Limits & Surprises: "Until" and "Even" (made)
まで for continuous actions stopping at a limit, and までに for one-time deadlines.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use {まで|まで} for time/distance limits and {さえ|さえ} to emphasize something surprising or extreme.
- Use {まで|まで} to mark the end point of time or space: {明日|あした}まで {待|ま}ちます (I will wait until tomorrow).
- Use {さえ|さえ} to mean 'even' for extreme cases: {彼|かれ}でさえ {知|し}らない (Even he doesn't know).
- Combine {まで|まで} with {も|も} for emphasis: {夜|よる}まで も {勉強|べんきょう}した (I studied even until night).
Overview
Japanese particle まで (まで) defines a limit or extent. While commonly introduced as "until" or "to," its functionality extends far beyond simple temporal or spatial boundaries. At its core, まで marks the terminal point of an action, state, or duration, encompassing a range from a straightforward endpoint to an unexpected extreme.
Linguistically, まで functions as a boundary-marker. It signals the maximum reach of a preceding element, whether that element is a location, a moment in time, an action, or even a conceptual scope. This foundational meaning allows まで to express both the simple conclusion of an activity and the surprising inclusion of an unlikely element.
How This Grammar Works
まで primarily operates in two distinct, yet related, functional domains: as a marker of physical or temporal extent and as an indicator of surprising or extreme inclusion.まで. まで specifies the endpoint of a continuous action, state, or movement. It establishes the duration "until" a certain time or the distance "to" or "as far as" a specific place.終電{しゅうでん}まで飲{の}んだ。(I drank until the last train.) –までmarks the temporal endpoint of the drinking action.富士山{ふじさん}の頂上{ちょうじょう}まで登{のぼ}った。(I climbed to the summit of Mt. Fuji.) –までindicates the spatial endpoint of the climbing action.
まで attaches to a noun or a verb phrase that denotes an unexpected or extreme element, it conveys the nuance of "even" or "as far as (this surprising thing)." This usage implies that the scope of an action or phenomenon has extended further than one might reasonably expect, often carrying an emotional or rhetorical weight of surprise, indignation, or emphasis.子供{こども}までその歌{うた}を知{し}っている。(Even children know that song.) – Expresses surprise that the song's popularity extends to children, implying wide reach.彼{かれ}は徹夜{てつや}してまで、このレポートを完成{かんせい}させた。(He completed this report, even to the extent of pulling an all-nighter.) – Emphasizes the extreme effort put in.
まで as a boundary marker. In the first case, it’s a factual boundary; in the second, it’s an emphatically noted extreme boundary.Formation Pattern
まで is a highly flexible particle, attaching directly to nouns or the plain form of verbs and adjectives. Its formation is generally straightforward.
まで follows a noun directly, marking it as the limit in time, space, or scope.
Noun + まで
来週{らいしゅう}まで (until next week)
駅{えき}まで (to the station)
その日{ひ}まで (until that day)
まで follows a verb, the verb is almost always in its dictionary (plain non-past) form. This indicates that the action continues or is anticipated to continue up to the point of the verb's completion or occurrence. Using the dictionary form emphasizes that the point has not yet been reached or completed.
Verb (Dictionary Form) + まで
分{わ}かるまで (until you understand)
食{た}べるまで (until eating/until I eat)
帰{かえ}るまで待{ま}つ (wait until I go home)
まで can follow the plain form of い-adjectives and な-adjectives (acting as adverbs or noun phrases).
い-adjective (plain form) + まで
暑{あつ}いまで (until it's hot – less common, often implies a degree)
な-adjective (plain form) + まで or Noun + だ + まで
元気{げんき}なまで (until healthy – implies an extent of being healthy)
普通{ふつう}なまで (until it's ordinary)
まで frequently appears in conjunction with から (から) to define a range, and can combine with topic/emphasis particles.
から + Noun/Time + まで: "From X to Y" or "From X until Y."
午前{ごぜん}9時{くじ}から午後{ごご}5時{ごじ}まで (from 9 AM to 5 PM)
北海道{ほっかいどう}から沖縄{おきなわ}まで (from Hokkaido to Okinawa)
までは: Adding は (は) after まで emphasizes the limit or highlights it as the topic. It can imply "up to this point, but no further" or "at least until this point."
来週{らいしゅう}までは大丈夫{だいじょうぶ}です。 (Until next week, it's fine. / It's fine at least until next week.)
