A1 Prepositions & Connectors 12 min read Easy

French Contractions: How to use 'au' and 'aux' (à + le/les)

Always merge à with le or les to avoid the clunky and incorrect à le or à les.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

In French, you cannot say 'à le' or 'à les'; they must contract into 'au' and 'aux'.

  • Use 'au' before masculine singular nouns: à + le = au (e.g., au cinéma).
  • Use 'aux' before plural nouns: à + les = aux (e.g., aux États-Unis).
  • Keep 'à la' and 'à l'' as they are: à + la = à la (e.g., à la plage).
à + {le|m} = au | à + {les|pl} = aux

Overview

In French, the preposition à serves fundamental roles, commonly translating to "to," "at," or "in." While seemingly straightforward, its interaction with definite articles (le, la, l', les) introduces a mandatory grammatical phenomenon known as contraction. This rule dictates that à cannot stand directly before the masculine singular article le or the plural article les. Instead, these combinations must merge into single, new words: au for à + le, and aux for à + les.

This linguistic requirement exists primarily for reasons of euphony, meaning the pleasantness or smoothness of sound. The French language, like many Romance languages, generally avoids hiatus, which is the awkward juxtaposition of two vowel sounds or syllables that disrupt phonetic flow. Therefore, saying à le cinéma is not merely grammatically incorrect but also sounds unnatural to a native speaker.

The contracted forms au and aux ensure a fluid pronunciation and are integral to speaking and writing French idiomatically.

How This Grammar Works

The core principle of French contractions involving à revolves around the definite articles that follow it. A definite article (le, la, l', les) specifies a noun, equivalent to "the" in English. The preposition à maintains its separate form when paired with feminine singular nouns (using la) and nouns, regardless of gender, that begin with a vowel or silent h (using l').
For instance, you will correctly say à la bibliothèque (to the library) and à l'hôpital (to the hospital). There is no phonetic need for contraction in these cases, as the articles la and l' already provide a smooth transition. However, when à precedes le (masculine singular) or les (plural for both masculine and feminine), contraction is obligatory.
This means à + le becomes au, and à + les becomes aux. These new forms are called articles définis contractés (contracted definite articles). Understanding these specific interactions is crucial for forming grammatically correct and natural-sounding French sentences.
The table below summarizes these rules:
| Preposition + Article | Contraction | Example | English Translation |
|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| à + le (masculine singular) | au | Je vais au marché. | I am going to the market. |
| à + la (feminine singular) | No change | Je vais à la plage. | I am going to the beach. |
| à + l' (vowel/silent h) | No change | Je vais à l'école. | I am going to school. |
| à + les (plural) | aux | Je vais aux toilettes. | I am going to the restrooms. |
This system reflects a fundamental phonetic rule in French: avoid consecutive vowel sounds that create an abrupt break (hiatus). By merging à le into au (pronounced /o/) and à les into aux (pronounced /o/), the language ensures a more fluid and melodic rhythm. This preference for phonetic smoothness is a hallmark of French pronunciation and grammar.

Formation Pattern

1
Forming correct contractions with à is a systematic process. By following these precise steps, you can consistently apply the rules:
2
Identify the Preposition and the Noun: Your sentence requires the preposition à and a noun that needs a definite article. For example, if you want to say "to the park," you have à and parc.
3
Determine the Noun's Gender and Number: This is the most critical step. For parc, you must know it is masculine and singular (le parc). For amis (friends), you determine it is plural (les amis). If you were to use bibliothèque, you would identify it as feminine singular (la bibliothèque). Correctly identifying the gender and number dictates which article (le, la, l', les) is needed.
4
Apply the Contraction Rule: Based on the article required for the noun, combine it with à:
5
If the article is le (masculine singular): à + le becomes au. Example: Je parle au professeur. (I speak to the professor.)
6
If the article is la (feminine singular): No contraction. It remains à la. Example: Nous allons à la boulangerie. (We are going to the bakery.)
7
If the article is l' (before a vowel or silent h, singular): No contraction. It remains à l'. Example: Il travaille à l'université. (He works at the university.)
8
If the article is les (plural for both masculine and feminine): à + les becomes aux. Example: Elle écrit aux parents. (She writes to the parents.)
9
This methodical approach ensures accuracy. Always verify the gender and number of the noun before deciding on the contraction. Mastering this pattern is fundamental for A1 learners, as it appears in countless everyday expressions.

