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B1 conjunction #2,500 mais comum 8 min de leitura

除此以外

chúcǐyǐwài
At the A1 level, you can think of '除此以外' (chú cǐ yǐ wài) as a fancy way to say 'and' or 'also.' Imagine you are talking about things you like. You say, 'I like apples.' Then you want to say you also like bananas. You can say '除此以外 (besides this), I like bananas.' It is a bit long, so beginners usually just say '还有' (hái yǒu). However, learning this phrase early helps you sound more like a native speaker who is speaking carefully. Just remember: first say one thing, then say '除此以外,' then say the second thing. It's like adding a plus sign between two sentences. For example: 'I have a brother. 除此以外, I have a sister.' It helps you connect your thoughts so they don't feel like separate, lonely pieces of information. Even though it looks like four characters, treat it as one single block that means 'and another thing.'
At the A2 level, you are starting to build longer sentences. '除此以外' is a great tool for this. It helps you move beyond simple 'Subject-Verb-Object' sentences. You use it when you want to list more than one reason, more than one item, or more than one activity. For example, if you are describing your house, you might say it has a big kitchen. Then, to add more detail, you say '除此以外, it also has a beautiful garden.' Notice that we often use the word '还' (hái - also) in the second part. This is a very important pattern: 'Sentence 1. 除此以外, Subject + 还 + Sentence 2.' This makes your Chinese flow much better. It shows that you are not just listing facts, but you are organizing them. It is slightly more formal than '还有,' so use it when you want to be polite or when you are writing a short paragraph for your class.
As a B1 learner, you should be using '除此以外' to create cohesive paragraphs. This phrase is a 'discourse marker.' Its job is to manage the flow of information. At this level, you should understand that '此' (cǐ) refers specifically to the entire idea you just mentioned. It's not just 'this thing,' but 'this situation' or 'this fact.' You will often see this in HSK 3 and 4 reading materials. It is particularly useful when you are giving a presentation or writing an email. For instance, if you are explaining why a project is late, you might give one reason (e.g., 'The weather was bad'). Then you use '除此以外' to introduce the second reason (e.g., '...the equipment broke'). This structure helps your listener follow your logic. It's also important to start noticing the difference between this and '除了...以外.' While they look similar, '除此以外' stands alone as a transition, whereas '除了...以外' needs a noun in the middle.
At the B2 level, '除此以外' becomes an essential part of your academic and professional vocabulary. You should be able to use it to distinguish between primary and secondary points. In a complex argument, you might use '首先' (firstly) for your main point, and then '除此以外' to introduce supporting points that are outside the scope of the first one. It functions as an additive transition that maintains the formal register of your speech or writing. You should also be comfortable using it in the middle of a sentence with a semicolon. At this level, you should also be aware of its synonyms like '此外' (more formal) and '另外' (more colloquial) and choose the one that fits your 'register' (the style of your speaking). Using '除此以外' shows that you have a firm grasp of Chinese logical connectors, which is a key requirement for passing the HSK 5 exam. It allows you to build complex, multi-layered arguments that are easy for a native speaker to follow.
For C1 learners, '除此以外' is a tool for precision and stylistic variety. At this advanced stage, you should be analyzing how this phrase functions within the broader 'information structure' of a text. It serves to mark a 'non-exhaustive addition.' By using '除此以外,' you are signaling that the preceding information is a complete unit, and you are now appending supplementary information that, while related, belongs to a different sub-category or perspective. You should also explore its use in rhetorical strategies—for example, using it to 'stack' evidence to make a conclusion feel inevitable. In high-level literature or legal documents, you might see it used to define the boundaries of a rule or a description. You should also be able to contrast it with more nuanced connectors like '况且' (moreover/besides - with a sense of 'even more so') or '更何况' (let alone). Mastery at C1 means knowing not just what it means, but exactly when its specific 'flavor' of addition is superior to other options.
At the C2 level, '除此以外' is viewed through the lens of discourse analysis and linguistic nuance. It is a demonstrative-based cohesive device that relies on 'anaphoric reference' (referring back to something). An advanced user understands the subtle rhythmic and prosodic weight the four-character phrase adds to a sentence compared to the two-character '此外.' In formal oratory or classical-style modern prose, the choice between these two can change the entire 'tempo' of a paragraph. You should also be able to identify cases where '除此以外' is used to create a 'frame' for the discourse, effectively partitioning information into 'the focal point' (the '此') and 'the peripheral' (the '以外'). Furthermore, a C2 learner should be able to use this phrase in complex grammatical structures, such as within nested '除了...以外' clauses, without losing the logical thread. It is no longer just a vocabulary word; it is a structural element used to craft sophisticated, nuanced, and authoritative Chinese prose.
Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas

除此以外 em 30 segundos

  • A formal transition meaning 'besides this' or 'in addition.'
  • Used to add information while referring back to a previous point.
  • Often paired with '还' (hái) or '也' (yě) in the following clause.
  • Common in HSK 4-6 exams, professional emails, and academic essays.

The phrase 除此以外 (chú cǐ yǐ wài) is a sophisticated yet highly practical conjunction in Mandarin Chinese, primarily used to introduce additional information or to set aside a previously mentioned point to discuss others. At its core, it functions similarly to the English expressions 'besides this,' 'apart from this,' or 'in addition to this.' To understand its depth, one must look at its constituent parts: 除 (chú) meaning to remove or exclude, 此 (cǐ) being a formal demonstrative pronoun for 'this,' and 以外 (yǐ wài) meaning 'outside' or 'beyond.' When combined, they create a logical bridge that tells the listener or reader, 'Having dealt with the current topic, let us look at what remains outside of it.'

Grammatical Function
It serves as a transitional adverbial phrase, often appearing at the beginning of a sentence or clause to provide additive cohesion to the discourse.
Formal vs. Informal
While '此外' (cǐwài) is more common in written Chinese, '除此以外' is versatile enough for both formal speeches and polite daily conversation.
Semantic Scope
It can be used for both inclusive addition (adding more items to a list) and exclusive distinction (isolating one factor to focus on others).

“他学习很努力，除此以外，他还经常参加志愿者活动。” (He studies very hard; besides this, he often participates in volunteer activities.)

In a structural sense, 除此以外 acts as a mental 'plus' sign. Imagine you are building a case or describing a situation. You mention the most obvious factor first. To ensure your listener knows there is more to the story, you use this phrase to expand the boundaries of the conversation. It is particularly useful in academic writing where listing multiple causes or effects is required. Unlike the simpler '还有' (hái yǒu), which is very colloquial, this phrase adds a layer of professional polish to your speech.

“公司提供了免费午餐，除此以外，还有交通补贴。” (The company provides free lunch; apart from this, there are also transportation subsidies.)

Furthermore, the phrase is deeply rooted in the logic of exclusion. By saying '除此' (excluding this), you are effectively clearing the stage for the next piece of information. This is why it is so effective in negotiations or debates. It allows you to acknowledge an opponent's point ('This is true...') before moving on to your own points ('...but besides this, we must consider...').

Etymological Roots
The character '此' is a relic of Classical Chinese, giving the phrase a slightly more elevated tone than '这个' (zhège).
Structural Variations
It is often shortened to '此外' in fast-paced writing or expanded to '除了这些以外' for emphasis.

“我们需要更多的资金，除此以外，还需要更多的人手。” (We need more funds; in addition to this, we need more manpower.)

Using 除此以外 effectively requires an understanding of sentence flow and logical progression. It is most commonly used as a sentence-starting transition or as a conjunction between two independent clauses. Because it contains the demonstrative '此' (this), it must refer back to a previously mentioned idea, fact, or object. You cannot start a conversation with '除此以外' because there is no 'this' to refer to yet.

1. Sentence-Initial Position

This is the most frequent usage. After stating a fact, you start the next sentence with the phrase to add more details. This creates a rhythmic 'Point A. Besides Point A, Point B' structure.

“我们要考虑成本。除此以外，我们还要考虑时间。” (We need to consider the cost. Besides this, we also need to consider time.)

2. Mid-Sentence Transition

You can use it after a semicolon or a comma to link two related thoughts within a single sentence. This is very common in formal reports or descriptive essays.