までも: Adding も (も) after まで reinforces the "even" nuance, making the extent even more emphatic.
先生{せんせい}までも間違{まちが}えた。 (Even the teacher made a mistake.)
Noun + まで | Until/To Noun | 来週{らいしゅう}まで (until next week) |
V (Dictionary Form) + まで | Until V | 分{わ}かるまで (until understanding) |
い-Adj (plain) + まで | Until it's い-Adj | 高{たか}いまで (until it's high, to a high degree) |
な-Adj (plain) + まで | Until it's な-Adj | 丁寧{ていねい}なまで (until it's polite) |
Noun/Time + から + Noun/Time + まで | From X until Y | 東京{とうきょう}から大阪{おおさか}まで (from Tokyo to Osaka) |
Noun + までは | Until Noun (with emphasis) | ここまではできた。 (I could do it up to here.) |
Noun + までも | Even Noun (with strong emphasis) | プロまでも驚{おどろ}いた。 (Even pros were surprised.) |
When To Use It
まで is indispensable when you need to specify the limit or extent of an action, state, or inclusion. Understanding its various contexts of use is key to mastering this particle.まで to indicate that an action or state continues until a specific point in time.会議{かいぎ}は午後{ごご}3時{さんじ}まで続{つづ}いた。(The meeting continued until 3 PM.)夜中{よなか}まで勉強{べんきょう}します。(I will study until midnight.)
まで to specify the furthest point reached in a journey or movement, often emphasizing the entire distance covered rather than just the arrival.バス停{てい}まで歩{ある}きましょう。(Let's walk to the bus stop.)その本{ほん}は図書館{としょかん}の奥{おく}まであった。(That book was available as far back as the library's deepest section.)
まで specifies the point at which an ongoing action will conclude or be interrupted by the completion of the preceding verb's action.彼{かれ}が来{く}るまで、ここで待{ま}とう。(Let's wait here until he comes.)理解{りかい}できるまで、何度{なんど}も質問{しつもん}してください。(Please ask questions repeatedly until you can understand.)
まで to highlight an element that is unexpectedly or exceptionally included within a scope, often implying a sense of surprise, disappointment, or emphasis on how far something has gone.まさか、あなたまで私{わたし}を疑{うたが}うとは。(I can't believe even you would doubt me.) – Expresses surprise and disappointment.こんな簡単{かんたん}な問題{もんだい}は、幼稚園児{ようちえんじ}まで解{と}けるよ。(Such an easy problem, even a kindergartner can solve it.) – Emphasizes the problem's simplicity by including an unlikely solver.病気{びょうき}になってまで働{はたら}く必要{ひつよう}はない。(There's no need to work even to the point of getting sick.) – Highlights an extreme, undesirable extent of working.
まで is part of many common expressions that convey specific meanings, which you should learn as chunks.言{い}うまでもない(It goes without saying / Needless to say)そこまで(To that extent / That's enough!)
When Not To Use It
まで has specific boundaries beyond which its usage becomes unnatural, grammatically incorrect, or creates unintended nuances. Knowing when to avoid まで is as important as knowing when to use it.まで to express a deadline or a one-time action that must be completed by a certain point. For this, you must use までに (までに). まで implies continuous action until the specified time, whereas までに implies completion at some point before or at the specified time. This distinction is one of the most common pitfalls for learners.- ❌
金曜日{きんようび}までレポートを出{だ}してください。(Please submit the report until Friday.) – Incorrect, implies continuously submitting until Friday. - ✅
金曜日{きんようび}までにレポートを出{だ}してください。(Please submit the report by Friday.) – Correct, indicates a deadline.
に (に) or へ (へ) are more natural and less emphatic than まで. まで implies covering the distance or the extent of the journey.- ❌
学校{がっこう}まで行く。(Go to school.) – Grammatically possible, but emphasizes the act of going all the way to school. If you just mean "go to school,"学校に行くis more neutral. - ✅
学校{がっこう}に行く。(Go to school.) – Simple, neutral statement of direction/destination. 空港{くうこう}へ向{む}かう。(Head towards the airport.) – Focus on direction.
だけ (だけ) or しか〜ない (しか〜ない) More Clearly Express "Only" or "Nothing But":まで can sometimes imply exclusivity in its "even" sense (e.g., "even children" might imply "only children, surprisingly"), its primary meaning isn't "only." If you strictly mean "only" or "nothing but," opt for だけ or しか〜ない.私{わたし}だけが知{し}っている。(Only I know.) – Clear exclusivity.ビールしか飲{の}まない。(I only drink beer. / Drink nothing but beer.) – Strong, negative exclusivity.
