B2 Expressions & Patterns 13 min read Easy

Japanese Grammar: "No Need To..." (Koto wa nai)

Use {ことはない} to tell someone that an action is unnecessary, pointless, or that they are worrying too much.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use {こと|こと}は{ない|ない} after a dictionary-form verb to express that an action is unnecessary or not worth doing.

  • Attach to the dictionary form of a verb: {行く|いく}ことはない.
  • It expresses that there is no need or obligation to perform the action.
  • It can also imply that something is not worth the effort or concern.
Verb (Dictionary Form) + こと + は + ない

Overview

At its core, the Japanese grammar pattern 〜ことはない (~koto wa nai) translates to "there is no need to..." or "it is not necessary to...". While seemingly straightforward, its true function is far more nuanced than simple negation. This pattern is not about granting permission; it is about making a judgment.

When you use 〜ことはない, you are assessing a situation and concluding that a particular action is pointless, excessive, irrational, or simply not worth the energy.

Imagine a friend frantically apologizing for being two minutes late. You might say, 「謝ることはないよ(あやまることはないよ)」(ayamaru koto wa nai yo), meaning, "There's no need to apologize." You are not giving them permission not to apologize. Instead, you are communicating your judgment that the situation is not serious enough to warrant an apology.

This pattern acts as a form of social calibration, used to reassure others, gently criticize an overreaction, or manage one's own anxieties. It addresses the appropriateness of an action, not its possibility or prohibition.

Understanding this distinction is crucial for B2 learners. Misusing it can make you sound dismissive or even arrogant. Its counterpart, 〜なくてもいい (~nakutemo ii), which means "it's okay if you don't...", operates in the realm of permission and obligation.

〜ことはない operates in the realm of reason and necessity. Mastering 〜ことはない allows you to express a sophisticated level of advisory nuance, moving beyond simple statements of fact into the domain of situational assessment.

How This Grammar Works

The structure 〜ことはない is a logical assembly of fundamental Japanese grammar components. Understanding its pieces reveals why it carries the meaning it does.
  1. 1Verb (Dictionary Form): The pattern always begins with a verb in its plain, non-past form, such as 食べる(たべる) (taberu) or 心配する(しんぱいする) (shinpai suru). This establishes the action being discussed.
  1. 1Nominalizer こと(koto): The particle こと(koto) is a powerful tool that turns the preceding verb phrase into a noun concept. It transforms the action of "to worry" (心配する) into the abstract idea of "the act of worrying" or "the matter of worrying" (心配すること). This conceptualization is key. You are no longer talking about the physical action, but the idea or case for that action.
  1. 1Topic Particle は(wa): The particle は(wa) marks the nominalized verb phrase as the topic of the sentence. By saying 心配することは… (shinpai suru koto wa...), you are effectively announcing, "As for the matter of worrying..." This isolates the concept for examination.
  1. 1Negation of Existence ない(nai): Finally, ない(nai) (or its polite form, ありません(arimasen)) states that the topic "does not exist."
Putting it all together, the literal, mechanical translation of 心配することはない(しんぱいすることはない) (shinpai suru koto wa nai) is: "The matter of worrying does not exist."
This is fundamentally different from a direct command like "don't worry" (心配しないで, shinpai shinaide). The 〜ことはない structure implies a logical conclusion. The speaker has observed the reality of the situation and has determined that no valid reason—no "case"—for the action of worrying exists.
It's a detached, almost philosophical negation of necessity. This is why it feels more like strong advice or a statement of objective fact rather than a personal request or command.
For example:
  • そんなに急ぐことはない。 (Sonna ni isogu koto wa nai.)
  • Literally: "The matter of rushing so much does not exist."
  • Naturally: "There's no need to rush like that."
The speaker isn't forbidding rushing; they are stating that the conditions requiring such speed are absent.

