A1 noun 10分钟阅读

ਦੇਸ਼

Country

At the A1 level, 'ਦੇਸ਼' (Desh) is one of the first nouns you will learn. It is used in very simple sentences to identify where you are from or to name a country. You will use it with basic pronouns like 'ਮੇਰਾ' (my) or 'ਤੁਹਾਡਾ' (your). At this stage, you don't need to worry about complex grammar; just focus on the meaning 'country' and its masculine gender. You will learn to say things like 'My country is India' or 'I love my country'. It is a concrete noun that helps you build your basic identity in the Punjabi language. You will also see it on maps and in basic greetings when people ask about your origin. The pronunciation is simple: 'Day-sh', with a soft 'd' and a clear 'sh' sound. Learning this word early allows you to participate in basic introductory conversations which are the building blocks of language acquisition.
At the A2 level, you begin to describe countries using adjectives. You will use 'ਦੇਸ਼' to compare different places and talk about your travels. You will learn that 'ਦੇਸ਼' is masculine, so you will say 'ਵੱਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼' (big country) and not 'ਵੱਡੀ ਦੇਸ਼'. You will also start using simple postpositions like 'ਵਿੱਚ' (in), as in 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ' (in the country). Your sentences will become slightly more descriptive: 'Canada is a cold country' or 'There are many people in my country'. You will also encounter the plural 'ਦੇਸ਼' (which stays the same in the direct case) when talking about multiple countries. This level is about expanding your ability to describe the world around you using 'ਦੇਸ਼' as a central anchor for geographic and social information.
At the B1 level, you will use 'ਦੇਸ਼' to discuss more abstract concepts like culture, traditions, and simple social issues. You will start using the oblique plural form 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' when followed by prepositions, such as 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ' (between countries). You will be able to talk about the 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਆਰਥਿਕਤਾ' (economy of the country) or 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਤਿਉਹਾਰ' (festivals of the country). At this stage, you can express opinions about your country and compare its lifestyle with others. You will also become familiar with compound words like 'ਦੇਸ਼-ਭਗਤੀ' (patriotism) and 'ਦੇਸ਼-ਧਰੋਹ' (treason) in news contexts. Your understanding of 'ਦੇਸ਼' shifts from a simple physical location to a social and cultural entity with its own unique characteristics and challenges.
At the B2 level, 'ਦੇਸ਼' appears in more complex grammatical structures and formal contexts. You will use it to discuss politics, history, and international relations. You will understand the nuance between 'ਦੇਸ਼' and its synonyms like 'ਮੁਲਕ' or 'ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ' and choose the appropriate one based on the formality of the situation. You can follow news reports about 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ' (national security) or 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਵਿਕਾਸ' (development of the country). You will also be able to use 'ਦੇਸ਼' in hypothetical sentences and complex conditional clauses. For example, 'If the country invests in education, it will prosper.' At this level, you are comfortable using the word in both written and spoken forms to convey detailed information and sophisticated arguments about national and global affairs.
At the C1 level, your use of 'ਦੇਸ਼' becomes highly nuanced and stylistically varied. You will encounter the word in classical literature, legal documents, and philosophical debates. You will understand how 'ਦੇਸ਼' is used metaphorically in poetry to represent the soul or a mother figure. You can discuss the 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਭੂਸੱਤਾ' (sovereignty of the country) and use academic terms like 'ਦੇਸ਼-ਨਿਕਾਲਾ' (exile) in historical discussions. You will be able to distinguish between the various registers of Punjabi, knowing exactly when a speaker's choice of 'ਦੇਸ਼' over 'ਵਤਨ' signifies a shift from the emotional to the administrative. Your ability to use 'ਦੇਸ਼' within complex socio-political discourse shows a deep integration of the language and its cultural underpinnings.
At the C2 level, you have a complete mastery of 'ਦੇਸ਼' and all its linguistic and cultural connotations. You can use the word in high-level academic research, diplomatic correspondence, and complex creative writing. You understand the historical evolution of the word from its Sanskrit roots to its modern-day usage in a globalized world. You can analyze how 'ਦੇਸ਼' is used in political rhetoric to shape national identity and can critique complex texts that use the word in varied and subtle ways. You are comfortable with all idiomatic expressions involving 'ਦੇਸ਼' and can even use it in wordplay or advanced puns. At this level, 'ਦੇਸ਼' is not just a word you know; it is a concept you can manipulate with precision and elegance across all possible contexts of the Punjabi language.

