Pronomes Reflexivos em Hindi: Usando 'Apna' e 'Khud'
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'apna' for possession related to the subject and 'khud' for emphasizing that the subject did the action themselves.
- Use 'apna' (अपना) when the object belongs to the subject: 'Main apna kaam kar raha hoon' (I am doing my work).
- Use 'khud' (खुद) to emphasize the subject performed the action: 'Maine yeh khana khud banaya' (I made this food myself).
- Never use 'apna' if the object does not belong to the subject: 'Main tumhara kaam kar raha hoon' (I am doing your work).
Overview
अपना (apna)? ... (Conteúdo em português) ...Apna Agreement Table
| Noun Gender/Number | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Masculine Singular
|
Apna
|
Apna ghar
|
|
Feminine Singular
|
Apni
|
Apni kitaab
|
|
Masculine Plural
|
Apne
|
Apne dost
|
|
Feminine Plural
|
Apni
|
Apni baatein
|
|
Oblique Case
|
Apne
|
Apne ghar mein
|
Khud (Indeclinable)
| Form | Gender | Number |
|---|---|---|
|
Khud
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Meanings
Reflexive pronouns in Hindi indicate that the action of the verb is directed back to the subject or emphasize the subject's agency.
Possessive Reflexive
Indicates ownership by the subject of the sentence.
“मैं अपनी किताब पढ़ रहा हूँ।”
“वह अपने घर जा रहा है।”
Emphatic Reflexive
Emphasizes that the subject performed the action personally.
“मैंने यह खुद किया।”
“वह खुद बाजार गई।”
Reference Table
| Tipo | Termo em Hindi | Concordância | Equivalente |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Possessivo
|
`अपना / अपनी / अपने`
|
Combina com o Objeto
|
Meu/Seu/Dele próprio
|
|
Intensivo
|
`खुद` (khud)
|
Nenhuma
|
Eu mesmo / Pessoalmente
|
|
Intensivo Formal
|
`स्वयं` (svayam)
|
Nenhuma
|
Próprio / Pessoalmente
|
|
Independente
|
`अपने आप` (apne aap)
|
Nenhuma
|
Por si só / Sozinho
|
|
Masc. Singular
|
`अपना दोस्त`
|
Final em -a
|
Próprio amigo
|
|
Feminino
|
`अपनी गाड़ी`
|
Final em -i
|
Próprio carro
|
|
Plural/Oblíquo
|
`अपने जूते`
|
Final em -e
|
Próprios sapatos
|
Espectro de formalidade
मैंने अपना कार्य स्वयं किया। (Work/Professional)
मैंने अपना काम किया। (Work/Professional)
मैंने अपना काम खुद किया। (Work/Professional)
मैंने खुद निपटा लिया। (Work/Professional)
Família Reflexiva do Hindi
Possessivo
- अपना (Apna) Próprio
Intensivo
- खुद (Khud) Eu mesmo / Pessoalmente
- स्वयं (Svayam) Próprio (Formal)
Método
- अपने आप (Apne aap) Por si só
Mera vs. Apna
Escolhendo o Pronome Certo
O sujeito é o dono do objeto?
Está enfatizando 'pessoalmente'?
Grade de Concordância do Apna
Masculino Singular
- • अपना कमरा
- • अपना भाई
- • अपना देश
Feminino (Todos)
- • अपनी बहन
- • अपनी कार
- • अपनी माँ
Masculino Plural
- • अपने कपड़े
- • अपने पैसे
- • अपने दोस्त
Exemplos por nível
यह मेरी किताब है।
This is my book.
मैं अपनी किताब पढ़ता हूँ।
I read my (own) book.
मैंने खुद खाना बनाया।
I cooked food myself.
वह खुद आया।
He came himself.
तुम अपने घर जाओ।
Go to your (own) house.
हम अपना काम कर रहे हैं।
We are doing our (own) work.
क्या तुमने यह खुद लिखा?
Did you write this yourself?
वह अपनी कार साफ़ कर रही है।
She is cleaning her (own) car.
उसने अपने दोस्तों को बुलाया।
He invited his (own) friends.
मैंने यह फैसला खुद लिया है।
I have taken this decision myself.
वे अपनी समस्याओं के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं।
They are talking about their (own) problems.
क्या आप यह काम खुद कर सकते हैं?
Can you do this work yourself?
अपनी गलतियों से सीखना ज़रूरी है।
It is important to learn from one's own mistakes.
उसने खुद को आईने में देखा।
He saw himself in the mirror.
हमें अपना भविष्य खुद बनाना होगा।
We will have to build our own future ourselves.
वह अपनी बात पर अडिग है।
He is firm on his own word.
उसने अपनी ही दुनिया बना ली है।
He has created a world of his own.
मैंने खुद जाकर स्थिति का जायजा लिया।
I went myself and assessed the situation.
अपनी मर्यादा का ध्यान रखना चाहिए।
One should keep one's own dignity in mind.
वे खुद को साबित करने के लिए संघर्ष कर रहे हैं।
They are struggling to prove themselves.
अपनी करनी का फल तो भुगतना ही पड़ता है।
One must bear the consequences of one's own actions.
वह खुद-ब-खुद समझ गया।
He understood it all by himself.
अपनी धुन में मस्त रहना उसकी आदत है।
Remaining absorbed in his own thoughts is his habit.
उसने खुद को परिस्थितियों के अनुकूल ढाल लिया।
He adapted himself to the circumstances.
Fácil de confundir
Learners use 'mera' when the subject is the owner.
