दूसरों के जाने बिना काम करना: 'Sem' के साथ Personal Infinitive
-es, -mos, और -em जैसे छोटे औजार हैं।
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'sem' + personal infinitive to describe an action performed by someone while omitting another action.
- Use the personal infinitive form after 'sem' to specify the subject: 'Sem eles saberem' (Without them knowing).
- If the subject is the same as the main clause, you can use the impersonal infinitive: 'Saí sem comer' (I left without eating).
- Always conjugate the infinitive when the subject of the 'sem' clause differs from the main clause subject.
Overview
Eu saí sem comer(मैं बिना खाए निकल गया), तो यहाँ 'comer' का कर्ता 'Eu' ही है। लेकिन अगर आप कहना चाहते हो कि «मैं निकल गया और उन्होंने नहीं खाया,» तो यहाँ कर्ता बदल गया—'Eu' और 'Eles'। हिंदी में हम इसे किसी तरह मैनेज कर लेते हैं, लेकिन Portuguese में आपको 'ver' को 'verem' बनाना पड़ेगा। यह 'Personal Infinitive' का जादू है! यह कॉन्सेप्ट इसलिए महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि यह वाक्यों को छोटा (concise) और सटीक बनाता है। C1 लेवल पर, आप 'sem que' + subjunctive (जो काफी भारी लगता है) के बजाय इसका इस्तेमाल करके अपनी भाषा में एक 'फ्लो' ला सकते हैं।
- 1Impersonal Infinitive: जब कर्ता एक ही हो या कोई सामान्य बात हो। जैसे:
É importante estudar(पढ़ना महत्वपूर्ण है)। - 2Personal Infinitive: जब कर्ता स्पष्ट करना हो। जैसे:
É importante eles estudarem
(यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि वे पढ़ें)।
Eles foram embora sem eu ver(वे चले गए बिना मेरे देखे), तो यहाँ 'ver' को 'ver' ही रखा गया है क्योंकि 'Eu' के साथ पर्सनल इनफिनिटिव का रूप 'Impersonal' जैसा ही होता है। लेकिन अगर कर्ता 'Nós' होता, तो यह 'vermos' हो जाता।
- 1स्पष्टता के लिए (Clarity):
O chefe saiu sem a gente ver.
(बॉस चले गए बिना हमारे देखे)। यहाँ 'ver' का कर्ता 'a gente' है। - 2औपचारिकता कम करने के लिए (Natural Flow): C1 लेवल पर, 'sem que eles saibam' (subjunctive) कहना थोड़ा किताबी लगता है। इसकी जगह 'sem eles saberem' बोलना अधिक नेचुरल और 'modern' है।
- 3प्रोफेशनल सेटिंग्स में: ऑफिस की मीटिंग्स में जब आप कहते हैं,
O projeto foi aprovado sem a equipe saber,
(प्रोजेक्ट अप्रूव हो गया बिना टीम के जाने), तो यह बहुत प्रोफेशनल और सटीक लगता है।
- 1'Personal' को 'Impersonal' समझ लेना: हिंदी में हम क्रिया का रूप नहीं बदलते, इसलिए हम अक्सर 'ver' (infinitive) का ही इस्तेमाल करते हैं भले ही कर्ता 'Nós' हो।
Eles saíram sem nós ver.
Eles saíram sem nós vermos.
- 1'Sem que' का जरूरत से ज्यादा इस्तेमाल: बहुत से छात्र 'sem que' + subjunctive का प्रयोग करते हैं क्योंकि यह अंग्रेजी के 'without that...' के करीब लगता है।
- 1Pronoun छोड़ देना: 'Eu' और 'Ele' के लिए इनफिनिटिव का रूप नहीं बदलता, इसलिए प्रोनाउन न लगाने पर वाक्य का अर्थ अस्पष्ट हो जाता है।
Personal Infinitive Conjugation (Example: Saber)
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
|
Eu
|
saber
|
|
Tu
|
saberes
|
|
Ele/Ela/Você
|
saber
|
|
Nós
|
sabermos
|
|
Vós
|
saberdes
|
|
Eles/Elas/Vocês
|
saberem
|
Meanings
This construction allows the speaker to indicate that an action occurred while a specific person or group did not perform a secondary action.
Subject differentiation
Specifying who did not do something.
“Saí sem eles verem.”
