At the A1 beginner level, the most important thing to know about the Hindi word तेज़ (tez) is that it simply means 'fast'. When you see a car zooming by, an airplane flying, or a person running quickly, you describe their speed using the word तेज़. It is one of the most fundamental adjectives you will learn early in your Hindi journey because speed is a basic concept we talk about every day. For example, 'वह तेज़ दौड़ता है' means 'He runs fast', and 'यह कार तेज़ है' means 'This car is fast'. Another incredibly useful feature of this word for beginners is its grammatical simplicity. In Hindi, many describing words (adjectives) change their endings based on whether the thing they are describing is masculine, feminine, singular, or plural. For instance, the word for 'big' is बड़ा (bada) for a boy, but बड़ी (badi) for a girl. However, तेज़ is a special type of word that never changes its shape. It is always just तेज़. You can use it for a boy (तेज़ लड़का), a girl (तेज़ लड़की), or many things (तेज़ गाड़ियाँ). You don't have to worry about complex grammar rules when using it! The second basic meaning you should learn at the A1 level is 'sharp'. If you are in a kitchen and you need to cut vegetables, you want a knife that is तेज़. 'यह चाकू तेज़ है' means 'This knife is sharp'. As a beginner, focusing on these two primary meanings—fast speed and sharp edges—will allow you to understand and participate in many basic daily conversations. You will hear it on the streets when people talk to auto-rickshaw drivers, and you will hear it at home when people talk about cooking tools. Just remember that it goes right before the noun it describes, or right before the verb if it describes an action. Practice saying simple sentences like 'ट्रेन तेज़ है' (The train is fast) and you will master this word quickly.
At the A2 elementary level, your understanding of तेज़ (tez) expands beyond just physical speed and sharp knives to include intensity in daily life situations, especially regarding weather and physical sensations. You already know that 'तेज़ कार' means a fast car, but now you will learn that तेज़ is the standard word used to describe heavy or intense weather conditions. When it is raining heavily, Hindi speakers do not say 'भारी बारिश' (heavy rain) as a literal translation from English; instead, they say 'तेज़ बारिश' (fast/intense rain). If the wind is blowing strongly, it is 'तेज़ हवा'. If the sun is shining brightly and it is very hot outside, it is 'तेज़ धूप'. This makes तेज़ an essential vocabulary word for making small talk about the weather, which is a very common topic in India. Furthermore, at the A2 level, you will learn to use तेज़ to describe physical pain and illness. If you have a severe headache, you say 'मुझे तेज़ सिरदर्द है' (I have a severe headache). If someone has a high temperature, they have 'तेज़ बुख़ार' (high fever). In these medical contexts, तेज़ translates to 'severe' or 'high'. You will also start encountering its use with human intelligence. A smart or clever student is often described as having a 'तेज़ दिमाग' (sharp mind). So, at this level, you are moving from concrete physical concepts (a fast car, a sharp knife) to slightly more abstract concepts of intensity (heavy rain, severe pain, sharp intellect). Grammatically, you will practice using it as an adverb more comfortably. 'वह तेज़ बोलता है' (He speaks loudly/fast) shows how placing it before a verb modifies the action. Understanding these expanded uses will significantly improve your ability to express your feelings, describe your environment, and interact with locals in a much more natural and idiomatic way.
At the B1 intermediate level, the usage of तेज़ (tez) becomes much more nuanced, and you begin to use it to describe sensory experiences and abstract qualities. You are no longer just talking about fast cars or heavy rain; you are now navigating the complexities of Indian cuisine, social interactions, and detailed descriptions. In the context of food and cooking, तेज़ is frequently used to describe strong, pungent, or overly spicy flavors. If a dish has too much salt, you say 'नमक तेज़ है' (The salt is strong/too much). If a curry is too spicy, it has 'तेज़ मसाले' (strong spices). It is also used for strong smells, such as 'तेज़ गंध' (strong odor) of a perfume or a chemical. Additionally, you will learn to use तेज़ in the context of volume and sound. 'तेज़ आवाज़' means a loud noise. If you want someone to turn down the television, you might say 'आवाज़ बहुत तेज़ है, इसे कम करो' (The volume is very loud, lower it). At the B1 level, you also start differentiating between तेज़ and its synonyms. You learn that while तेज़ means fast, जल्दी (jaldi) means early or quickly in time. You understand that you cannot say 'तेज़ आओ' when you mean 'come early' (which should be जल्दी आओ). You also become aware of the social nuances of calling a person तेज़. While 'तेज़ दिमाग' is a compliment meaning intelligent, saying 'वह आदमी बहुत तेज़ है' can sometimes imply that the person is cunning, shrewd, or overly opportunistic, depending on the tone of voice and context. This level is about mastering the subtleties of the word, using it to describe the intensity of light (तेज़ रोशनी), the fastness of colors in clothing (तेज़ रंग - colors that don't fade), and the sharpness of one's memory (तेज़ याददाश्त). Your Hindi will sound much more colorful and precise as you apply तेज़ across these varied sensory and abstract domains.