The Punjabi word ਦੇਸ਼ (Desh) is a foundational noun that English speakers would translate primarily as 'country' or 'nation'. However, in the cultural landscape of Punjab, it carries a weight that often oscillates between administrative geography and a deep, soulful connection to one's roots. It is categorized as a masculine noun and is used across all registers of the language, from the playground where children talk about their homes to the high-stakes environment of international diplomacy. When a Punjabi speaker says 'mera desh', they are not just referring to a map; they are often invoking a sense of belonging, history, and shared identity. This word is essential for anyone starting their journey in Punjabi because it forms the basis of identity and location.

Geopolitical Context
In a formal or news-related context, 'ਦੇਸ਼' refers to the sovereign state. For example, when discussing government policies or national boundaries, this is the standard term used by journalists and officials. It defines the legal entity of a nation.

ਭਾਰਤ ਇੱਕ ਬਹੁਤ ਵੱਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੈ। (India is a very big country.)

Emotional Resonance
Among the Punjabi diaspora living in Canada, the UK, or the USA, 'ਦੇਸ਼' often refers specifically to the Punjab region or India/Pakistan, representing the 'homeland' they left behind. It evokes nostalgia and a sense of origin.

ਮੈਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਨਾਲ ਪਿਆਰ ਹੈ। (I love my country.)

Furthermore, the word is used in various compound forms to describe people and concepts related to the nation. For instance, 'desh-vasi' refers to fellow countrymen, and 'desh-bhakti' refers to patriotism. Understanding this word allows you to navigate conversations about travel, politics, and personal history. It is a word that bridges the gap between the physical world and the emotional world of the speaker. In poetry, 'desh' might be personified as a mother (Dharti Maa), adding a layer of protective and nurturing sentiment to the term. Whether you are reading a newspaper, listening to a folk song, or filling out a visa form, 'ਦੇਸ਼' will be your constant companion in the Punjabi language.

ਸਾਡੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਰਹੱਦਾਂ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਹਨ। (The borders of our country are secure.)

Plural Usage
The plural form 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' (deshan) is used when referring to multiple countries. It follows standard masculine noun rules where the ending changes in the oblique case.

ਦੁਨੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹਨ। (There are many countries in the world.)

ਹਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਆਪਣਾ ਝੰਡਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। (Every country has its own flag.)

Using 'ਦੇਸ਼' correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a masculine noun. In Punjabi, the verb and adjectives must agree with the gender of the noun. Since 'ਦੇਸ਼' is masculine, adjectives like 'ਵੱਡਾ' (big) or 'ਸੋਹਣਾ' (beautiful) will take their masculine forms. When 'ਦੇਸ਼' is the subject of a sentence, it remains in its direct form. However, when followed by a postposition like 'ਵਿੱਚ' (in), 'ਨੂੰ' (to), or 'ਦਾ' (of), it stays 'ਦੇਸ਼' in the singular but changes to 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' in the plural oblique case. This section will guide you through various sentence structures, from simple descriptions to complex comparative sentences.

Direct Subjective Use
When the country is the main topic of the sentence. Example: 'The country is developing.'

ਇਹ ਦੇਸ਼ ਬਹੁਤ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਹੈ। (This country is very beautiful.)

Possessive Case
Using 'ਦਾ/ਦੀ/ਦੇ' (of) to show belonging. Example: 'The economy of the country.'

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਸਾਡੇ ਹੱਥ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੈ। (The progress of the country is in our hands.)

ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਨਾਂ ਕੀ ਹੈ? (What is the name of your country?)

Furthermore, 'ਦੇਸ਼' is frequently used in comparisons. When comparing two countries, the postposition 'ਨਾਲੋਂ' (than) is used. For example, 'India is larger than Bhutan.' In such cases, the structure remains consistent with other masculine nouns. The word also appears in plural forms quite often, especially when discussing international relations or geography. The plural 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' is used when multiple countries are the object of a preposition. For example, 'among the countries' would be 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ'. This nuanced shift from 'ਦੇਸ਼' to 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' is a key marker of advanced proficiency in Punjabi grammar.

ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਫੈਸਲੇ ਦਾ ਵਿਰੋਧ ਕੀਤਾ। (Many countries opposed this decision.)

Locative Use
Using 'ਵਿੱਚ' (in) to describe location. Example: 'In the country.'

ਮੇਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆ ਹਨ। (There are five rivers in my country.)

ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਦੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਗਏ ਹੋ? (Have you ever been to another country?)

In daily life, 'ਦੇਸ਼' is ubiquitous. It is not a word confined to textbooks; it is a living part of the Punjabi vernacular. You will hear it in news broadcasts, where the anchor might say 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀਆਂ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ' (national news). You will hear it in schools, where children sing the national anthem or learn about geography. Perhaps most poignantly, you will hear it in the conversations of the elders in the diaspora, who speak of 'ਸਾਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼' (our country) with a mixture of pride and longing. This section explores the diverse environments where 'ਦੇਸ਼' is heard and the specific nuances it carries in each.

The Newsroom
Journalists use 'ਦੇਸ਼' to refer to the nation as a political and social unit. It is used in headlines about the economy, sports, and politics.

ਅੱਜ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਣ ਦੇਣਗੇ। (Today the country's Prime Minister will give a speech.)

Patriotic Songs and Films
Punjabi cinema and music are filled with references to 'ਦੇਸ਼'. Whether it is a song about a soldier or a movie about social change, the word is used to inspire emotion.

ਮੇਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਮਿੱਟੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਹੈ। (The soil of my country is very sacred.)

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸੇਵਾ ਕਰਨਾ ਸਭ ਦਾ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ ਹੈ। (Serving the country is everyone's duty.)

Moreover, in common social gatherings, 'ਦੇਸ਼' is used when discussing travel plans or family members living abroad. If someone asks, 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਕਦੋਂ ਜਾਣਾ ਹੈ?' (When are you going to the country?), they are usually asking about a return trip to India or Pakistan. It is also a key term in educational settings, where students learn about 'ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਭੂਗੋਲ' (geography of the country). The word also appears in religious discourses, where speakers might pray for the prosperity and peace of the 'ਦੇਸ਼'. Its versatility makes it one of the most frequently used nouns in the Punjabi language, acting as a pillar for both identity and communication.

ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਾਪਸ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। (He has gone back to his country.)

Administrative Forms
On official documents, 'ਦੇਸ਼' is the standard label for 'Country' in the address or nationality section.

ਫਾਰਮ 'ਤੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਨਾਂ ਲਿਖੋ। (Write the name of your country on the form.)

ਕੀ ਇਹ ਤੁਹਾਡਾ ਆਪਣਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੈ? (Is this your own country?)

While 'ਦੇਸ਼' is a relatively simple word, learners often make errors regarding its gender, pluralization, and contextual application. Because Punjabi is a gendered language, treating 'ਦੇਸ਼' as feminine is a frequent mistake for English speakers. In English, 'country' is neuter, but in Punjabi, it is strictly masculine. This affects every adjective and verb associated with it. Another common error is confusing 'ਦੇਸ਼' with 'ਪਿੰਡ' (village) or 'ਸ਼ਹਿਰ' (city) when speaking quickly, or using 'ਮੁਲਕ' (Mulk) in a context where 'ਦੇਸ਼' (Desh) would sound more natural in a formal Gurmukhi setting.

Gender Mismatch
Mistake: Saying 'ਇਹ ਦੇਸ਼ ਬਹੁਤ ਵੱਡੀ ਹੈ' (This country is very big - feminine). Correct: 'ਇਹ ਦੇਸ਼ ਬਹੁਤ ਵੱਡਾ ਹੈ' (masculine).

ਗਲਤ: ਮੇਰੀ ਦੇਸ਼ ਸੋਹਣੀ ਹੈ। (Wrong: My country is beautiful - feminine.)

Incorrect Pluralization
Mistake: Using 'ਦੇਸ਼ੇ' or 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' as a direct plural subject. In Punjabi, the direct plural of 'ਦੇਸ਼' is also 'ਦੇਸ਼'. 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' is only for the oblique case (when followed by a preposition).

ਸਹੀ: ਸਾਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ। (Correct: All countries are working together.)

ਗਲਤ: ਦੋ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਲੜ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ। (Wrong: Two countries are fighting - should be 'ਦੇਸ਼'.)

Finally, learners sometimes use 'ਦੇਸ਼' when they actually mean 'ਵਤਨ' (homeland) in a poetic sense, or 'ਮੁਲਕ' (nation/country) in a more colloquial, Urdu-influenced sense. While they are synonyms, using 'ਦੇਸ਼' in a very informal conversation might sound slightly formal, though it is never wrong. Another mistake is forgetting the nasalization in the plural oblique form 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' (Deshāṅ). Mastering these small details will help you sound more like a native speaker and avoid the common pitfalls that many beginners face when describing their nationality or the world around them.