“Ele assinou sem o advogado ler.”
General exclusion
General lack of action.
“Sem sabermos, tudo mudou.”
“Sem eles pedirem, ajudei.”
Reference Table
| Subject (कर्ता) | Ending (अंत) | Example (Comer - खाना) | Meaning (मतलब) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Eu
|
(कुछ नहीं)
|
sem eu comer
|
मेरे खाए बिना
|
|
Tu
|
-es
|
sem tu comeres
|
तेरे खाए बिना
|
|
Ele/Você
|
(कुछ नहीं)
|
sem ele comer
|
उसके खाए बिना
|
|
Nós
|
-mos
|
sem nós comermos
|
हमारे खाए बिना
|
|
Eles/Vocês
|
-em
|
sem eles comerem
|
उनके खाए बिना
|
औपचारिकता का स्तर
Procedi sem o gestor saber. (Workplace)
Fiz sem o gestor saber. (Workplace)
Fiz sem o chefe saber. (Workplace)
Fiz sem o boss saber. (Workplace)
सही Infinitive का चुनाव
क्या मुख्य क्रिया और 'sem' वाली क्रिया का कर्ता अलग है?
क्या कर्ता Eu या Ele/Você है?
Impersonal बनाम Personal Infinitive
'Sem' + Personal Inf. के आम संदर्भ
विवाद
- • sem tu concordares
- • sem ele admitir
राज़
- • sem eles saberem
- • sem nós vermos
शर्तें
- • sem o chefe assinar
- • sem os clientes pagarem
स्ट्रक्चर का विश्लेषण
Preposition
- Sem बिना
Subject (वैकल्पिक)
- Tu / Eles / Nós यह verb की ending बदलता है
Verb
- Fazer + es/mos/em काम
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
Saí sem eles saberem.
I left without them knowing.
Comi sem tu veres.
I ate without you seeing.
Fiz sem eles pedirem.
I did it without them asking.
Entrei sem eles notarem.
I entered without them noticing.
Eles foram sem nós sabermos.
They went without us knowing.
Ela falou sem eles ouvirem.
She spoke without them hearing.
Trabalhei sem eles verem.
I worked without them seeing.
Saímos sem vós saberdes.
We left without you (plural) knowing.
O projeto avançou sem os sócios aprovarem.
The project moved forward without the partners approving.
Eles decidiram sem nós consultarmos.
They decided without us consulting.
A casa foi vendida sem os donos saberem.
The house was sold without the owners knowing.
Fizemos o plano sem eles participarem.
We made the plan without them participating.
A empresa tomou medidas sem os funcionários compreenderem.
The company took measures without the employees understanding.
Ele assinou o contrato sem o advogado lerem.
He signed the contract without the lawyer reading it.
Eles viajaram sem os pais permitirem.
They traveled without the parents allowing.
A lei foi aprovada sem a população debaterem.
The law was passed without the population debating.
O sistema foi alterado sem os desenvolvedores preverem as consequências.
The system was altered without the developers foreseeing the consequences.
Ela agiu sem os seus pares concordarem com a estratégia.
She acted without her peers agreeing with the strategy.
Eles concluíram a tarefa sem os supervisores fiscalizarem.
They finished the task without the supervisors inspecting.
A mudança ocorreu sem os moradores anteciparem o impacto.
The change occurred without the residents anticipating the impact.
A decisão foi ratificada sem os membros do conselho deliberarem.
The decision was ratified without the board members deliberating.
O autor publicou a obra sem os críticos avaliarem o manuscrito.
The author published the work without the critics evaluating the manuscript.
A crise eclodiu sem os analistas vislumbrarem a magnitude.
The crisis erupted without the analysts envisioning the magnitude.
O acordo foi selado sem as partes litigantes transigirem.
The agreement was sealed without the litigating parties compromising.
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Learners use personal when impersonal is needed.
They look the same.
Learners use it after 'sem'.
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Saí sem eles saber.
Saí sem eles saberem.
Saí sem eu saber.
Saí sem saber.
Sem eles ver.
Sem eles verem.
Sem nós faze.
Sem nós fazermos.
Ele falou sem vós saber.
Ele falou sem vós saberdes.
Sem eles chegar.
Sem eles chegarem.
Sem ela verem.
Sem ela ver.
Sem os pais saber.
Sem os pais saberem.