At the B2 upper-intermediate level, you are expected to understand and utilize तेज़ (tez) in more complex, idiomatic, and culturally specific contexts. At this stage, you are engaging with native media, reading newspapers, and having deeper conversations where vocabulary choices matter. You will notice that in formal writing, news reports, and literature, the Persian-derived तेज़ is often replaced by its Sanskrit-derived synonym तीव्र (teevra) when discussing abstract or serious topics, such as 'तीव्र गति' (rapid speed) or 'तीव्र विरोध' (intense opposition). However, in spoken Hindi, तेज़ remains dominant. You will encounter idiomatic expressions and compound phrases using तेज़. For example, 'तेज़-तर्रार' (tez-tarrar) is a very common colloquial phrase used to describe someone who is highly energetic, sharp-witted, fiercely articulate, and often a go-getter. A 'तेज़-तर्रार नेता' is a dynamic and fiery politician. You will also use तेज़ to describe economic and abstract trends, such as 'बाज़ार में तेज़ गिरावट' (a sharp fall in the market) or 'तेज़ धड़कन' (rapid heartbeat) in emotional or medical contexts. At the B2 level, your grasp of adverbial usage becomes sophisticated. You understand how reduplication works for emphasis, using 'तेज़-तेज़' to describe continuous rapid action, like 'वह गुस्से में तेज़-तेज़ चलने लगा' (He started walking very rapidly in anger). You also master the distinction between the adjective तेज़ and the abstract noun तेज़ी (tezi - speed/sharpness/boom). You can comfortably construct sentences like 'शेयर बाज़ार में बहुत तेज़ी आई है' (There has been a great boom/acceleration in the stock market). Understanding these advanced applications allows you to participate in debates, discuss current events, and express complex emotional and physical states with the exact same fluency and idiomatic accuracy as a native Hindi speaker.
At the C1 advanced level, your command over the word तेज़ (tez) involves a deep sociolinguistic awareness and the ability to seamlessly switch between different registers of Hindi. You understand that तेज़ is a loanword from Persian, which historically influenced Hindustani vocabulary, and you know exactly when to use it versus its Sanskrit equivalents (तीव्र, द्रुत, कुशाग्र) depending on the formality of the setting. In a formal academic debate or a highly sanskritized literary text, you might opt for 'कुशाग्र बुद्धि' (kushagra buddhi - sharp intellect) instead of 'तेज़ दिमाग', but in a contemporary, urban conversation, you know that 'तेज़ दिमाग' is the most natural choice. At this level, you effortlessly comprehend subtle metaphorical uses of the word. For instance, describing someone's gaze or eyesight as 'तेज़ नज़र' implies not just good vision, but a perceptive, eagle-eyed ability to notice hidden details or underlying truths. If someone has a 'तेज़ ज़बान' (sharp tongue), it means they are quick to reply, often in a biting, sarcastic, or overly blunt manner. You are also fully comfortable with the economic and financial jargon where 'तेज़ी' (the noun form) indicates a bullish market trend, often contrasted with 'मंदी' (slump/bearish trend). Furthermore, you can appreciate the poetic and literary uses of the word in Ghazals and modern Hindi poetry, where the 'तेज़' of a sword might be metaphorically compared to the sharpness of a lover's glance. Your usage is flawless; you never make beginner mistakes regarding gender agreement, and you use reduplication (तेज़-तेज़) and intensifiers (अत्यंत तेज़, बेहद तेज़) with perfect native-like intuition. You can read between the lines when a native speaker uses तेज़ to gently criticize someone's cunning behavior without being overtly rude, demonstrating your mastery of the cultural pragmatics of the Hindi language.
At the C2 mastery level, your understanding of तेज़ (tez) is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker, encompassing its full etymological history, literary depth, and nuanced pragmatic applications. You are aware that तेज़ entered the Indian subcontinent through Persian (تیز), where it also meant sharp, fast, or pungent, and you can trace its cognates and historical usage in classical Hindustani literature, poetry (Shayari), and historical texts. In classical Urdu and Hindi poetry, the word is often employed to describe the intensity of emotions, the sharpness of a dagger (often a metaphor for a lover's eyes or betrayal), or the fleeting, rapid nature of time and life. You can effortlessly navigate highly abstract and philosophical discussions using this word and its derivatives. You understand the profound difference between a 'तेज़' person in a rural context (often meaning overly clever or untrustworthy) versus an urban corporate context (meaning efficient and dynamic). You can play with the word in rhetorical devices, using it to create oxymorons or deliberate contrasts in your speech and writing. Your vocabulary includes highly specialized compounds and idioms that are rarely found in standard textbooks, and you can debate the semantic shifts the word has undergone over centuries. You also possess the metalinguistic ability to explain the nuances of तेज़ to lower-level learners, accurately diagnosing why they might confuse it with जल्दी (jaldi) or why they struggle with its invariability. At this pinnacle of language proficiency, तेज़ is not just a vocabulary word to you; it is a cultural artifact that you wield with absolute precision, elegance, and historical awareness in any spoken or written medium, from casual street slang to the highest forms of literary expression.