“这台电脑运行速度快，除此以外，它的外观也非常漂亮。” (This computer runs fast; apart from this, its appearance is also very beautiful.)

3. Combining with '还' or '也'

To make the sentence sound natural, '除此以外' is almost always paired with the adverbs 还 (hái) or 也 (yě) in the following clause. This reinforces the 'addition' aspect of the phrase. Omitting these can make the sentence feel abrupt or grammatically incomplete to a native speaker.

“他会说英语，除此以外，他还会说法语。” (He can speak English; besides this, he can also speak French.)

The versatility of 除此以外 means you will encounter it in a wide array of contexts, ranging from the lecture halls of universities to the boardrooms of multinational corporations, and even in polite social gatherings. It is a marker of organized thought and clear communication.

1. Business and Professional Settings

In meetings, presentations, and emails, professionals use this phrase to list features, requirements, or agenda items. It helps in maintaining a structured flow, ensuring that each point is distinct yet connected.

“我们的产品价格合理，除此以外，售后服务也非常完善。” (Our products are reasonably priced; besides this, the after-sales service is also very comprehensive.)

2. Academic and Formal Writing

Students and researchers use '除此以外' to provide multiple pieces of evidence or to discuss secondary factors in a study. It is a staple of the HSK 4 and HSK 5 writing sections because it demonstrates a candidate's ability to use complex transitional structures.

3. News and Media

News anchors and journalists use it to transition between different aspects of a news story. For example, after reporting on the economic impact of a policy, they might use '除此以外' to discuss its social implications.

“这次会议讨论了环境问题，除此以外，还涉及了全球贸易。” (This meeting discussed environmental issues; apart from this, it also involved global trade.)

While 除此以外 is a relatively straightforward phrase, learners often fall into several traps that can make their Chinese sound unnatural or confusing. Avoiding these pitfalls is key to mastering the phrase.

1. Redundancy with '除了'

A common error is trying to combine '除此以外' with a specific noun in the same phrase, like *'除此以外苹果以外' (Incorrect). Remember: '除此以外' already contains '此' (this). If you want to name the object, use the '除了 [Object] 以外' pattern.

2. Missing the Referent

Because '此' refers to something previously mentioned, using the phrase as the very first sentence of a paragraph or speech without prior context is a logical error. The listener will wonder, 'Besides *what*?'

3. Forgetting the Adverbial Support

As mentioned in the usage section, '除此以外' usually needs a '还' (hái) or '也' (yě) in the second part of the sentence. A sentence like *'除此以外，他去商店'* (Besides this, he goes to the store) feels like it's missing a link. It should be: '除此以外，他还去了商店' (Besides this, he also went to the store).

❌ Incorrect: “我喜欢猫。除此以外，我喜欢狗。” (Too robotic)
✅ Correct: “我喜欢猫。除此以外，我也很喜欢狗。” (Natural)

4. Confusion with '此外' (Cǐwài)

While they are synonyms, '此外' is more formal and concise. Using '除此以外' in a very short, informal text message might feel a bit heavy-handed, whereas '此外' or '还有' might fit better. Conversely, in a formal essay, '除此以外' is excellent for adding variety to your transitions.

Mandarin has several ways to say 'besides' or 'in addition.' Choosing the right one depends on the level of formality and the specific grammatical structure you want to use. Here is a breakdown of how 除此以外 compares to its peers.

此外 (Cǐwài)
The closest synonym. It is essentially a shortened, more formal version of '除此以外.' It is used almost exclusively in written Chinese or formal news broadcasts.
另外 (Lìngwài)
Very common in spoken Chinese. It can mean 'in addition' but also 'another' (e.g., 另外一个人 - another person). It is less formal than '除此以外.'
还有 (Hái yǒu)
The most basic way to say 'and also' or 'there is also.' It is used frequently in daily life but is often considered too simple for high-level academic writing.
再加上 (Zài jiā shàng)
Means 'on top of that' or 'plus.' It carries a slightly stronger sense of accumulation, often used when adding a final, decisive point to an argument.