When To Use It

Contractions au and aux are omnipresent in French, appearing in a wide array of contexts. Recognizing these common scenarios will help you apply the rule naturally.
  • Indicating Destination or Location: When you are going to or are located at a place, au and aux are used with masculine singular and plural nouns, respectively.
  • Je vais au bureau. (I am going to the office.)
  • Nous sommes aux Galeries Lafayette. (We are at the Galeries Lafayette.)
  • Elle arrive au stade. (She arrives at the stadium.)
  • With Indirect Objects (À quelqu'un/quelque chose): These contractions are used when à introduces an indirect object, indicating to whom or to what an action is directed.
  • Tu téléphones au service client. (You call customer service.)
  • J'explique la situation aux autorités. (I explain the situation to the authorities.)
  • Il donne de l'argent au mendiant. (He gives money to the beggar.)
  • Sports and Hobbies (with jouer à): The verb jouer (to play) typically takes the preposition à when referring to sports, games, or musical instruments (though for instruments, jouer de is often preferred). Consequently, contractions arise.
  • Il joue au football le week-end. (He plays soccer on the weekend.)
  • Elles jouent aux cartes tous les soirs. (They play cards every evening.)
  • Nous jouons au basket depuis des années. (We have been playing basketball for years.)
  • Time Expressions: Certain expressions of time use au.
  • Au printemps, les fleurs éclosent. (In spring, flowers bloom.)
  • Au début de l'année, il fait froid. (At the beginning of the year, it's cold.)
  • Nous partons au lever du soleil. (We leave at sunrise.)
  • Geographical Locations (Countries, States, Regions): au is used for masculine singular countries and regions, while aux is used for plural countries and regions. This contrasts with feminine countries, which typically use en (e.g., en France).
  • Il habite au Portugal. (He lives in Portugal.)
  • Elle voyage aux Philippines. (She travels to the Philippines.)
  • Je vais au Canada en été. (I go to Canada in the summer.)
  • Expressions of Manner or Means: Some fixed expressions incorporate au.
  • On se dit au revoir. (We say goodbye.)
  • Mets-toi au courant. (Get yourself up to speed.)
  • Il travaille au noir. (He works illegally/under the table.)
These categories illustrate the broad applicability of au and aux, highlighting their indispensability in French communication.

Common Mistakes

Learners frequently encounter specific pitfalls when dealing with au and aux. Identifying and understanding the reasons behind these errors can significantly accelerate mastery.
  • The à le Trap: The most fundamental error is forgetting the mandatory nature of the contraction and retaining à le. This is grammatically incorrect and phonetically jarring.
  • Incorrect: Je vais à le magasin. (I am going to the store.)
  • Correct: Je vais au magasin.
The phrase à le simply does not exist in modern French. It immediately signals a non-native speaker.
  • Ignoring Plural Contraction: While au might be learned quickly, learners sometimes overlook the aux contraction for plural nouns.
  • Incorrect: Il parle à les étudiants. (He speaks to the students.)
  • Correct: Il parle aux étudiants.
Remember, à + les always becomes aux. This applies whether the plural noun is masculine or feminine.
  • Over-Contraction with l': A common mistake is to attempt a contraction when à is followed by l'. Since l' already serves to avoid hiatus (by eliding le or la before a vowel or silent h), no further contraction is needed or allowed.
  • Incorrect: Nous allons au école. (We are going to school.)
  • Correct: Nous allons à l'école.
The structure à l' is already phonetically smooth, so au école sounds just as awkward as à le école would.
  • Gender Confusion: The gender of a noun dictates whether le or la is used, and thus whether au or à la is required. Incorrect gender identification leads to wrong contractions.
  • Incorrect: Elle va à la musée. (musée is masculine: le musée.)
  • Correct: Elle va au musée.
Similarly, mistaking a feminine noun for masculine can lead to au cuisine instead of à la cuisine. Consistent gender learning is therefore paramount.
  • Confusing au/aux with du/des: Both à and de prepositions contract with le/les, but their meanings are distinct. à indicates direction, attribution, or location (to, at), while de indicates origin, possession, or material (from, of).
  • Direction: Je vais au restaurant. (I go to the restaurant.)
  • Origin: Je viens du restaurant. (I come from the restaurant.)
Mixing these up fundamentally alters the meaning of a sentence. Think of à as pointing towards something, and de as pointing away from something or indicating belonging.
  • Confusing au/aux with en for Geographical Names: When referring to countries, cities, or regions, à, au, aux, and en all play roles. en is typically used for feminine countries (e.g., en France), while au is for masculine singular countries (e.g., au Japon). aux is used for plural countries (e.g., aux États-Unis).
  • Incorrect: Il voyage en Canada. (Canada is masculine.)
  • Correct: Il voyage au Canada.
  • Incorrect: Je vis à Allemagne. (Allemagne is feminine.)
  • Correct: Je vis en Allemagne.
These distinctions are critical for geographical accuracy.
  • Using Contractions with Proper Nouns: Cities (e.g., Paris, Londres) and personal names (e.g., Marie, Thomas) generally do not take definite articles before them in French. Therefore, à does not contract with them.
  • Incorrect: Je vais au Paris.
  • Correct: Je vais à Paris.
The only exception for cities is if the city name itself incorporates a definite article, such as Le Havre, in which case à + Le Havre becomes au Havre.