The Hindi word तेज़ (tez) is an incredibly versatile and frequently used adjective and adverb that fundamentally conveys the idea of high intensity, speed, or sharpness. Originating from Persian, this word has thoroughly integrated into everyday Hindi vocabulary. When you are learning Hindi, mastering the word तेज़ is absolutely essential because it applies to a wide variety of contexts ranging from physical speed to mental acuity, and even to sensory experiences like taste, smell, and sound. In its most literal and common sense, तेज़ means 'fast' or 'quick'. If a person is running rapidly, a vehicle is moving at high speed, or a process is occurring swiftly, you will use तेज़ to describe that speed. However, its usage extends far beyond mere velocity. When applied to physical objects with an edge, such as a knife, sword, or scissors, तेज़ translates to 'sharp'. A blunt knife is useless, but a तेज़ चाकू (tez chaku) gets the job done efficiently. Furthermore, this concept of sharpness metaphorically extends to human intelligence and cognitive abilities. A student who learns quickly, possesses a sharp memory, or demonstrates cleverness is often described as having a तेज़ दिमाग (tez dimag), meaning a sharp or brilliant mind. The versatility of तेज़ does not stop there; it is also heavily utilized to describe intense weather conditions. For instance, heavy rainfall is referred to as तेज़ बारिश (tez barish), strong winds are तेज़ हवा (tez hawa), and intense sunlight is तेज़ धूप (tez dhoop). In the realm of sensory experiences, तेज़ is used to describe strong, pungent, or spicy flavors, as well as loud volumes. A dish with too much chili or strong spices is described as having तेज़ मसाले (tez masale), while a deafening noise or loud music is referred to as तेज़ आवाज़ (tez aawaz). Even in medical contexts, severe pain or a high fever is described using this exact same word, such as तेज़ दर्द (tez dard) for severe pain or तेज़ बुख़ार (tez bukhar) for a high fever. Understanding these multiple dimensions of तेज़ allows learners to express a multitude of concepts using just one simple, invariable word.