ਸਹੀ: ਮੈਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਸਨਮਾਨ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ। (Correct: I respect my country.)

Confusion with 'Videsh'
Learners sometimes mix up 'ਦੇਸ਼' (home country) and 'ਵਿਦੇਸ਼' (foreign country). Always double-check the prefix 'ਵੀ-' (vi-).

ਉਹ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ। (He lives in a foreign country.)

ਸਾਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਹੈ। (Our country is free.)

In Punjabi, like many languages, there are several words that can mean 'country', each with its own flavor and origin. Understanding the nuances between 'ਦੇਸ਼' (Desh), 'ਮੁਲਕ' (Mulk), 'ਵਤਨ' (Watan), and 'ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ' (Rashtar) is essential for achieving a high level of fluency. While they can often be used interchangeably, their origins (Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian) dictate the context in which they are most frequently found. This section provides a detailed comparison to help you choose the right word for the right situation.

ਮੁਲਕ (Mulk)
Derived from Arabic. It is very common in spoken Punjabi, especially in areas with significant Islamic or Urdu influence. It feels slightly more colloquial than 'ਦੇਸ਼'.

ਉਹ ਕਿਸ ਮੁਲਕ ਤੋਂ ਆਇਆ ਹੈ? (Which country has he come from?)

ਵਤਨ (Watan)
Derived from Arabic/Persian. This word is highly emotional and poetic. It is used in songs and literature to describe the 'homeland' that one loves and misses.

ਮੈਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਤਨ ਦੀ ਯਾਦ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ। (I miss my homeland.)

ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ (Rashtar)
Derived from Sanskrit. This is the most formal and academic term. It is used in political science, law, and formal speeches to refer to the 'nation-state'.

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ (United Nations).

By knowing these alternatives, you can better understand the tone of the person you are speaking with. A politician might use 'Rashtar', a poet will use 'Watan', a traveler might use 'Mulk', and everyone uses 'Desh'. Additionally, words like 'ਧਰਤੀ' (Dharti - land/earth) or 'ਮਿੱਟੀ' (Mitti - soil) are often used metaphorically to refer to one's country in a very grounded, agricultural context, which is very common in Punjabi culture. Mastering these synonyms will enrich your vocabulary and allow you to express the same concept of 'country' with varying degrees of formality and emotion.

ਸਾਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਮਹਾਨ ਹੈ। (Our country is great.)

ਹਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। (Every country has its own laws.)

按水平分级的例句

1

ਇਹ ਮੇਰਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੈ।

This is my country.

'ਦੇਸ਼' is a masculine noun, so 'ਮੇਰਾ' (my) is used.

2

ਤੁਹਾਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਕਿਹੜਾ ਹੈ?

Which is your country?

'ਕਿਹੜਾ' (which) agrees with the masculine 'ਦੇਸ਼'.

3

ਮੇਰਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤ ਹੈ।

My country is India.

A simple declarative sentence defining the noun.

4

ਦੇਸ਼ ਬਹੁਤ ਵੱਡਾ ਹੈ।

The country is very big.

'ਵੱਡਾ' (big) is the masculine adjective for 'ਦੇਸ਼'.

5

ਮੈਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਨਾਲ ਪਿਆਰ ਹੈ।

I love my country.

'ਆਪਣੇ' is the reflexive possessive pronoun.

6

ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੈ।

This is a beautiful country.

'ਸੁੰਦਰ' (beautiful) is an adjective.

7

ਉਹ ਦੇਸ਼ ਜਾ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

He is going to the country.

Direct object usage in a motion sentence.

8

ਸਾਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਹੈ।

Our country is free.

'ਸਾਡਾ' (our) is the masculine plural possessive.

1

ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਦੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਗਏ ਹੋ?

Have you ever been to another country?

'ਹੋਰ' (another/other) modifies 'ਦੇਸ਼'.

2

ਮੇਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਗਰਮੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।

It is very hot in my country.

Use of the postposition 'ਵਿੱਚ' (in).

3

ਇਹ ਦੇਸ਼ ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਛੋਟਾ ਹੈ।

This country is smaller than Canada.

Comparison using 'ਨਾਲੋਂ' (than).