“他很有才华，此外，他也很谦虚。” (He is very talented; furthermore, he is very humble.) - Formal/Written

“我买了一本书，另外还买了一支笔。” (I bought a book, and additionally bought a pen.) - Spoken/Common

The key difference lies in the '此' (this). '除此以外' and '此外' specifically point back to a preceding statement. '另外' and '还有' are more flexible and can be used to introduce entirely new, less connected ideas. If you want to sound precise and organized, '除此以外' is your best choice.

How Formal Is It?

Formal

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Informal

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Nível de dificuldade

Gramática essencial

Exemplos por nível

1

我喜欢苹果，除此以外，我也喜欢西瓜。

I like apples; besides this, I also like watermelons.

Uses '也' to show addition.

2

他会说中文，除此以外，他还会说英语。

He can speak Chinese; besides this, he can also speak English.

Uses '还' for 'also'.

3

我有三个苹果，除此以外，我还有一个橘子。

I have three apples; apart from this, I also have an orange.

Simple counting context.

4

今天天气很好，除此以外，我也很高兴。

The weather is good today; besides this, I am also very happy.

Connecting a fact with a feeling.

5

书包里有书，除此以外，还有一枝笔。

There are books in the bag; besides this, there is also a pen.

Describing contents.

6

我们要买米，除此以外，还要买菜。

We need to buy rice; besides this, we also need to buy vegetables.

Using '还要' for future action.

7

他很高，除此以外，他也很帅。

He is very tall; besides this, he is also very handsome.

Connecting two adjectives.

8

这里有大山，除此以外，还有小河。

There are big mountains here; besides this, there are also small rivers.

Describing scenery.

1

这家饭店的菜很好吃，除此以外，服务也很好。

The food at this restaurant is delicious; besides this, the service is also good.

Linking two positive qualities.

2

他每天跑步，除此以外，他还打篮球。

He runs every day; apart from this, he also plays basketball.

Describing routine habits.

3

我学习汉语，除此以外，我还学习书法。

I study Chinese; besides this, I also study calligraphy.

Connecting two related hobbies.

4

这件衣服很便宜，除此以外，质量也不错。

This piece of clothing is very cheap; besides this, the quality is also not bad.

Linking price and quality.

5

我们要准备水果，除此以外，还要准备饮料。

We need to prepare fruit; besides this, we also need to prepare drinks.

Planning and preparation.

6

他去过北京，除此以外，他还去过上海。

He has been to Beijing; apart from this, he has also been to Shanghai.

Using '过' for past experience.

7

这个手机很漂亮，除此以外，它也非常轻。

This phone is very beautiful; besides this, it is also very light.

Describing product features.

8

我的房间很干净，除此以外，也很安静。

My room is very clean; besides this, it is also very quiet.

Describing an environment.

1

他不仅聪明，除此以外，他工作也非常努力。

He is not only smart; besides this, he also works very hard.

Complementing '不仅' with further addition.

2

我们需要考虑预算，除此以外，时间安排也非常关键。

We need to consider the budget; besides this, the schedule is also very critical.

Formal business context.

3

这部电影的剧情很吸引人，除此以外，演员的演技也很好。

The plot of this movie is very attractive; besides this, the actors' acting is also good.

Reviewing media.

4

他除了英语以外，还会说法语，除此以外，他还会一点德语。

Besides English, he can speak French; apart from this, he can also speak a little German.

Nesting '除了...以外' and '除此以外'.

5

我们要保护环境，除此以外，还要节约能源。

We need to protect the environment; besides this, we also need to save energy.

Discussing social responsibility.

6

这种药可以治感冒，除此以外，还能缓解头痛。

This medicine can treat colds; besides this, it can also relieve headaches.

Describing medical benefits.

7

他是一个优秀的老师，除此以外，他还是一个著名的作家。

He is an excellent teacher; besides this, he is also a famous writer.

Connecting two professional identities.

8

我们要提高效率，除此以外，还要保证质量。

We need to improve efficiency; besides this, we also need to guarantee quality.

Balancing two objectives.

1

该项目面临资金短缺，除此以外，技术难题也亟待解决。

The project faces a funding shortage; besides this, technical difficulties also urgently need to be solved.

Formal project reporting.

2

他精通古典文学，除此以外，对现代艺术也有深入研究。

He is proficient in classical literature; apart from this, he also has in-depth research on modern art.