まで often replaces directional particles like に or へ when marking a destination or extent. Do not use まで followed by another directional particle for the same function.- ❌
図書館{としょかん}までへ行く。 - ✅
図書館{としょかん}まで行く。(Go to the library, emphasizing the distance/journey.)
Common Mistakes
まで is critical, as several common errors can lead to miscommunication or awkward phrasing. Learners frequently stumble on these points.まで and までに:- Error: Using
までfor a deadline. - ❌
来週{らいしゅう}まで提出{ていしゅつ}してください。(Please submit until next week.) – This implies you should be continuously submitting the item from now until next week. - ✅
来週{らいしゅう}までに提出{ていしゅつ}してください。(Please submit by next week.) – Correctly sets a deadline.
- Rule: Use
までfor actions/states that continue up to a point. Useまでにfor actions that must be completed at or before a point.
まで:た-form) or て-form before まで.- Error:
彼{かれ}が来{き}たまで待{ま}った。(I waited until he came.) - Reasoning: The waiting action precedes and continues until his arrival. His arrival is the anticipated endpoint. Therefore, the verb describing the endpoint should be in its plain non-past (dictionary) form, as it hasn't happened yet relative to the continuous action.
- Correct:
彼{かれ}が来{く}るまで待{ま}った。(I waited until he came.) - Exception:
〜てまでis a specific phrase meaning "even to the extent of doing X," where theて-formindicates a means or condition that goes to an extreme. 借金{しゃっきん}してまで遊{あそ}びたくない。(I don't want to play even to the extent of borrowing money.)
だけ and しか〜ない:まで in its "even" sense can imply an unexpected limitation (e.g., 子供まで meaning "surprisingly, only children"), it's not the primary function of まで. Using だけ or しか〜ない is more precise for strict exclusivity.- Ambiguous:
私{わたし}まで知{し}っている。(Even I know. / Surprisingly, only I know.) – The nuance depends heavily on context. - Clearer for "only":
私{わたし}だけが知{し}っている。(Only I know.)
まで often functions as a directional particle itself, making additional directional particles redundant.- ❌
コンビニまでへ行{い}く。(Go to the convenience store.) - ✅
コンビニまで行{い}く。(Go to the convenience store.)
Common Collocations
まで, and learning them as chunks can significantly enhance your naturalness and fluency in Japanese.今{いま}まで(いままで): Until now; So far.今{いま}まで何{なに}をしていましたか。(What have you been doing until now?)朝{あさ}まで(あさまで): Until morning; All night long. Often implies staying up late.昨日{きのう}は朝{あさ}まで飲{の}んでいた。(Yesterday, I was drinking until morning.)そこまで(そこまで): To that extent; That far; That's enough! Used colloquially to express surprise at the degree of something or to stop someone.まさか、そこまで酷{ひど}いとは思{おも}わなかった。(I never thought it would be that bad.)そこまでだ！(That's enough! / No further!)死{し}ぬまで(しぬまで): Until death; Until I die.死{し}ぬまで忘{わす}れない。(I won't forget until I die.)いつまで(いつまで): Until when? Inquires about a temporal limit.この仕事{しごと}はいつまでですか。(Until when is this work?)遅{おそ}くまで(おそくまで): Until late.昨日{きのう}は遅{おそ}くまで起{お}きていた。(Yesterday, I was up until late.)言{い}うまでもない(いうまでもない): Needless to say; It goes without saying.彼{かれ}が天才{てんさい}であることは言{い}うまでもない。(It goes without saying that he is a genius.)〜てまで(てまで): Even to the extent of doing ~; Even if it means doing ~. Emphasizes an extreme measure or sacrifice.会社{かいしゃ}を辞{や}めてまで留学{りゅうがく}したい。(I want to study abroad, even if it means quitting my job.)あくまで(あくまで): To the last; Stubbornly; Strictly. (This is an adverb, notまでas a particle, but related in meaning to "to the very end.")あくまで私{わたし}の意見{いけん}です。(This is strictly my opinion.)