They mean the same but have different registers.
Learners think they are interchangeable.
Erros comuns
Main mera kaam karta hoon
Main apna kaam karta hoon
Main khud ko kaam kiya
Maine khud kaam kiya
Woh apna bhai hai
Woh mera bhai hai
Maine apna kiya
Maine khud kiya
Apna ghar badi hai
Apna ghar bada hai
Woh khud ko gaya
Woh khud gaya
Hum apna kaam ki
Hum apna kaam kiya
Usne apna pita ko dekha
Usne apne pita ko dekha
Main khud ka kaam kiya
Maine apna kaam khud kiya
Apna sab kuch hai
Sab kuch apna hai
Apna khud ka kaam
Apna kaam
Woh khud se gaya
Woh khud gaya
Apni baaton ko samjho
Apni baatein samjho
Padrões de frases
Main ___ (apna/apni/apne) ___ (noun) ___ (verb).
Maine yeh ___ (khud) ___ (verb).
Kya tum ___ (apna/apni/apne) ___ (noun) ___ (verb)?
Hamein ___ (apna) ___ (noun) ___ (verb) chahiye.
Real World Usage
Apna kaam kar!
Maine yeh project khud manage kiya.
Apni life, apne rules.
Main apna saaman khud utha loonga.
Maine khana khud order kiya.
Apni kitaab kholo.
A Regra Universal
अपना não liga para o seu gênero, apenas para o gênero do objeto possuído. Foque na palavra que vem depois: «मैं अपनी चाबी ढूँढ रहा हूँ।»Evite a Redundância
मेरा अपना (meu próprio), a menos que queira ser dramático. Normalmente, apenas अपना já resolve tudo: «यह अपना घर है।»Pertencimento Social
अपना आदमी significa que a pessoa é 'da nossa galera' ou do círculo íntimo: «वह अपना आदमी है।»Smart Tips
Always check the gender of the noun first.
Place 'khud' right before the verb.
Use 'apne' for all plural nouns, regardless of gender.
If a postposition follows, use 'apne'.
Pronúncia
Apna
The 'p' is unaspirated, 'na' is nasal.
Khud
The 'kh' is a velar fricative.
Emphasis
Maine KHUD kiya!
Strong emphasis on the subject.
Memorize
Mnemônico
Apna is for what you OWN, Khud is for what you have SHOWN (by doing it yourself).
Associação visual
Imagine holding your own bag (Apna) while you are painting a wall by yourself (Khud).
Rhyme
Apna for the things you own, Khud for the work you've done alone.
Story
Rohan wanted to build a house. He used his own (apna) money. He built the walls himself (khud). Now he lives in his own (apna) home.
Word Web
Desafio
Write 3 sentences about your day using 'apna' and 3 using 'khud'.
Notas culturais
Apna is used frequently to denote family members, e.g., 'apne papa'.
Swayam is often used instead of khud in formal writing.
Khud-ba-khud is a common idiom for 'automatically'.
Apna comes from the Sanskrit 'atman' (self).
Iniciadores de conversa
क्या आपने अपना होमवर्क किया?
क्या आप अपना खाना खुद बनाते हैं?
क्या आपने कभी अपना घर खुद पेंट किया है?
क्या आपको लगता है कि अपना भविष्य खुद बनाना चाहिए?
Temas para diário
Erros comuns
Test Yourself
मैं ___ (my) किताब पढ़ रहा हूँ।
Escolha a frase gramaticalmente correta para 'Eu farei isso sozinho':
Find and fix the mistake:
राहुल उसका कमरा साफ़ कर रहा है। (Rahul está limpando o seu PRÓPRIO quarto.)
Score: /3
Exercicios praticos
8 exercisesMain ___ kitaab padh raha hoon.
Maine yeh kaam ___ kiya.
Find and fix the mistake:
Woh mera ghar gaya.
kaam / apna / main / kar / raha / hoon
I cooked it myself.
Khud changes based on gender.
A: Kya tumne yeh likha? B: Haan, maine ___ likha.
Build a sentence.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
8 exercisesवे ___ दोस्तों से मिले।
पैसे / अपने / रखे / उसने / पास
Eu faço meu trabalho por mim mesmo.
सीता उसका काम कर रही है। (Sita está fazendo o PRÓPRIO trabalho)
Combine os reflexivos:
दरवाज़ा ___ खुल गया। (A porta abriu sozinha.)
आप ___ चाबी भूल गए। (Você esqueceu sua própria chave.)
Ele mora na sua própria casa.
Score: /8
Perguntas frequentes (8)
No, 'apna' only refers to the subject of the sentence.
Not necessarily, but it is common in past tense sentences.
Apna is for masculine singular, apne is for plural or oblique case.
No, 'khud' is for people/subjects performing actions.
'Apne aap' is another way to say 'by oneself' or 'automatically'.
Yes, but 'swayam' is often preferred for 'self' in formal contexts.
It is redundant, but sometimes used for emphasis, like 'my very own'.
The form of 'apna' depends on the noun, not the subject pronoun.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
propio / reflexivo
Hindi 'apna' is more strictly bound to the subject.
propre / soi-même
French reflexive pronouns are more complex in conjugation.
eigen / selbst
German 'eigen' is an adjective, whereas 'apna' is a pronoun.
jibun
Hindi splits these into 'apna' and 'khud'.
nafs
Arabic 'nafs' is a noun, while 'apna' is a pronoun.
ziji
Chinese 'ziji' is invariant, like 'khud'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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