如果动词后面跟着介词（比如 precisar de），那这就不是被动语态，动词永远用单数：“Precisa-se de funcionários”。
💬

巴西与欧葡的差异

虽然巴西人在口语中喜欢把 se 放在前面说 “Se vende”，但在正式写作中，“Vende-se” 才是全球通用的金标准。

Smart Tips

Always check the number of the object.

Vende-se casas → Vendem-se casas

Never pluralize the verb.

Precisam-se de funcionários → Precisa-se de funcionários

Use the passive 'se' to sound objective.

Nós vimos erros → Viram-se erros

If you are unsure, use the analytical passive.

Vende-se casas → As casas são vendidas

发音

si

The 'se' particle

Pronounced as /si/ in Brazil and /sɨ/ in Portugal.

Falling intonation

Vende-se a casa ↘

Statement of fact.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'se' as a mirror: it reflects the object back onto the verb.

视觉联想

Imagine a shop window with a sign that changes size. If one item is inside, the sign is small (singular). If many items are inside, the sign grows (plural).

Rhyme

Se o objeto é plural, o verbo deve acompanhar, se é singular, o verbo não vai mudar.

Story

A shopkeeper is very precise. He counts his items every morning. If he has one chair, he writes 'Vende-se cadeira'. If he has ten, he quickly adds an 'm' to the verb: 'Vendem-se cadeiras'. He never makes a mistake because he loves order.

Word Web

Vende-seVendem-seAluga-seAlugam-sePrecisa-seFaz-se

挑战

Find three signs in your city or online (e.g., 'Aluga-se', 'Vende-se') and check if the verb matches the object.

文化笔记

The synthetic passive is very common in formal writing, but in speech, people often use 'a gente' or active voice.

The synthetic passive is used more frequently in both formal and informal speech compared to Brazil.

It is the standard for official documents to maintain neutrality.

The construction derives from Latin 'se' (reflexive pronoun) which evolved to indicate passive voice in Romance languages.

对话开场白

“

O que se vende nesta loja?

“

Que tipo de profissional se procura hoje em dia?

“

Como se resolvem conflitos no trabalho?

“

Quais medidas se adotaram para melhorar a economia?

日记主题

Write a sign for a shop using the passive 'se'.
Describe a news event using the passive 'se'.
Write a formal report on a project.
Discuss the pros and cons of a new law.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

用 'vender' 的合成被动语态正确形式填空。

___ (vender) muitas casas nesta rua no ano passado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Venderam-se
因为 'casas' 是复数，动词 'vender' 必须用第三人称复数：'venderam-se'。
找出并修正句子中的错误。

Não se fazem-se omeletes sem quebrar ovos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Não se fazem omeletes sem quebrar ovos.
否定词 'não' 是磁铁词，会把 'se' 吸到前面。注意不要在动词后面重复使用 'se'。
将单词排序成正确的合成被动语态句子。

Arrange these words: [os, prazos, respeitaram-se, não]

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: não se respeitaram os prazos
否定词 'não' 引导前置：'não se respeitaram os prazos'。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the correct verb form.

___-se casas aqui. (vender)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem
Casas is plural.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Alugam-se casas
Plural agreement.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Vende-se sapatos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem-se sapatos
Plural agreement.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Eles vendem carros. -> ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem-se carros
Passive conversion.
Is this correct? True False Rule

Precisa-se de funcionários.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Impersonal construction.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: O que se faz aqui? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Fazem-se sapatos
Plural agreement.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

os / resultados / publicaram-se

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Publicaram-se os resultados
Plural agreement.
Match the sentence to its type. Match Pairs

Match: 1. Vende-se casa 2. Precisa-se de ajuda

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1. Passive, 2. Impersonal
Passive vs Impersonal.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
填空。 填空

___ (ouvir) passos no corredor ontem à noite.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ouviram-se
哪句话语法正确？ 填空

请选择正确选项：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Alugam-se apartamentos de luxo.
修正主谓一致错误。 填空

Descobriu-se novas evidências sobre o caso.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Descobriram-se novas evidências sobre o caso.
使用合成被动语态翻译成葡萄牙语。 填空

规则被更改了。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mudaram-se as regras.
将动词形式与主语匹配。 填空

连线匹配：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Procura-se: um emprego, Procuram-se: soluções, Não se aceita: desculpa, Não se aceitam: críticas
排列单词。 填空

Arrange these words: [apartamentos, ainda, se, alugam]

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ainda se alugam apartamentos
选择正式版本。 填空

请选择合成被动语态形式：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Assinou-se o documento.
填空。 填空

Já ___ (divulgar) os resultados do exame.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se divulgaram
识别正确的否定形式。 填空

Nunca se falou-se disso aqui.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nunca se falou disso aqui.
翻译 'Coffee is served'。 填空

正式表达怎么说？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Serve-se café.

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

No, only with transitive verbs (VTD).

Because 'precisar' is an intransitive/prepositional verb, making it an impersonal construction.

It is more common in writing. In speech, people often use active voice.

You usually use the analytical passive instead.

No, reflexive 'se' refers to the subject acting on itself.

Yes, 'Venderam-se casas' is perfectly fine.

Yes, it is considered a formal register.

Failing to pluralize the verb when the object is plural.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Pasiva refleja

None, it's almost identical.

French moderate

On + verb

French 'on' is always singular.

German low

Man + verb

German lacks a direct passive 'se' equivalent.

Japanese low

Passive form (reru/rareru)

Japanese uses morphology, not a particle.

Arabic low

Passive verb form

Arabic uses internal vowel changes.

Chinese low

Bei (被) structure

Chinese 'bei' marks the agent or the passive directly.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
如何构成葡萄牙语被动不定式 (ser + particípio)
Next
非人称 Se（正式用法）

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Overview The impersonal `se` stands as a cornerstone of advanced Portuguese grammar, crucial for expressing actions or s...
B2

被动语态 vs. 无人称 'se' (Partícula Apassivadora e Impessoal)

Overview 你有没有走过巴西的店面，心想为什么那些招牌听起来如此神秘... Word Order Rules 你会把那个小小的 `se` 放在哪里？...
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