Contrast With Similar Patterns
まで from these is vital for precise communication.まで (まで) vs. までに (までに)まで marks a continuous duration or extent. までに marks a deadline or a point-in-time completion.まで (made) | までに (madeni) |午後{ごご}5時{ごじ}まで働{はたら}く。 (Work until 5 PM.) | 午後{ごご}5時{ごじ}までに帰{かえ}る。 (Return by 5 PM.) |まで (まで) vs. に (に) / へ (へ)に and へ are fundamental directional particles. まで also indicates destination but with a different emphasis.まで (made) (destination) | に (ni) / へ (e) (destination) |家{いえ}まで走{はし}った。 (Ran all the way to home.) | 家{いえ}に帰{かえ}る。 (Go home.) |まで (まで) vs. だけ (だけ)まで (made) ("even") | だけ (dake) |新人{しんじん}まで知{し}っていた。 (Even the newcomer knew.) – Implies the knowledge reached surprisingly far, possibly only to the newcomer and more senior people.新人{しんじん}だけが知{し}っていた。 (Only the newcomer knew.) – Clearly states only the newcomer possessed the knowledge.まで (まで) vs. しか〜ない (しか〜ない)しか〜ない explicitly conveys "nothing but" or "only," always requiring a negative verb. まで does not have this negative grammatical requirement.まで (made) | しか〜ない (shika~nai) |彼女{かのじょ}は野菜{やさい}まで食{た}べる。 (She even eats vegetables.) | 彼女{かのじょ}は野菜{やさい}しか食{た}べない。 (She eats nothing but vegetables.) |まで (まで) vs. さえ (さえ)さえ often implies a minimum threshold or a condition of "if even this much, then naturally more." まで emphasizes the extent or surprising inclusion at the end of a range.まで (made) ("even") | さえ (sae) ("even") |素人{しろうと}までその技{わざ}を知{し}っている。 (Even amateurs know that technique.) – Implies widespread knowledge to an unexpected degree. |名前{なまえ}さえ書{か}けない。 (I can't even write my name.) – Implies a very basic inability, let alone more complex tasks. |Quick FAQ
まで.まで be used with people?Yes, but predominantly in the "even" sense (〜まで). For example, 先生{せんせい}まで知{し}っている (Even the teacher knows). If you intend to mean "to a person" (e.g., giving something), the particle に (に) is typically used (先生{せんせい}に渡{わた}す – hand to the teacher).
から (から) always required when using まで?No. While から〜まで is a common and useful pattern for specifying a range ("from X to Y"), まで can perfectly stand alone. It specifies the endpoint, with the starting point either implied by context or irrelevant to the statement.
終電{しゅうでん}まで飲{の}みました。(I drank until the last train.) – Noからneeded.
まで work in negative sentences? (〜までVない)This can be subtle. 〜までVない means "not V until ~," implying that the action V will eventually happen after the specified point. For example, 5時{ごじ}まで食{た}べない means "I won't eat until 5 PM (but will eat at or after 5 PM)." However, be mindful of context; sometimes Japanese expresses this as enduring/waiting for the point, then acting.
まで and 〜てまで?As a standalone particle, まで indicates a limit or extent. 〜てまで is a specific grammatical construction (verb て-form + まで) that means "even to the extent of doing ~" or "even if it means doing ~." It emphasizes an extreme or often undesirable means or sacrifice made to achieve something. This form carries a stronger emotional or judgmental tone than a simple まで.
嘘{うそ}をついてまで成功{せいこう}したくない。(I don't want to succeed even if it means lying.)
あくまで? Is it related to まで?Yes, あくまで (あくまで) is an adverb meaning "to the end," "stubbornly," "strictly," or "only." It literally derives from 飽{あ}くまで (to the point of being tired/satisfied), implying doing something to its absolute limit or with unwavering resolve. While etymologically connected to the concept of "to the end/limit," it functions as a distinct adverb and should be learned separately.
彼{かれ}はあくまで自分{じぶん}の意見{いけん}を主張{しゅちょう}した。(He stubbornly asserted his own opinion.)
Particle Attachment
| Particle | Attaches to | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
まで
|
Noun/Time
|
Until/As far as
|
{明日|あした}まで
|
|
さえ
|
Noun
|
Even
|
{彼|かれ}さえ
|
Meanings
{まで|まで} indicates the limit of an action or state, while {さえ|さえ} adds an emphatic 'even' to a noun.
Temporal Limit
Until a certain time.
“{午後|ごご}5 {時|じ}まで {働|はたら}きます。”
“{明日|あした}まで {待|ま}ってください。”
Spatial Limit
As far as a certain place.
