Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'sem' + personal infinitive to describe an action performed by someone while omitting another action.
- Use the personal infinitive form after 'sem' to specify the subject: 'Sem eles saberem' (Without them knowing).
- If the subject is the same as the main clause, you can use the impersonal infinitive: 'Saí sem comer' (I left without eating).
- Always conjugate the infinitive when the subject of the 'sem' clause differs from the main clause subject.
Overview
without 加 ing 形式。但在葡萄牙语中，我们有一个超能力叫 人称不定式 (Personal Infinitive)。它允许你直接在不定式动词上加上“人称”。这既精确又优雅，完美解决了介词短语中“谁在做动作”的问题。sem 意为“没有”。如果主语和主句相同（例如“我没付钱就吃了”），使用普通不定式：Sem pagar。但如果主语不同呢？“我吃了但你没付钱”。这时，葡萄牙语会对不定式进行“变位”，以匹配第二个主语。eu 和 ele，形式看起来和普通不定式一模一样。- 1从 不定式 开始。
- 2加上对应主语的词尾。
sem 后面的动词主语不同时，必须使用此用法。这对清晰表达至关重要。例如：sem eles saberem（在他们不知道的情况下）。- 使用虚拟语气： 除非为了非常正式，否则不要说
sem que eles saibam。用sem eles saberem更地道。 - 忘记词尾： 说
sem nós ir是错的，应该是sem nós irmos。
- Sem + 无人称不定式： 主语相同时使用。
- Sem que + 虚拟语气： 正式且较繁琐的说法。
Personal Infinitive Conjugation (Example: Saber)
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
|
Eu
|
saber
|
|
Tu
|
saberes
|
|
Ele/Ela/Você
|
saber
|
|
Nós
|
sabermos
|
|
Vós
|
saberdes
|
|
Eles/Elas/Vocês
|
saberem
|
Meanings
This construction allows the speaker to indicate that an action occurred while a specific person or group did not perform a secondary action.
Subject differentiation
Specifying who did not do something.
“Saí sem eles verem.”
“Ele assinou sem o advogado ler.”
General exclusion
General lack of action.
“Sem sabermos, tudo mudou.”
“Sem eles pedirem, ajudei.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
sem + [Personal Infinitive]
|
Saí sem eles verem.
|
|
Negative
|
sem + não + [Personal Infinitive]
|
Saí sem não verem (rare/emphatic)
|
|
Question
|
sem + [Personal Infinitive] + ?
|
Saíste sem eles saberem?
|
|
Same Subject
|
sem + [Impersonal Infinitive]
|
Saí sem comer.
|
|
Plural Subject
|
sem + [Personal Infinitive Plural]
|
Saímos sem eles saberem.
|
|
Formal
|
sem + [Personal Infinitive]
|
Sem vós saberdes, agimos.
|
正式程度
Procedi sem o gestor saber. (Workplace)
Fiz sem o gestor saber. (Workplace)
Fiz sem o chefe saber. (Workplace)
Fiz sem o boss saber. (Workplace)
Personal Infinitive Logic
Same Subject
- Impersonal No conjugation
Different Subject
- Personal Conjugate verb
按水平分级的例句
Saí sem eles saberem.
I left without them knowing.
Comi sem tu veres.
I ate without you seeing.
Fiz sem eles pedirem.
I did it without them asking.
Entrei sem eles notarem.
I entered without them noticing.
Eles foram sem nós sabermos.
They went without us knowing.
Ela falou sem eles ouvirem.
She spoke without them hearing.
Trabalhei sem eles verem.
I worked without them seeing.
Saímos sem vós saberdes.
We left without you (plural) knowing.
O projeto avançou sem os sócios aprovarem.
The project moved forward without the partners approving.
Eles decidiram sem nós consultarmos.
They decided without us consulting.
A casa foi vendida sem os donos saberem.
The house was sold without the owners knowing.
Fizemos o plano sem eles participarem.
We made the plan without them participating.
A empresa tomou medidas sem os funcionários compreenderem.
The company took measures without the employees understanding.
Ele assinou o contrato sem o advogado lerem.
He signed the contract without the lawyer reading it.
Eles viajaram sem os pais permitirem.
They traveled without the parents allowing.
A lei foi aprovada sem a população debaterem.
The law was passed without the population debating.
O sistema foi alterado sem os desenvolvedores preverem as consequências.
The system was altered without the developers foreseeing the consequences.
Ela agiu sem os seus pares concordarem com a estratégia.
She acted without her peers agreeing with the strategy.
Eles concluíram a tarefa sem os supervisores fiscalizarem.
They finished the task without the supervisors inspecting.
A mudança ocorreu sem os moradores anteciparem o impacto.
The change occurred without the residents anticipating the impact.
A decisão foi ratificada sem os membros do conselho deliberarem.
The decision was ratified without the board members deliberating.
O autor publicou a obra sem os críticos avaliarem o manuscrito.