Real Conversations

Understanding how au and aux manifest in authentic, modern French usage provides valuable context beyond textbook examples. These contractions are not just grammatical rules; they are integral to the flow of daily communication.

- Casual Conversation and Texting: In informal settings, contractions are used instinctively and frequently. Speakers prioritize brevity and natural rhythm.

- Friend 1: On se voit au café demain ? (Shall we meet at the cafe tomorrow?)

- Friend 2: Oui, parfait ! Aux Champs-Élysées ? (Yes, perfect! At the Champs-Élysées?)

- Text message: Je suis au ciné, je te rappelle après. (I'm at the cinema, I'll call you back later.)

- Work and Academic Contexts: Professional and academic French also relies heavily on these contractions for clarity and conciseness.

- Email to a colleague: J'ai envoyé le document au chef de projet. (I sent the document to the project manager.)

- During a meeting: Nous devons présenter les résultats aux actionnaires. (We must present the results to the shareholders.)

- Academic discussion: Ce point se réfère au chapitre trois de l'ouvrage. (This point refers to chapter three of the work.)

- Online and Digital Interactions: In the digital age, au and aux are essential for navigating websites, social media, and applications.

- Comment on a post: Regarde la photo au début du fil. (Look at the photo at the beginning of the thread.)

- Instructions: Cliquez sur le lien pour accéder au site web. (Click on the link to access the website.)

- Describing online content: Ils s'abonnent aux chaînes YouTube populaires. (They subscribe to popular YouTube channels.)

These examples demonstrate that au and aux are not confined to formal language but are crucial components of all registers of French, from the most informal tu exchanges to formal written communication. Their usage contributes to the authentic sound and structure of the language, mirroring the speaker's fluency and understanding of French phonetic patterns.

Quick FAQ

  • Q: Can à le ever be used in French?

Almost never in contemporary, standard French. The contraction au is mandatory. Very rare exceptions might exist in highly specialized or archaic texts, or when le is part of a proper noun that cannot be modified (e.g., in some historical titles or brand names). However, for everyday communication, always contract à + le to au.

  • Q: Why doesn't à la contract like à le?

The primary reason is phonetic. The combination à la does not create a hiatus (an undesirable sound clash between two vowel sounds). French phonetics permit the sequence a-la without requiring a merger for smoothness. The female definite article la is already easily pronounced after à, making contraction unnecessary. The language only contracts when there's a strong phonetic impulse to do so.

  • Q: Is aux pronounced differently from au?

In isolation, au and aux are typically pronounced identically, as the open 'o' sound /o/. However, aux often undergoes liaison when the following word begins with a vowel or a silent h. In such cases, the silent 'x' of aux is pronounced as a /z/ sound. For example, aux amis is pronounced /o.z‿a.mi/ (like "oh-zah-mee"), whereas au magasin is simply /o ma.ga.zɛ̃/. This liaison is a crucial aspect of fluent French pronunciation.

  • Q: What about contractions with cities or people's names?

Generally, cities and proper names do not take definite articles with the preposition à, so no contraction occurs. You say Je vais à Paris (not au Paris) or Je parle à Marie (not au Marie). The only exception is for geographical names that inherently include a definite article as part of their official name, such as Le Havre or La Rochelle. In these specific instances, the contraction would apply: Je vais au Havre (since Le Havre is masculine) or Je vais à la Rochelle (since La Rochelle is feminine).

  • Q: Do other prepositions also contract with articles?

In standard French, only the prepositions à and de (meaning "of" or "from") contract with the definite articles le and les. For de, the contractions are du (de + le) and des (de + les). Other common prepositions like avec (with), sans (without), sur (on), sous (under), pour (for), etc., do not contract with definite articles. You will always say avec le livre or sur les tables, for instance. This makes à and de unique in their behavior regarding contractions.

Contraction Rules

Preposition Article Contraction Gender/Number
à
le
au
Masculine Singular
à
la
à la
Feminine Singular
à
l'
à l'
Vowel/H-mute
à
les
aux
Plural

Meanings

These contractions function as the preposition 'to' or 'at' combined with the definite article 'the'.

1

Direction/Destination

Indicates movement toward a place.