Formation Pattern

1
The formation for 〜ことはない is consistent and does not require complex conjugations, making it relatively simple to apply once you understand its meaning.
2
The core formula is:
3
Verb (Dictionary Form / 辞書形(じしょけい)) + ことはない
4
This pattern holds true for all verb groups. You do not conjugate the verb into its て(te)-form, ない(nai)-form, or any other form.
5
| Verb Group | Example Verb | Dictionary Form | Full Phrase | English Meaning |
6
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
7
| Godan (Group 1) | 泣く(なく) (naku) - to cry | 泣く | 泣くことはない | There's no need to cry. |
8
| Godan (Group 1) | 謝る(あやまる) (ayamaru) - to apologize | 謝る | 謝ることはない | There's no need to apologize. |
9
| Ichidan (Group 2) | 慌てる(あわてる) (awateru) - to panic | 慌てる | 慌てることはない | There's no need to panic. |
10
| Ichidan (Group 2) | 諦める(あきらめる) (akirameru) - to give up| 諦める | 諦めることはない | There's no reason to give up. |
11
| Irregular (Group 3) | 心配する(しんぱいする) (shinpai suru) - to worry | 心配する | 心配することはない | There's no need to worry. |
12
| Irregular (Group 3) | 来る(くる) (kuru) - to come | 来る | 来ることはない | There's no need to come. |
13
Variations in Politeness and Emphasis
14
The ending of the phrase can be adjusted to match the context and desired level of formality.
15
Plain Form (Casual): 〜ことはない
16
This is the standard form used with friends, family, and in casual situations. It is direct and common in everyday conversation.
17
心配することはないよ(しんぱいすることはないよ) (Shinpai suru koto wa nai yo.) - The よ(yo) particle adds a friendly, reassuring emphasis.
18
Polite Form (Formal): 〜ことはありません (~koto wa arimasen)
19
This is used in professional settings, with strangers, or when speaking to superiors (with caution). It conveys the same meaning with a formal tone.
20
{お急ぎになることはありません。 (O-isogi ni naru koto wa arimasen.) - Note the use of honorifics (お〜になる) combined with the polite form.
21
Highly Formal: 〜ことはございません (~koto wa gozaimasen)
22
This is a very formal version using the humble/polite ございます. You might encounter this in high-level customer service or formal written announcements.
23
{ご心配には及ぶことはございません。} (Go-shinpai ni wa oyobu koto wa gozaimasen.) - "There is no need whatsoever for your concern."
24
A Note on Pitch Accent: The primary verb retains its original pitch accent. The ことはない part generally follows a pattern where {こ} is high, and the rest is low until the {な} of ない rises again, depending on the preceding word. For example: {しんぱいする} (shiꜜnpai suru) becomes {しんぱいすることは[な]い} (shiꜜnpai suru koto wa naꜜi). Focus on a natural, flowing pronunciation rather than memorizing rigid pitch rules for the entire phrase.