4

ਮੈਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਖਾਣੇ ਨੂੰ ਯਾਦ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ।

I miss my country's food.

Possessive 'ਦੇ' used because 'ਖਾਣੇ' is masculine plural.

5

ਹਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਆਪਣਾ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।

Every country has its own culture.

'ਹਰ' (every) is used as a quantifier.

6

ਉਸਨੇ ਕਈ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਯਾਤਰਾ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ।

He has traveled to many countries.

'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ' is the oblique plural form followed by 'ਦੀ'.

7

ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਜਨਸੰਖਿਆ ਬਹੁਤ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾ ਹੈ।

The population of this country is very high.

'ਦੀ' agrees with 'ਜਨਸੰਖਿਆ' (population - feminine).

8

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਿਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਤੋਂ ਆਏ ਹੋ?

Which country have you come from?

'ਤੋਂ' (from) is the postposition.

1

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਲਈ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਬਹੁਤ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ।

Education is very important for the country's progress.

Abstract noun 'ਤਰੱਕੀ' (progress) linked to 'ਦੇਸ਼'.

2

ਸਾਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਕਾਨੂੰਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਪਾਲਣ ਕਰਨਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ।

We should follow the laws of our country.

Use of 'ਚਾਹੀਦਾ' (should) for obligation.

3

ਵੱਖ-ਵੱਖ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਵਪਾਰ ਵਧ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

Trade is increasing between different countries.

'ਵਿਚਕਾਰ' (between) requires the oblique plural 'ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ'.

4

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਨੌਜਵਾਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਨੌਕਰੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਲੋੜ ਹੈ।

The youth of the country need jobs.

Possessive construction with plural 'ਨੌਜਵਾਨਾਂ'.

5

ਮੇਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਬੋਲੀਆਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ।

Many languages are spoken in my country.

Passive voice 'ਬੋਲੀਆਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ'.

6

ਉਸਨੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸੇਵਾ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਫੈਸਲਾ ਕੀਤਾ।

He decided to serve the country.

Infinitive 'ਕਰਨ' (to do/serve).

7

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਸਾਧਨ ਬਹੁਤ ਕੀਮਤੀ ਹਨ।

The country's natural resources are very valuable.

Plural adjective 'ਕੀਮਤੀ' (valuable).

8

ਸਾਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਵਿਰਾਸਤ 'ਤੇ ਮਾਣ ਹੈ।

We are proud of our country's heritage.

'ਮਾਣ' (pride) is a masculine noun.

1

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੁਧਾਰ ਹੋ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

The country's economic situation is improving.

Complex noun phrase 'ਆਰਥਿਕ ਸਥਿਤੀ'.

2

ਸਰਕਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਲਈ ਨਵੀਆਂ ਯੋਜਨਾਵਾਂ ਬਣਾ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ।

The government is making new plans for the country's development.

Present continuous tense with 'ਰਹੀ ਹੈ'.

3

ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੋਕਤੰਤਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਜੜ੍ਹਾਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਤ ਹਨ।

The roots of democracy are very strong in the country.

Metaphorical use of 'ਜੜ੍ਹਾਂ' (roots).

4

ਕਈ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਨੇ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣ ਸਮਝੌਤੇ 'ਤੇ ਹਸਤਾਖਰ ਕੀਤੇ ਹਨ।

Many countries have signed the environment agreement.

Perfect tense 'ਕੀਤੇ ਹਨ'.

5

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਲਈ ਫੌਜ ਹਮੇਸ਼ਾ ਤਿਆਰ ਰਹਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ।

The army is always ready for the country's security.

Habitual aspect 'ਰਹਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ'.

6

ਸਾਨੂੰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਏਕਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਅਖੰਡਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਬਣਾਈ ਰੱਖਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ।

We must maintain the unity and integrity of the country.

Formal vocabulary: 'ਏਕਤਾ' and 'ਅਖੰਡਤਾ'.

7

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ ਨੇ ਸਭ ਨੂੰ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਅਧਿਕਾਰ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਹਨ।

The country's constitution has given equal rights to all.

Subject-verb agreement with 'ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ' (constitution).

8

ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਨਿਵੇਸ਼ ਨਾਲ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਆਰਥਿਕਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਹੁਲਾਰਾ ਮਿਲੇਗਾ।

Foreign investment will boost the country's economy.

Future tense 'ਮਿਲੇਗਾ'.