Speed and Velocity
Used to describe anything moving quickly, such as cars, trains, runners, or even the passage of time. It acts as both an adjective and an adverb in this context.

वह बहुत तेज़ दौड़ता है, इसलिए वह हमेशा रेस जीतता है।

Sharpness of Objects
Describes the cutting edge of tools, weapons, and utensils. A sharp knife or a sharp pair of scissors is essential for precise cutting tasks in daily life.

सब्जियां काटने के लिए यह चाकू काफी तेज़ है।

Mental Sharpness and Intelligence
Refers to cognitive quickness, intelligence, cleverness, and the ability to grasp complex concepts rapidly. It is a highly complimentary term when applied to students or professionals.

उसका दिमाग गणित में बहुत तेज़ चलता है।

आज बाहर बहुत तेज़ धूप है, कृपया छाता लेकर जाना।

मरीज़ को रात से बहुत तेज़ बुख़ार है।

Using the word तेज़ (tez) in Hindi sentences is remarkably straightforward, primarily because it is an invariable adjective and adverb. In Hindi grammar, many adjectives change their endings to agree with the gender and number of the noun they describe. For example, the word for 'good' changes from अच्छा (achcha) for masculine singular, to अच्छे (achche) for masculine plural, to अच्छी (achchi) for feminine. However, तेज़ is a loanword from Persian and ends in a consonant. Therefore, it remains exactly the same regardless of what it is describing. You can say तेज़ लड़का (tez ladka - fast/smart boy), तेज़ लड़की (tez ladki - fast/smart girl), and तेज़ गाड़ियाँ (tez gadiyan - fast cars). The word never becomes 'तेज़ा' or 'तेज़ी' when used as an adjective. (Note: तेज़ी exists, but it is an abstract noun meaning 'speed' or 'sharpness', not an adjective). Furthermore, तेज़ functions seamlessly as an adverb to describe how an action is performed. When placed immediately before a verb, it modifies that verb to indicate high speed or intensity. For example, in the sentence 'वह तेज़ बोलता है' (vah tez bolta hai), it means 'He speaks loudly' or 'He speaks fast', depending on the context. If you want to emphasize the speed or intensity even more, you can use the word बहुत (bahut), which means 'very', before it, resulting in बहुत तेज़ (bahut tez). Another common structural pattern is reduplication, a frequent feature in Hindi where a word is repeated for emphasis or to indicate a distributive plural. Saying 'तेज़-तेज़' (tez-tez) emphasizes continuous rapid action, such as 'तेज़-तेज़ चलो' (tez-tez chalo), which translates to 'walk very fast' or 'keep walking quickly'. When constructing sentences, the standard Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order of Hindi is maintained. The adjective तेज़ is placed directly before the noun it modifies, or if used as a predicate adjective, it comes before the verb 'to be' (होना). For example, 'यह कार तेज़ है' (yah car tez hai - this car is fast). When used to describe weather phenomena, it precedes the noun: तेज़ बारिश (tez barish - heavy rain), तेज़ तूफ़ान (tez toofan - severe storm). Understanding these syntactic placements will make your Hindi sound incredibly natural and fluent.

As a Direct Adjective
Place तेज़ immediately before the noun you want to describe. It does not change form for gender or number, making it very easy to use for beginners.

मेरे पास एक बहुत तेज़ घोड़ा है।

As an Adverb of Manner
Place तेज़ right before the verb to describe how an action is being performed, usually implying speed, loudness, or intensity.

कृपया गाड़ी थोड़ी कम तेज़ चलाएं, मुझे डर लग रहा है।

With Abstract Nouns
Use it with nouns like pain, fever, memory, or anger to indicate a high degree of severity or intensity.