When To Use It

The function of 〜ことはない is context-dependent, generally falling into one of four main categories. Recognizing these scenarios will help you use the pattern accurately and effectively.
1. To Reassure or Comfort Someone
This is one of the most common and socially positive uses of the pattern. You use it to tell someone that their negative emotional reaction is not necessary because the situation is under control or not as bad as they think. It's a way of offering perspective and comfort.
  • A friend is distraught after making a small mistake at work. You can reassure them by saying:
「{たった一度のミスで、そんなに落ち込むことはないよ。誰にでもあることだから」}
('Tatta ichido no misu de, sonna ni ochikomu koto wa nai yo. Dare ni demo aru koto dakara.')
"There's no need to be so depressed over a single mistake. It happens to everyone."
  • A child starts crying after falling and scraping their knee.
「{大丈夫、大丈夫。泣くことはありません。強くなりなさい」}
('Daijoubu, daijoubu. Naku koto wa arimasen. Tsuyoku narinasai.')
"It's okay, it's okay. You don't need to cry. Be strong."
2. To Gently Criticize or Correct an Overreaction
This usage points out that someone's action is excessive or irrational. The tone is less about comforting and more about advising against a pointless action. It can be a mild rebuke.
  • Your colleague is rushing to finish a report that isn't due for another week.
「{締め切りは来週だから、そんなに慌てることはないよ」}
('Shimekiri wa raishuu dakara, sonna ni awateru koto wa nai yo.')
"The deadline is next week, so there's no need to panic like that."
  • Someone says something slightly offensive, and you want to point it out without being overly confrontational.
「{わざわざ言うことはないと思います」}
('Wazawaza iu koto wa nai to omoimasu.')
"I don't think you needed to go out of your way to say that."
3. To State a General Principle or Personal Philosophy
〜ことはない can also be used to express a broader opinion that a certain action is generally unnecessary or not worth doing. It functions as a piece of general advice or a statement of values.
  • When discussing consumerism:
「{流行を追うためだけに、毎年新しい服を買うことはない」}
('Ryuukou o ou tame dake ni, maitoshi atarashii fuku o kau koto wa nai.')
"There is no need to buy new clothes every year just to follow trends."
  • Advising a friend who feels pressured to attend every social event:
「{全ての誘いに応えることはない。自分の時間も大切にすべきだ」}
('Subete no sasoi ni kotaeru koto wa nai. Jibun no jikan mo taisetsu ni subeki da.')
"You don't need to accept every invitation. You should value your own time too."
4. For Internal Monologue or Self-Correction
In literature and in your own mind, this pattern is often used for self-talk. It's a way to manage one's own feelings of anxiety, doubt, or panic by logically dismissing the need for them.
  • You send an email and immediately spot a typo.
(Self-talk): {まあ、意味は通じるから、パニックになることはない。}
('Maa, imi wa tsuujiru kara, panikku ni naru koto wa nai.')
"Well, the meaning gets across, so there's no need to panic."

Common Mistakes

Learners frequently stumble when 〜ことはない appears similar to other grammar points. Understanding these distinctions is critical for accurate use.
Mistake 1: Confusing 〜ことはない with 〜なくてもいい (-nakutemo ii)
This is the most common and significant error. Both can be translated as "don't have to," but their implications are worlds apart.
  • 〜ことはない: Judgment of Necessity. Implies the action is pointless, irrational, or that no good reason for it exists.
  • 〜なくてもいい: Granting of Permission. Implies an obligation is lifted; you have the choice not to do something.
| Feature | 〜ことはない (Judgment) | 〜なくてもいい (Permission) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Core Meaning | "It's unnecessary/pointless to do X." | "It's okay if you don't do X." |
| Speaker's Role | An observer or advisor evaluating the situation. | An authority or peer lifting an obligation. |
| Focus | The nature of the situation makes the action irrational. | The listener's freedom of choice is the focus. |
| Scenario: A dish tastes bad. | 食べることはない。 (Don't eat it; it's pointless/bad.) | 食べなくてもいい。 (You don't have to eat it if you don't want to.) |
| Scenario: A boss lets you leave.| Incorrect: 早く帰ることはない。 (Sounds like you're telling the boss their permission is pointless.) | Correct: 早く帰ってもいいですよ。 (You may go home early.) |
Think of it this way: ことはない judges the action, while なくてもいい addresses the actor.
Mistake 2: Confusing Verb Form with 〜たことがある (-ta koto ga aru)
Because both patterns use こと, learners sometimes mix them up. The key is the verb tense.
  • 〜ことはない: Uses the Dictionary Form (る form) of the verb. It refers to a present or future necessity.
  • 行くことはない (iku koto wa nai) -> There is no need to go.
  • 〜たことがある: Uses the Past Tense (た form) of the verb. It refers to a past experience.
  • 行ったことがある (itta koto ga aru) -> I have been (before).
Never use the た form with ことはない to express this meaning. The phrase 行ったことはない (itta koto wa nai) means "I have never been," a different pattern (〜たことがない) that uses が instead of は and negates experience, not necessity.
Mistake 3: Using It with Superiors
While you can use the polite form 〜ことはありません, directing it at a superior can be risky. Saying 部長が慌てることはありません (Buchou ga awateru koto wa arimasen) can sound like you, a subordinate, are judging your manager's actions as irrational. It implies a superior vantage point.
Safer Alternatives for Superiors:
  • Use 〜必要はありません (~hitsuyou wa arimasen - "is not necessary"). This is more objective and less judgmental.
  • お急ぎになる必要はございません。 (O-isogi ni naru hitsuyou wa gozaimasen.) - "There is no need for you to rush."
  • State the reason directly.
  • 時間はまだ十分にございますので。 (Jikan wa mada juubun ni gozaimasu node.) - "As we still have plenty of time..."