The author published the work without the critics evaluating the manuscript.
A crise eclodiu sem os analistas vislumbrarem a magnitude.
The crisis erupted without the analysts envisioning the magnitude.
O acordo foi selado sem as partes litigantes transigirem.
The agreement was sealed without the litigating parties compromising.
容易混淆
Learners use personal when impersonal is needed.
They look the same.
Learners use it after 'sem'.
常见错误
Saí sem eles saber.
Saí sem eles saberem.
Saí sem eu saber.
Saí sem saber.
Sem eles ver.
Sem eles verem.
Sem nós faze.
Sem nós fazermos.
Ele falou sem vós saber.
Ele falou sem vós saberdes.
Sem eles chegar.
Sem eles chegarem.
Sem ela verem.
Sem ela ver.
Sem os pais saber.
Sem os pais saberem.
Sem nós ter feito.
Sem nós termos feito.
Sem eles terem ido.
Sem eles terem ido.
Sem os membros do conselho deliberar.
Sem os membros do conselho deliberarem.
Sem as partes transigir.
Sem as partes transigirem.
Sem os analistas vislumbrar.
Sem os analistas vislumbrarem.
Sem o autor publicar.
Sem o autor publicar.
句型
Eu fiz ___ sem eles ___.
Eles saíram sem nós ___.
A lei passou sem a população ___.
O projeto foi finalizado sem os sócios ___.
Real World Usage
Postei a foto sem eles verem.
Saí sem eles saberem.
Tomei a decisão sem o gestor saber.
O contrato foi assinado sem as partes saberem.
O pedido saiu sem o cliente saber.
Comprei a passagem sem eles saberem.
Check the subject
Don't over-conjugate
Future Subjunctive
Clarity is key
Smart Tips
Conjugate the infinitive verb.
Use the simple infinitive.
Use the personal infinitive to ensure clarity.
Think of the future subjunctive.
发音
Suffix stress
The stress remains on the infinitive root, not the suffix.
Falling intonation
Saí sem eles saberem. ↘
Statement of fact.
记住它
记忆技巧
Sem-Subject-Suffix: If the subject changes, the suffix must change too!
视觉联想
Imagine a person walking through a door (Main Clause) while a group of people behind them are wearing masks (The 'sem' clause). Because the people behind are different from the walker, they need their own 'mask' (the suffix).
Rhyme
Se o sujeito mudar, a terminação tem que acompanhar.
Story
João entered the party. He wanted to surprise everyone. He walked in 'sem eles verem' (without them seeing). He hid behind a curtain. He waited 'sem eles saberem' (without them knowing).
Word Web
挑战
Write 5 sentences about your day using 'sem' + personal infinitive to describe things others didn't notice.
文化笔记
Very common in daily speech to use the personal infinitive for clarity.
More formal usage, often preferred in writing.
Similar to Brazil, focus on clarity.
Derived from the Latin infinitive, the personal infinitive is a unique development in Ibero-Romance.
对话开场白
Já fizeste algo sem os teus pais saberem?
É possível trabalhar sem o chefe saber?
Consegues sair de casa sem os vizinhos verem?
Já assinaste algo sem o advogado ler?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
Saí sem eles ___.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Eles foram sem nós saber.
Saí sem ver. (Eles)
Saímos sem vós ___.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
sem / eles / chegar / saímos
The personal infinitive is used when the subject is the same.
Score: /8
练习题
8 exercisesSaí sem eles ___.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Eles foram sem nós saber.
Saí sem ver. (Eles)
Saímos sem vós ___.
Nós -> ?
sem / eles / chegar / saímos
The personal infinitive is used when the subject is the same.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesO professor explicou sem os alunos ___ (entender).
Não desligues sem tu ___ (falar) comigo!
Match the pronoun to the verb suffix.
pagarem / saíram / eles / sem / .
O jantar acabou...
Fizemos tudo sem o chefe saberem.
Translate: Without us asking.
É impossível entrares sem eles ___ (abrir) a porta.
Which is correct for 'Without me going'?
Eles entraram sem nós ouvimos.
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
To avoid ambiguity about who is performing the action in a secondary clause.
Yes, the forms are identical, but the usage is different (factual vs hypothetical).
Yes, any verb can be conjugated in the personal infinitive.
The form is the same as the impersonal infinitive, so context is vital.
It is used in all registers, but essential in formal writing.
Because 'sem saber' is more natural when the subject is the same.
Yes, very frequently.
Try writing sentences about secrets or things happening without others knowing.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Sin + infinitive
Spanish lacks the personal infinitive.
Sans + infinitive
French does not conjugate the infinitive.
Ohne + zu + infinitive
German does not have a personal infinitive.
~nai de
Japanese verb conjugation is entirely different.
Bidun an + subjunctive
Arabic uses the subjunctive, not the infinitive.
Meiyou + verb
Chinese has no verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
相关视频
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