“Je vais au parc.”

“Nous allons aux toilettes.”

2

Location

Indicates being at a specific location.

“Je suis au bureau.”

“Les enfants sont aux jeux.”

3

Indirect Object

Used when giving or speaking to someone/something.

“Je parle au professeur.”

“J'écris aux étudiants.”

Reference Table

Reference table for French Contractions: How to use 'au' and 'aux' (à + le/les)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
à + le
au café
Affirmative
à + les
aux magasins
Negative
ne pas + à + le
ne pas aller au parc
Question
à + le + ?
Tu vas au cinéma ?
Plural
à + les
aux États-Unis
No Contraction
à + la
à la plage
No Contraction
à + l'
à l'école

Formality Spectrum

Formal
Je me rends au cinéma.

Je me rends au cinéma. (Going out)

Neutral
Je vais au cinéma.

Je vais au cinéma. (Going out)

Informal
Je vais au ciné.

Je vais au ciné. (Going out)

Slang
Je file au ciné.

Je file au ciné. (Going out)

The Contraction Tree

Preposition à

Masculine

  • le the

Result

  • au to the

Examples by Level

1

Je vais au parc.

I am going to the park.

2

Il est au travail.

He is at work.

3

Nous allons aux toilettes.

We are going to the restrooms.

4

Elle parle au professeur.

She is speaking to the teacher.

1

Tu vas au cinéma ce soir ?

Are you going to the cinema tonight?

2

J'écris aux amis de Marc.

I am writing to Marc's friends.

3

Ils sont au restaurant.

They are at the restaurant.

4

On va aux États-Unis.

We are going to the United States.

1

Le cadeau est destiné au garçon.

The gift is intended for the boy.

2

Il faut s'adresser aux autorités.

One must address the authorities.

3

Je suis au courant de la situation.

I am aware of the situation.

4

Elle participe aux jeux olympiques.

She is participating in the Olympic Games.

1

Il a fait appel au bon sens des citoyens.

He appealed to the common sense of the citizens.

2

La décision appartient aux membres du conseil.

The decision belongs to the council members.

3

Il s'est rendu au sommet de la montagne.

He went to the top of the mountain.

4

Nous devons réfléchir aux conséquences.

We must reflect on the consequences.

1

Il a été nommé au poste de directeur.

He was appointed to the position of director.

2

Les critiques s'adressent aux auteurs.

The criticisms are directed at the authors.

3

Il est au faîte de sa gloire.

He is at the height of his glory.

4

Elle s'est confiée aux étoiles.

She confided in the stars.

1

Il a été condamné au silence éternel.

He was condemned to eternal silence.

2

Les honneurs sont dus aux vainqueurs.

Honors are due to the victors.

3

Il s'est livré au jeu des apparences.

He gave himself over to the game of appearances.

4

La réponse est aux mains du destin.

The answer is in the hands of destiny.

Easily Confused

French Contractions: How to use 'au' and 'aux' (à + le/les) vs Au vs Du

Learners mix up 'to the' and 'from the'.

French Contractions: How to use 'au' and 'aux' (à + le/les) vs Au vs À la

Learners use 'au' for everything.

French Contractions: How to use 'au' and 'aux' (à + le/les) vs Aux vs À les

Learners try to keep 'à' and 'les' separate.

Common Mistakes

à le

au

Never say à le.

à les

aux

Never say à les.

au école

à l'école

Vowel-initial nouns do not use au.

au plage

à la plage

Feminine nouns do not use au.

aux cinéma

au cinéma

Cinema is singular masculine.

au magasins

aux magasins

Magasins is plural.

à le cinéma

au cinéma

Contraction is mandatory.

au université

à l'université

University starts with a vowel.

aux bureau

au bureau

Bureau is singular.

à le travail

au travail

Mandatory contraction.

au hôpital

à l'hôpital

H is mute, treat as vowel.

aux hôtel

à l'hôtel

Singular vowel-initial.

au église

à l'église

Feminine vowel-initial.

Sentence Patterns

Je vais ___ ___.

Je parle ___ ___.

Il est ___ ___.

Nous réfléchissons ___ ___.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

On se voit au café ?

Travel very common

Je vais aux États-Unis.

Job Interview common

J'ai travaillé au sein de l'entreprise.

Food Delivery common

Livraison au domicile.

Social Media common

Super soirée au resto !

Directions common

Tournez au coin.

💡

Check Gender

Always identify the noun's gender first.
⚠️

No Contraction for Feminine

Never contract 'à la'.
🎯

Plural is Easy

Anything plural uses 'aux'.
💬

Listen to Natives

You will hear these contractions in every sentence.