Real Conversations

Here is how 〜ことはない appears in natural, everyday Japanese contexts.

S

Scenario 1

Text exchange between friends

A-san:

ごめん、明日のランチ、10分ぐらい遅れそう！先に始めてて！

Gomen, ashita no ranchi, juppun gurai okuresou! Saki ni hajimetete!

(Sorry, I might be about 10 mins late for lunch tomorrow! Start without me!)

B-san:

了解！全然気にしなくていいよ。慌てて来ることはないから、気をつけてね。

Ryoukai! Zenzen ki ni shinakute ii yo. Awatete kuru koto wa nai kara, ki o tsukete ne.

(Got it! Don't worry about it at all. There's no need to rush, so be careful on your way.)

A

Analysis

B-san uses 慌てて来ることはない to reassure A-san. The focus is on safety, implying that rushing is an unnecessary risk.*
S

Scenario 2

At the office, between colleagues of equal status

A-san:

「この間のプレゼン、私のせいで失敗してしまって、本当にすみません…」

'Kono aida no purezen, watashi no sei de shippai shite shimatte, hontou ni sumimasen...'

(About the presentation the other day, it failed because of me, I'm so sorry...)

B-san:

「そんなことないよ。一人で責任を全部背負うことはない。チームの問題だから。」

'Sonna koto nai yo. Hitori de sekinin o zenbu seou koto wa nai. Chiimu no mondai dakara.'

("That's not true. There's no need for you to bear all the responsibility alone. It's a team issue.")

A

Analysis

B-san uses 背負うことはない to reject the idea that A-san should take all the blame. It frames A-san's feeling of sole responsibility as unnecessary and incorrect given the team context.*
S

Scenario 3

Comment on a social media post

Post (with a photo of a slightly misshapen cake):

初めてケーキ作ったけど、形が変になっちゃった…

Hajimete keeki tsukutta kedo, katachi ga hen ni nacchatta...

(I made a cake for the first time, but the shape turned out weird...)

Commenter:

すごいじゃないですか！初めてでそこまで作れるなんて！形が少しぐらい変でも、がっかりすることはないですよ。

Sugoi janai desu ka! Hajimete de soko made tsukureru nante! Katachi ga sukoshi gurai hen demo, gakkari suru koto wa nai desu yo.

(Isn't that amazing! To be able to make that on your first try! Even if the shape is a little off, there's no need to be disappointed.)

A

Analysis

The commenter uses がっかりすることはない as a form of encouragement, judging the poster's disappointment to be unnecessary in light of their accomplishment.*

Quick FAQ

Q: Can I use 〜ことはない for actions that are physically impossible?

No. This pattern is strictly for actions that are possible but deemed unnecessary or irrational. For impossibility, you must use the potential form (〜ことができる/〜ことができる). For instance, 空を飛ぶことはできない (sora o tobu koto wa dekinai) means "It is not possible to fly." The phrase 空を飛ぶことはない (sora o tobu koto wa nai) would nonsensically mean "There is no need to fly," implying that one could fly but chooses not to for logical reasons.

Q: How common is it to drop the は (wa) and just say ことない (kotonai)?

In rapid, informal speech, you will hear ことない. However, the は (wa) is grammatically significant. It serves to isolate "the act of doing X" as the topic and apply the negation of ない squarely to its existence. Removing it can make the statement sound less precise and slightly mumbled. For clear and correct communication at a B2 level, you should always include the は.

Q: Can I attach this pattern to nouns or adjectives?

No, 〜ことはない is exclusively a verb-based pattern. It nominalizes a verbal action. To express "there is no need for [Noun]," you should use a different structure, most commonly 〜は必要ない (~wa hitsuyou nai).