“{東京|とうきょう}まで {行|い}きます。”
“{家|いえ}まで {送|おく}ります。”
Emphatic 'Even'
Used to express surprise at an extreme example.
“{彼|かれ}でさえ {知|し}っている。”
“{名前|なまえ}さえ {忘|わす}れた。”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + まで
|
{東京|とうきょう}まで
|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + さえ
|
{彼|かれ}さえ
|
|
Negative
|
Noun + さえ + Negative Verb
|
{彼|かれ}さえ {知|し}らない
|
|
Question
|
Noun + までですか？
|
{いつ|いつ}までですか？
|
|
Emphasis
|
Noun + まで + も
|
{夜|よる}までも
|
|
Conditional
|
Noun + さえ + ば
|
{金|かね}さえあれば
|
Formality Spectrum
{午後|ごご}5 {時|じ}まで {待|ま}ちます。 (Daily plans)
{午後|ごご}5 {時|じ}まで {待|ま}つよ。 (Daily plans)
{5時|ごじ}まで {待|ま}つ。 (Daily plans)
5 {時|じ}まで {待|ま}ってる。 (Daily plans)
Particle Limits
まで
- {時間|じかん} Time
- {場所|ばしょ} Place
さえ
- {強調|きょうちょう} Emphasis
- {驚|おどろ}き Surprise
Examples by Level
{東京|とうきょう}まで {行|い}きます。
I will go as far as Tokyo.
{明日|あした}まで {待|ま}ちます。
I will wait until tomorrow.
{ここ|ここ}まで {来|き}てください。
Please come here.
{名前|なまえ}さえ {知|し}りません。
I don't even know the name.
{夜|よる}まで {勉強|べんきょう}しました。
I studied until night.
{彼|かれ}でさえ {来|き}ませんでした。
Even he didn't come.
{駅|えき}まで {歩|ある}きます。
I walk to the station.
{一言|ひとこと}さえ {言|い}えません。
I can't even say one word.
{試験|しけん}まで {あと|あと}3 {日|にち}です。
There are 3 days until the exam.
{子供|こども}でさえ {知|し}っている {話|はなし}です。
It's a story even a child knows.
{家|いえ}まで {送|おく}ってくれてありがとう。
Thanks for walking me home.
{水|みず}さえ {飲|の|め}ません。
I can't even drink water.
{会議|かいぎ}は {午後|ごご}3 {時|じ}まで {続|つづ}きます。
The meeting continues until 3 PM.
{彼|かれ}は {謝罪|しゃざい}さえ しませんでした。
He didn't even apologize.
{頂上|ちょうじょう}まで {登|のぼ}りきりました。
I climbed all the way to the summit.
{彼|かれ}でさえ {解決|かいけつ}できなかった。
Even he couldn't solve it.
{死|し}ぬまで {忘|わす}れないでしょう。
I will likely not forget until I die.
{彼|かれ}さえ {来|き}てくれれば {大丈夫|だいじょうぶ}です。
If only he comes, it will be fine.
{最後|さいご}まで {諦|あきら}めないで。
Don't give up until the end.
{一銭|いっせん}さえ {持|も}っていません。
I don't even have a single cent.
{彼|かれ}の {努力|どりょく}は {称賛|しょうさん}に {値|あたい}するまでもない。
His efforts don't even need praise.
{彼|かれ}すら {知|し}らない {事実|じじつ}です。
It is a fact that even he doesn't know.
{何|なに}を {言|い}うまでもなく、{当然|とうぜん}です。
It goes without saying; it's natural.
{彼|かれ}でさえ {成|な}し {得|え}なかった {偉業|いぎょう}。
A great achievement that even he couldn't accomplish.
Easily Confused
Learners often use 'made' for deadlines.
Both can mean 'also' or 'even'.
Both relate to time.