Smart Tips

Immediately change it to 'au'.

Je vais à le parc. Je vais au parc.

Immediately change it to 'aux'.

Je vais à les magasins. Je vais aux magasins.

Stop! Do not contract.

Je vais au plage. Je vais à la plage.

Stop! Do not contract.

Je vais aux école. Je vais à l'école.

Pronunciation

/o/

Au

Pronounced like the 'o' in 'more'.

/o/

Aux

Pronounced exactly like 'au' (/o/). The 'x' is silent.

Rising

Tu vas au cinéma ? ↑

Questioning tone.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Remember 'Au' is for 'A' man (masculine) and 'Aux' has an 'x' for extra (plural).

Visual Association

Imagine a man ('au') wearing a hat, and a group of people ('aux') wearing extra hats with an 'x' on them.

Rhyme

Masculine 'le' becomes 'au', plural 'les' becomes 'aux' too!

Story

Arthur (au) goes to the cinema. He meets his friends (aux) at the park. They all go to the beach (à la plage) together.

Word Web

auauxà laà l'cinémamagasinsécoleboulangerie

Challenge

Write 5 sentences about where you go in a city using 'au', 'aux', and 'à la'.

Cultural Notes

French people use 'au' and 'aux' constantly in daily conversation.

The usage is identical, though pronunciation may vary slightly.

Standard French rules apply in formal and educational settings.

These contractions evolved from Latin 'ad' (to) + 'illum' (the).

Conversation Starters

Où vas-tu le week-end ?

À qui parles-tu souvent ?

Qu'est-ce que tu aimes au restaurant ?

Quelles sont les difficultés au travail ?

Journal Prompts

Describe your typical Saturday.
Who are the people you talk to daily?
Reflect on a recent trip.
Discuss the challenges of your professional life.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

Je vais ___ cinéma.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au
Cinéma is masculine singular.
Choose the correct form. Multiple Choice

Je vais ___ magasins.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: aux
Magasins is plural.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Je vais à le parc.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je vais au parc.
à + le = au.
Reorder the words. Sentence Building

au / vais / je / cinéma

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je vais au cinéma.
Standard SVO order.
Match the preposition. Conjugation Drill

à + les

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: aux
à + les = aux.
Match the phrase. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au
à + le = au.
Fill in the blank.

Il parle ___ étudiants.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: aux
Étudiants is plural.
Choose the correct form. Multiple Choice

Elle est ___ bureau.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au
Bureau is masculine singular.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Je vais ___ cinéma.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au
Cinéma is masculine singular.
Choose the correct form. Multiple Choice

Je vais ___ magasins.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: aux
Magasins is plural.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Je vais à le parc.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je vais au parc.
à + le = au.
Reorder the words. Sentence Building

au / vais / je / cinéma

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je vais au cinéma.
Standard SVO order.
Match the preposition. Conjugation Drill

à + les

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: aux
à + les = aux.
Match the phrase. Match Pairs

à + le

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au
à + le = au.
Fill in the blank.

Il parle ___ étudiants.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: aux
Étudiants is plural.
Choose the correct form. Multiple Choice

Elle est ___ bureau.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au
Bureau is masculine singular.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the blank Fill in the Blank

Elle joue ___ tennis tous les samedis.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au
Fill in the blank Fill in the Blank

Nous envoyons des invitations ___ invités.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: aux
Fix the mistake Error Correction

Tu vas à les toilettes ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Tu vas aux toilettes ?
Translate to French Translation

I am going to the office.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je vais au bureau.
Reorder the words Sentence Reorder

parle / Il / aux / enfants

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il parle aux enfants
Match the singular to the plural Match Pairs

Match the contractions:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au : aux
Choose the right option Multiple Choice

Je m'abonne ___ compte Instagram.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: au
Fill in the blank Fill in the Blank

Il fait attention ___ détails.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: aux
Find the error Error Correction

Je vais à le parc.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je vais au parc.
Translate Translation

She is going to the United States.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Elle va aux États-Unis.

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

To avoid the hiatus of two vowels and make the language flow better.

No, it is mandatory in standard French.

They do not contract. Use 'à la'.

They do not contract. Use 'à l''.

Yes, the x is silent.

No, never.

Yes, for masculine countries like 'au Canada'.

Check a dictionary; it's part of learning the word.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

al

Spanish only contracts for masculine singular.

German moderate

an dem

German has more complex case systems.

Japanese low

ni

No articles or contractions in Japanese.

Arabic low

ila al

No contraction occurs in Arabic.

Chinese none

zai

No articles or contractions exist.

Italian high

al

Italian has more complex article contractions.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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