  • Incorrect: 心配ことはない (shinpai koto wa nai)
  • Correct (Verb): 心配することはない (shinpai suru koto wa nai)
  • Correct (Noun): 心配は必要ありません (shinpai wa hitsuyou arimasen - "Worry is not necessary.")
Q: What is the difference between 〜ことはない and 〜までもない (~made mo nai)?

This is an excellent question that touches on fine nuances. 〜までもない means "it's not even necessary to go as far as..." or "it goes without saying." It implies the action is an obvious, superfluous, or excessive step.

  • 〜ことはない is a general statement that an action isn't needed.
  • 〜までもない specifically marks an action as being more than what's required.
Compare:
  • わざわざ電話することはない。 (Wazawaza denwa suru koto wa nai.)
"There's no need to go out of your way to call." (A call is simply not necessary.)
  • わざわざ電話するまでもない。 (Wazawaza denwa suru made mo nai.)
"It's not even worth making a phone call." (Implying a simpler method like a text is sufficient; a call is overkill.)

Formation Table

Verb Type Dictionary Form Pattern
Group 1
行く (iku)
行くことはない
Group 2
食べる (taberu)
食べることはない
Group 3
する (suru)
することはない
Group 3
来る (kuru)
来ることはない

Casual Variations

Full Form Casual Shortened
行くことはない
行くことない
食べることはない
食べることない

Meanings

This pattern indicates that there is no necessity, obligation, or reason to perform a specific action. It is often used to reassure someone or to dismiss the importance of an event.

1

Absence of Necessity

There is no requirement to do something.

“{急|いそ}ぐことはない。”

“{言|い}うことはない。”

2

Lack of Worth

It is not worth the trouble or effort.

“{怒|おこ}ることはない。”

“{気|き}にすることはない。”

Reference Table

Reference table for Japanese Grammar: "No Need To..." (Koto wa nai)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Verb(dict) + koto wa nai
行くことはない
Casual
Verb(dict) + koto nai
行くことない
Polite
Verb(dict) + koto wa nai desu
行くことはないです
Past (Incorrect)
Verb(past) + koto wa nai
X 行ったことはない

Formality Spectrum

Formal
心配することはありません。

心配することはありません。 (Reassurance)

Neutral
心配することはないです。

心配することはないです。 (Reassurance)

Informal
心配することはないよ。

心配することはないよ。 (Reassurance)

Slang
心配すんな。

心配すんな。 (Reassurance)

Koto wa nai Usage

Koto wa nai

Emotional

  • 心配する worry

Physical

  • 行く go
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Examples by Level

1

{行|い}くことはない。

There is no need to go.

2

{食|た}べることはない。

There is no need to eat.

3

{見|み}ることはない。

There is no need to look.

4

{言|い}うことはない。

There is no need to say it.

1

{心配|しんぱい}することはない。

There is no need to worry.

2

{急|いそ}ぐことはない。

There is no need to hurry.

3

{気|き}にすることはない。

There is no need to mind/worry.

4

{怒|おこ}ることはない。

There is no need to get angry.

1

{そんなに{泣|な}くことはないよ。

There is no need to cry that much.

2

{わざわざ{行|い}くことはない。

There is no need to go out of your way.

3

{今{言|い}うことはない。

There is no need to say it now.

4

{彼|かれ}に{聞|き}くことはない。

There is no need to ask him.

1

{彼|かれ}を{責|せ}めることはない。

There is no need to blame him.

2

{無理|むり}をすることはない。

There is no need to push yourself.

3

{今|いま}すぐ{決|き}めることはない。

There is no need to decide right now.

4

{そんなに{驚|おどろ}くことはない。

There is no need to be that surprised.

1

{わざわざ{説明|せつめい}することはない。

There is no need to go to the trouble of explaining.

2

{自分|じぶん}で{行|い}くことはない。

There is no need for you to go yourself.

3

{そんなに{気|き}を{使|つか}うことはない。

There is no need to be so considerate.

4

{今|いま}さら{後悔|こうかい}することはない。

There is no need to regret it now.

1

{彼|かれ}の{意見|いけん}に{従|したが}うことはない。

There is no need to follow his opinion.