Common Mistakes
{明日|あした}までに {待|ま}つ
{明日|あした}まで {待|ま}つ
{彼|かれ}も {知|し}らない
{彼|かれ}さえ {知|し}らない
{学校|がっこう}にまで {行|い}く
{学校|がっこう}まで {行|い}く
{私|わたし}さえ {食|た|べ}る
{私|わたし}でさえ {食|た|べ}る
{5時|ごじ}までに {働|はたら}く
{5時|ごじ}まで {働|はたら}く
{名前|なまえ}さえ {知|し}る
{名前|なまえ}さえ {知|し}らない
{ここ|ここ}まで {に} {来|き}る
{ここ|ここ}まで {来|き}る
{彼|かれ}まで {知|し}らない
{彼|かれ}さえ {知|し}らない
{明日|あした}まで {に} {終|お|わ}る
{明日|あした}までに {終|お|わ}る
{一言|ひとこと}まで {言|い}わない
{一言|ひとこと}さえ {言|い}わない
{彼|かれ}すら {知|し}る
{彼|かれ}すら {知|し}らない
{死|し}ぬまで {に} {愛|あい}する
{死|し}ぬまで {愛|あい}する
{何|なに}さえ {食|た|べ}ない
{何|なに}も {食|た|べ}ない
Sentence Patterns
___まで待っています。
___でさえ知っています。
___まで歩いて行きます。
___さえ言いませんでした。
Real World Usage
5時まで待ってるね！
来週までにお返事します。
東京までいくらですか？
彼でさえ知らない事実！
家まで届けてください。
本研究はここまでとする。
Deadline vs Duration
Negative Polarity
Emphasis
Politeness
Smart Tips
Add 'ni' to 'made'.
Use 'de sae' instead of just 'sae'.
Pair 'sae' with negative verbs.
Use 'made mo' for emphasis.
Pronunciation
Particle connection
Particles are usually attached to the preceding word without a pause.
Emphasis
Noun ↑ + さえ
Rising intonation on the noun emphasizes the surprise.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'Made' (まで) as a 'Made-to-order' limit, and 'Sae' (さえ) as a 'Say!' (Wow!) moment.
Visual Association
Imagine a finish line flag for 'Made' and a shocked face for 'Sae'.
Rhyme
Time and place use 'made' until the end, 'sae' is for the surprise you intend.
Story
I walked until ({まで|まで}) the park. Even ({さえ|さえ}) the birds were quiet. I didn't even ({さえ|さえ}) have a snack.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 3 sentences about your day using {まで|まで} and 3 sentences about things you didn't even do today using {さえ|さえ}.
Cultural Notes
Used in all contexts, from business to casual.
Often uses 'made' similarly, but 'sae' might be replaced by 'nara' or other emphatic markers.
Strict distinction between 'made' and 'made ni' is essential for professional communication.
Particles evolved from ancient Japanese nouns and verbs.
Conversation Starters
{いつ|いつ}まで {日本|にほん}に {います|います}か？
{誰|だれ}でさえ {知|し}っている {人|ひと}は {誰|だれ}ですか？
{最後|さいご}まで {何|なに}を {頑張|がんば}りますか？
{何|なに}でさえ {知|し}っている {天才|てんさい}について {話|はな}しましょう。
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
明日___待ちます。
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
5時までに待つ。
彼 / 知らない / でさえ
Even he doesn't know.
Answer starts with: 彼でさ...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
一言___言わなかった。
Which is correct for a deadline?
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercises明日___待ちます。
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
5時までに待つ。
彼 / 知らない / でさえ
Even he doesn't know.
Match 'made' and 'sae'.
一言___言わなかった。
Which is correct for a deadline?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercises3時___電話してください。(Please call me BY 3 o'clock).
3時___待っています。(I will be waiting UNTIL 3 o'clock).
家 / 走りました / から / まで / 公園
Even you?
I slept until noon.
死んだまで愛してる (shinda made aishiteru - I love you until I died)
Connect the time limits:
You don't need to go to that extent.
Limit vs Deadline
昨日 / 知らなかった / まで
Until the rain stops
東京までに行きます (I will go [travel continuously] by Tokyo?)
Score: /12
FAQ (8)
No, 'made' is for time and place. Use 'made' with locations.
It's often used with negative verbs, but can be positive in conditional 'sae...ba' structures.
'Made' is duration (until), 'made ni' is a deadline (by).
Yes, e.g., 'even at 5 AM'.
It's neutral, but 'sura' is the formal version.
Yes, 'made ni' is a common stack.
'De' marks the subject as the extreme example.
Yes, very frequently for deadlines and meetings.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
hasta
Spanish uses 'hasta' for both duration and deadline, unlike Japanese.
jusqu'à
French doesn't have a direct particle equivalent for 'sae' in the same way.
bis
German uses 'sogar' for 'even', which is a separate adverb.
直到
Chinese '甚至' (even) is a conjunction, not a particle.
حتى
Arabic 'حتى' is highly context-dependent.
until / even
Japanese particles are attached to the end of the noun.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Videos
Related Grammar Rules
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