कल रात से मेरे सिर में बहुत तेज़ दर्द हो रहा है।

ट्रेन बहुत तेज़ गति से स्टेशन से गुज़री।

इस सब्जी में नमक बहुत तेज़ है, मैं इसे नहीं खा सकता।

The word तेज़ (tez) is ubiquitous in spoken Hindi and is encountered daily across a massive variety of social contexts, settings, and conversations in India. If you are traveling through the bustling streets of Delhi or Mumbai, you will constantly hear people yelling at auto-rickshaw drivers or taxi drivers to go faster by saying 'भैया, थोड़ा तेज़ चलो' (Bhaiya, thoda tez chalo - Brother, drive a bit faster), or conversely, warning them to slow down with 'इतनी तेज़ मत चलाओ' (Itni tez mat chalao - Don't drive so fast). In Indian households, especially in the kitchen, तेज़ is a critical vocabulary word. When cooking traditional Indian cuisine, balancing flavors is key, and you will often hear complaints or observations about the spices. Someone might say 'सब्जी में मिर्च बहुत तेज़ है' (Sabzi mein mirch bahut tez hai - The chili in the vegetable dish is very strong/spicy), or 'चाय में पत्ती तेज़ है' (Chai mein patti tez hai - The tea leaves are strong). During the monsoon season, weather conversations heavily feature this word. News anchors and ordinary citizens alike will describe the torrential downpours as 'तेज़ बारिश' (tez barish) and the cyclonic winds as 'तेज़ हवाएं' (tez hawayein). In educational environments such as schools and universities, teachers frequently use तेज़ to praise students who perform well academically. A teacher might tell a proud parent, 'आपका बच्चा पढ़ाई में बहुत तेज़ है' (Aapka bachcha padhai mein bahut tez hai - Your child is very sharp/smart in studies). Furthermore, in medical clinics and hospitals, patients use तेज़ to describe the severity of their symptoms to doctors. You will hear phrases like 'मुझे तेज़ बुख़ार है' (Mujhe tez bukhar hai - I have a high fever) or 'मेरे पेट में तेज़ दर्द है' (Mere pet mein tez dard hai - I have severe stomach pain). Even in the context of technology and modern life, an internet connection that works rapidly is described as a 'तेज़ इंटरनेट' (tez internet). It is also used to describe loud volumes, so if a neighbor is playing music at a deafening level, one might complain about the 'तेज़ आवाज़' (tez aawaz - loud noise). Because it covers speed, sharpness, intelligence, weather intensity, flavor strength, and volume, you literally cannot spend a single day in a Hindi-speaking environment without hearing the word तेज़ multiple times.

In Traffic and Transportation
Used constantly to instruct drivers, comment on the speed of vehicles, or complain about reckless driving on Indian roads.

ऑटो वाले भैया, ज़रा तेज़ चलिए, मुझे ऑफिस के लिए देर हो रही है।

In the Kitchen and Dining
Essential for discussing the intensity of spices, salt, sugar, or the sharpness of kitchen knives during food preparation.

इस दाल में नमक थोड़ा तेज़ हो गया है।

Discussing Weather
Used to describe extreme weather conditions like heavy rain, strong winds, or scorching sunlight, especially during the Indian monsoon and summer.

कल रात शहर में बहुत तेज़ आंधी आई थी।

टीवी की आवाज़ इतनी तेज़ मत करो, बच्चे सो रहे हैं।

वह लड़का बहुत तेज़ है, उससे बचकर रहना।

When English speakers and other non-native learners begin using the Hindi word तेज़ (tez), they often encounter a few specific stumbling blocks due to direct translation habits and misunderstandings of Hindi grammar. The most prevalent mistake is confusing तेज़ (fast/sharp) with जल्दी (jaldi - early/quickly). While both relate to time and speed, they are used differently. तेज़ describes the speed or intensity of an ongoing action or the physical property of an object, whereas जल्दी describes the timeframe in which something happens or the urgency of completing a task. For example, if you want someone to drive at a higher speed, you say 'तेज़ चलाओ' (tez chalao - drive fast). But if you want someone to arrive early or finish a task soon, you say 'जल्दी आओ' (jaldi aao - come early/quickly). Saying 'तेज़ आओ' sounds unnatural because you are literally asking them to travel at a high physical velocity rather than arriving promptly. Another frequent grammatical error is attempting to modify the ending of तेज़ to match the gender or number of a noun. Because many common Hindi adjectives end in the vowel 'aa' (like बड़ा - big, छोटा - small) and change to 'ee' for feminine and 'e' for plural, learners instinctively try to say 'तेज़ी लड़की' (tezi ladki) for a smart girl or 'तेज़े लड़के' (teze ladke) for smart boys. This is grammatically incorrect. तेज़ is an invariable adjective ending in a consonant; it must always remain तेज़ regardless of the noun's gender or plurality. Therefore, it is always 'तेज़ लड़की' and 'तेज़ लड़के'. Additionally, learners sometimes confuse the adjective तेज़ with the abstract noun तेज़ी (tezi), which means 'speed', 'sharpness', or 'acceleration' (often used in financial contexts to describe market growth). You cannot say 'वह बहुत तेज़ी दौड़ता है' (He runs very speed); the correct phrasing is 'वह बहुत तेज़ दौड़ता है' (He runs very fast). Finally, a subtle semantic mistake occurs when interpreting the word in social contexts. While calling someone's mind sharp (तेज़ दिमाग) is a compliment, simply calling a person 'तेज़' (वह बहुत तेज़ है) can sometimes carry a negative connotation, implying they are overly cunning, sly, or manipulative, similar to calling someone a 'smooth operator' or 'too clever for their own good' in English. Learners should be mindful of this nuance to avoid unintentionally offending someone.