2

{今|いま}の{状況|じょうきょう}で{焦|あせ}ることはない。

There is no need to panic in the current situation.

3

{無駄|むだ}に{金|かね}を{使|つか}うことはない。

There is no need to waste money.

4

{誰|だれ}かに{認|みと}めてもらうことはない。

There is no need to get validation from anyone.

Easily Confused

Japanese Grammar: "No Need To..." (Koto wa nai) vs Koto ga nai

Both use 'koto'.

Common Mistakes

✗

行ったことはない

✓

行くことはない

Must use dictionary form, not past form.
✗

行くことがない

✓

行くことはない

Ga implies 'never', wa implies 'no need'.
✗

行くことはないです

✓

行くことはない

While polite, it's often too stiff.
✗

行くことではない

✓

行くことはない

Wrong particle usage.

Sentence Patterns

___ことはない。

Real World Usage

Texting very common

心配することないよ！

Work common

急ぐことはありません。

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💡

Use it for comfort

It is the perfect phrase to comfort a friend.

Smart Tips

Use koto wa nai to sound natural.

Daijoubu desu. → Shinpai suru koto wa nai yo.

Pronunciation

ko-to-wa-NAI

Intonation

The 'wa' is often slightly emphasized to contrast the action.

Reassuring

Koto wa nai (falling tone)

Calm and supportive.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Koto' as a 'Coat' you don't need to wear. 'Koto wa nai' = 'No need for that coat'.

Visual Association

Imagine someone trying to put on a heavy winter coat in the middle of summer. You tell them, 'Koto wa nai!' (No need for that!).

Rhyme

When you feel the need to cry, just say 'koto wa nai'!

Story

Ken was rushing to the station. His friend stopped him and said, 'The train is delayed, so isogu koto wa nai.' Ken realized he could relax. He sat down and drank his coffee.

Word Web

心配急ぐ行く言う泣く気にする

Challenge

Write 3 sentences today using 'koto wa nai' to describe things you don't need to do.

Cultural Notes

Used to show consideration for others' feelings.

Nominalization of verbs using 'koto'.

Conversation Starters

“

Do I need to bring a gift?

Journal Prompts

Write about a time someone told you not to worry.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

心配する___はない。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: こと
The pattern is koto wa nai.

Score: /1

Practice Exercises

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

心配する___はない。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: こと
The pattern is koto wa nai.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Select the correct verb form. Fill in the Blank

そんなに ___ ことはない。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 怒る
Translate the phrase 'There is no need to worry.' Translation

Translate: 'There is no need to worry.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 心配することはない。
Arrange the words to make a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

Arrange: 買う / 新しい / は / ない / こと / パソコンを

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 新しい パソコンを 買う こと は ない
Choose the correct nuance. Multiple Choice

When would you say 'Ikukoto wa nai'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: When advising someone that going is pointless/unnecessary.
Fix the particle usage. Error Correction

彼を責めるものはひどい。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Change to: 彼を責めることはない。
Match the Japanese to the English. Match Pairs

Match the phrases.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["\u6025\u3050\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044","\u898b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044","\u884c\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044"]
Complete the phrase. Fill in the Blank

わざわざ ___ ことはない。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 来る
Identify the 'Experience' vs 'Necessity' sentence. Multiple Choice

Which sentence means 'I have never eaten natto'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 納豆を食べたことはない。
Translate 'You don't need to apologize.' Translation

Translate using the target grammar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 謝ることはない。
Find the error. Error Correction

心配するじゃない。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 心配することはない。

Score: /10

FAQ (1)

Yes, add 'desu'.

Scaffolded Practice

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

No hace falta

Spanish uses a fixed phrase, Japanese uses a verb structure.

French high

Il n'est pas nécessaire de

French is more formal.

German high

Es ist nicht nötig

German is more rigid.

Chinese high

没必要

Chinese is more concise.

Arabic high

لا داعي

Arabic is more idiomatic.

Japanese partial

〜なくていい

Koto wa nai is stronger.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Giving Direct Advice (~koto da)
Next
Japanese Causative-Passive: 'I was made to do it' (~させられる)

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