1

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਭੂਸੱਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਚੁਣੌਤੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀ।

The sovereignty of the country cannot be challenged.

Passive potential construction 'ਨਹੀਂ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀ'.

2

ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰਾਂ ਨੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਵੰਡ ਦੇ ਦੁਖਾਂਤ ਬਾਰੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਕੁਝ ਲਿਖਿਆ ਹੈ।

Historians have written much about the tragedy of the country's partition.

Formal plural 'ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰਾਂ' (historians).

3

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਸੰਘੀ ਢਾਂਚੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਾਜਾਂ ਦੀ ਅਹਿਮ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਹੈ।

States have an important role in the country's federal structure.

Technical term 'ਸੰਘੀ ਢਾਂਚੇ' (federal structure).

4

ਗਲੋਬਲਾਈਜ਼ੇਸ਼ਨ ਨੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਰਹੱਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਸੰਕਲਪ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਹੈ।

Globalization has changed the concept of the country's borders.

Abstract concept 'ਸੰਕਲਪ' (concept).

5

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਨਿਆਂਪਾਲਿਕਾ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਤੰਤਰ ਰਹਿਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ।

The country's judiciary should remain independent.

Formal term 'ਨਿਆਂਪਾਲਿਕਾ' (judiciary).

6

ਕਵੀ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸੁੰਦਰਤਾ ਦਾ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਮਾਰਮਿਕ ਵਰਣਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ।

The poet has given a very poignant description of his country's beauty.

Literary term 'ਮਾਰਮਿਕ' (poignant).

7

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਸਰਵਪੱਖੀ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਲਈ ਸਾਂਝੇ ਯਤਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਲੋੜ ਹੈ।

Joint efforts are needed for the all-round development of the country.

Compound adjective 'ਸਰਵਪੱਖੀ' (all-round).

8

ਸਿਆਸੀ ਅਸਥਿਰਤਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਭਵਿੱਖ ਲਈ ਖ਼ਤਰਾ ਬਣ ਸਕਦੀ ਹੈ।

Political instability can become a threat to the country's future.

Complex subject 'ਸਿਆਸੀ ਅਸਥਿਰਤਾ'.

1

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਭੂ-ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਗੁੰਝਲਦਾਰ ਹੈ।

The geopolitical situation of the country is extremely complex.

Advanced term 'ਭੂ-ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ' (geopolitical).

2

ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ-ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਸੰਕਲਪ ਨੇ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਰੂਪ-ਰੇਖਾ ਤੈਅ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ।

The concept of the nation-state has defined the outline of modern countries.

Academic term 'ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ-ਰਾਜ' (nation-state).

3

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀਆਂ ਅੰਦਰੂਨੀ ਚੁਣੌਤੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਨਜ਼ਰਅੰਦਾਜ਼ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ।

The internal challenges of the country cannot be ignored.

Compound verb 'ਨਜ਼ਰਅੰਦਾਜ਼ ਕਰਨਾ' (to ignore).

4

ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਵੰਨ-ਸੁਵੰਨਤਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੀ ਤਾਕਤ ਹੈ।

Cultural diversity is the country's greatest strength.

Advanced noun 'ਵੰਨ-ਸੁਵੰਨਤਾ' (diversity).

5

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਨੀਤੀ-ਘਾੜਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਦੂਰਅੰਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਤੋਂ ਕੰਮ ਲੈਣਾ ਪਵੇਗਾ।

The country's policymakers will have to exercise foresight.

Technical term 'ਨੀਤੀ-ਘਾੜਿਆਂ' (policymakers).

6

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਪ੍ਰਭੂਸੱਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਬਰਕਰਾਰ ਰੱਖਣਾ ਇੱਕ ਵੱਡੀ ਚੁਣੌਤੀ ਹੈ।

Maintaining the country's economic sovereignty is a major challenge.

Infinitive as subject 'ਬਰਕਰਾਰ ਰੱਖਣਾ'.

7

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਪ੍ਰਸੰਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਘਟਨਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ ਮਹੱਤਵ ਹੈ।

This event has special significance in the country's historical context.

Formal phrase 'ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਪ੍ਰਸੰਗ' (historical context).

8

ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਸਰੋਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਵੰਡ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਨਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦ ਹੈ।

Equal distribution of the country's resources is the foundation of social justice.

Abstract philosophical construction.

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