Confusing तेज़ and जल्दी
तेज़ means fast in terms of speed or velocity. जल्दी means early or quickly in terms of time. Do not use तेज़ when you want someone to arrive early.

कृपया तेज़ दौड़ो ताकि हम ट्रेन पकड़ सकें। (Correct: Run fast)

Applying Gender/Number Endings
Never change तेज़ to तेज़ा, तेज़ी, or तेज़े to match nouns. It is an invariable word and always stays exactly the same.

वे लड़कियां बहुत तेज़ हैं। (Correct usage with feminine plural)

Using the Noun Instead of the Adjective
Do not use the abstract noun तेज़ी (speed) when you need the adjective/adverb तेज़ (fast).

हवा बहुत तेज़ चल रही है। (Correct: The wind is blowing very fast)

मुझे आज घर जल्दी जाना है। (Using jaldi correctly instead of tez)

वह बहुत तेज़ लिखता है। (He writes very fast)

While तेज़ (tez) is the most common and versatile word for fast, sharp, or intense in Hindi, the language offers a rich variety of synonyms and alternatives that native speakers use to convey more precise meanings or to match different registers of formality. Understanding these alternatives will significantly elevate your Hindi proficiency and allow you to express nuances that a single word cannot capture. The most direct formal synonym for 'fast' is तीव्र (teevra). Derived from Sanskrit, तीव्र is used in formal writing, news broadcasts, and literature to describe high speed, intensity, or acute situations. For example, 'तीव्र गति' (teevra gati) means 'high speed', and 'तीव्र दर्द' (teevra dard) means 'acute pain'. You will rarely hear तीव्र in casual street conversation, but it is essential for reading newspapers or watching the news. Another common alternative related to time is जल्दी (jaldi), which means 'early' or 'quickly'. As discussed in common mistakes, जल्दी is about time efficiency rather than physical speed. If you want someone to hurry up, you say 'जल्दी करो' (jaldi karo). When discussing the sharpness of a blade, an alternative is धारदार (dhaardaar), which literally translates to 'having an edge' (धार means edge). A 'धारदार चाकू' is a very sharp knife. For describing spicy or pungent food, instead of saying 'तेज़ मसाला', you can use तीखा (teekha). तीखा specifically means spicy, hot (from chilies), or pungent. It can also metaphorically describe a sharp or biting remark, such as 'तीखा जवाब' (teekha jawab - a sharp reply). When referring to human intelligence, instead of 'तेज़ दिमाग', you might use होशियार (hoshiyar), which means smart, clever, or intelligent, or चालाक (chalaak), which means clever but often leans towards cunning or sly. Another formal Sanskrit-derived word for intelligent is बुद्धिमान (buddhiman). Finally, when talking about speed in a more abstract or systemic sense, you might encounter the word द्रुत (drut), which means rapid or swift, often used in classical music to denote a fast tempo (द्रुत लय) or in formal contexts like 'द्रुत गति मार्ग' (expressway). By learning these alternatives, you can tailor your vocabulary to fit the exact context, whether you are chatting with friends in a market, reading a formal Hindi document, or complimenting someone's culinary skills.

तीव्र (Teevra) - Formal / Intense
A formal, Sanskrit-origin synonym used for high speed or extreme intensity. Mostly found in news, literature, and formal speeches.

चक्रवात बहुत तीव्र गति से तट की ओर बढ़ रहा है।

तीखा (Teekha) - Spicy / Pungent
Used specifically to describe food that is hot or spicy, or a smell that is sharp and pungent. A direct alternative to तेज़ when talking about flavors.

मुझे भारतीय भोजन बहुत पसंद है, लेकिन यह थोड़ा ज़्यादा तीखा है।

होशियार (Hoshiyar) - Smart / Clever
A very common alternative when using तेज़ to describe someone's intelligence. It means intelligent, alert, or smart.

वह कक्षा का सबसे होशियार छात्र है।

शिकारी के पास एक बहुत धारदार कुल्हाड़ी थी।

लोमड़ी बहुत चालाक जानवर होती है।

Examples by Level

1

यह कार बहुत तेज़ है।

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