Sem nós ter feito.
Sem nós termos feito.
Sem eles terem ido.
Sem eles terem ido.
Sem os membros do conselho deliberar.
Sem os membros do conselho deliberarem.
Sem as partes transigir.
Sem as partes transigirem.
Sem os analistas vislumbrar.
Sem os analistas vislumbrarem.
Sem o autor publicar.
Sem o autor publicar.
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
Eu fiz ___ sem eles ___.
Eles saíram sem nós ___.
A lei passou sem a população ___.
O projeto foi finalizado sem os sócios ___.
Real World Usage
Postei a foto sem eles verem.
Saí sem eles saberem.
Tomei a decisão sem o gestor saber.
O contrato foi assinado sem as partes saberem.
O pedido saiu sem o cliente saber.
Comprei a passagem sem eles saberem.
'Eu' का जाल
Ela postou a foto sem eu ver antes!
सिर्फ Subject Pronouns
Sem eu ir.प्रोफेशनल साउंड करना
Saí de fininho sem ninguém perceber.
'-em' का उच्चारण
Não assinem nada sem lerem as letras miúdas.
Smart Tips
Conjugate the infinitive verb.
Use the simple infinitive.
Use the personal infinitive to ensure clarity.
Think of the future subjunctive.
उच्चारण
Suffix stress
The stress remains on the infinitive root, not the suffix.
Falling intonation
Saí sem eles saberem. ↘
Statement of fact.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Sem-Subject-Suffix: If the subject changes, the suffix must change too!
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a person walking through a door (Main Clause) while a group of people behind them are wearing masks (The 'sem' clause). Because the people behind are different from the walker, they need their own 'mask' (the suffix).
Rhyme
Se o sujeito mudar, a terminação tem que acompanhar.
Story
João entered the party. He wanted to surprise everyone. He walked in 'sem eles verem' (without them seeing). He hid behind a curtain. He waited 'sem eles saberem' (without them knowing).
Word Web
चैलेंज
Write 5 sentences about your day using 'sem' + personal infinitive to describe things others didn't notice.
सांस्कृतिक नोट्स
Very common in daily speech to use the personal infinitive for clarity.
More formal usage, often preferred in writing.
Similar to Brazil, focus on clarity.
Derived from the Latin infinitive, the personal infinitive is a unique development in Ibero-Romance.
बातचीत की शुरुआत
Já fizeste algo sem os teus pais saberem?
É possível trabalhar sem o chefe saber?
Consegues sair de casa sem os vizinhos verem?
Já assinaste algo sem o advogado ler?
डायरी विषय
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Test Yourself
Não podemos começar a reunião sem nós ___ (chegar).
Choose the best translation for: 'Without them knowing.'
Ela saiu sem tu ver.
Score: /3
अभ्यास प्रश्न
8 exercisesSaí sem eles ___.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Eles foram sem nós saber.
Saí sem ver. (Eles)
Saímos sem vós ___.
Nós -> ?
sem / eles / chegar / saímos
The personal infinitive is used when the subject is the same.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesO professor explicou sem os alunos ___ (entender).
Não desligues sem tu ___ (falar) comigo!
सर्वनाम (pronoun) को सही ending से जोड़ें।
pagarem / saíram / eles / sem / .
O jantar acabou...
Fizemos tudo sem o chefe saberem.
Translate: Without us asking.
É impossível entrares sem eles ___ (abrir) a porta.
Which is correct for 'Without me going'?
Eles entraram sem nós ouvimos.
Score: /10
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)
To avoid ambiguity about who is performing the action in a secondary clause.
Yes, the forms are identical, but the usage is different (factual vs hypothetical).
Yes, any verb can be conjugated in the personal infinitive.
The form is the same as the impersonal infinitive, so context is vital.
It is used in all registers, but essential in formal writing.
Because 'sem saber' is more natural when the subject is the same.
Yes, very frequently.
Try writing sentences about secrets or things happening without others knowing.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Sin + infinitive
Spanish lacks the personal infinitive.
Sans + infinitive
French does not conjugate the infinitive.
Ohne + zu + infinitive
German does not have a personal infinitive.
~nai de
Japanese verb conjugation is entirely different.
Bidun an + subjunctive
Arabic uses the subjunctive, not the infinitive.
Meiyou + verb
Chinese has no verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
संबंधित वीडियो
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