Academic description.

3

这种生活方式不仅健康，除此以外，还能减少生活开支。

This lifestyle is not only healthy; besides this, it can also reduce living expenses.

Discussing benefits of a lifestyle choice.

4

政府实施了新的税收政策，除此以外，还加大了对小微企业的扶持力度。

The government implemented new tax policies; besides this, it also increased support for small and micro enterprises.

Political/Economic news context.

5

我们需要对市场进行调研，除此以外，还要对竞争对手进行分析。

We need to conduct market research; besides this, we also need to analyze our competitors.

Business strategy.

6

他因伤退出了比赛，除此以外，他的队友也因病无法参赛。

He withdrew from the competition due to injury; besides this, his teammate was also unable to compete due to illness.

Reporting sports news.

7

这个城市交通便利，除此以外，教育资源也非常丰富。

This city has convenient transportation; besides this, educational resources are also very rich.

Describing urban advantages.

8

我们应该尊重他人的意见，除此以外，还要学会换位思考。

We should respect others' opinions; besides this, we should also learn to think from their perspective.

Moral/Philosophical advice.

1

该理论在逻辑上是自洽的，除此以外，它还得到了大量实验数据的支持。

The theory is logically self-consistent; besides this, it is also supported by a large amount of experimental data.

Scientific/Academic discourse.

2

作者在书中探讨了人性的复杂，除此以外，还对社会制度进行了深刻的反思。

The author explores the complexity of human nature in the book; besides this, they also conduct a profound reflection on social systems.

Literary criticism.

3

除此以外，我们还必须注意到，全球化带来的文化冲击是不容忽视的。

Besides this, we must also notice that the cultural impact brought by globalization cannot be ignored.

Sentence-initial transition in a complex essay.

4

该协议规定了双方的权利，除此以外，还明确了违约责任的追究方式。

The agreement stipulates the rights of both parties; besides this, it also clarifies the methods for pursuing liability for breach of contract.

Legal/Contractual language.

5

他不仅在学术上造诣极深，除此以外，在为人处世方面也堪称楷模。

He not only has deep academic achievements; besides this, he is also a model in terms of how he conducts himself in society.

High-level praise/biography.

6

这种现象反映了经济结构的失衡，除此以外，也暴露了监管体系的漏洞。

This phenomenon reflects the imbalance of the economic structure; besides this, it also exposes loopholes in the regulatory system.

Socio-economic analysis.

7

除此以外，由于人口老龄化加剧，劳动力短缺问题将日益凸显。

Besides this, due to the intensification of population aging, the labor shortage problem will become increasingly prominent.

Causal analysis in formal writing.

8

他在演讲中强调了创新的重要性，除此以外，还呼吁加强国际合作。

In his speech, he emphasized the importance of innovation; besides this, he also called for strengthening international cooperation.

Summarizing a formal speech.

1

该项研究揭示了基因表达的微妙机制，除此以外，亦为靶向治疗提供了崭新的视角。

This research reveals the subtle mechanisms of gene expression; besides this, it also provides a brand-new perspective for targeted therapy.

Using '亦' (yì) for a more classical/formal 'also'.

2

除此以外，若从地缘政治的角度审视，该地区的动荡无疑具有更深层次的诱因。

Besides this, if examined from a geopolitical perspective, the instability in the region undoubtedly has deeper underlying causes.

Hypothetical '若' (ruò) and high-level vocabulary.

3

文章不仅剖析了表象，除此以外，更以一种批判性的眼光透视了其背后的权力运作。

The article not only analyzes the surface; besides this, it further scrutinizes the power dynamics behind it with a critical eye.

Using '更' (gèng) for emphasis in addition.

4

除此以外，法律的生命力在于实施，而不仅仅在于其条文的严密性。

Besides this, the vitality of the law lies in its implementation, not just in the rigor of its provisions.

Philosophical legal maxim.

5

他对此事的处理显得游刃有余，除此以外，其展现出的政治智慧亦令人折服。

His handling of this matter seemed effortless; besides this, the political wisdom he displayed was also admirable.

Idiomatic '游刃有余' (yóu rèn yǒu yú).

6

除此以外，我们尚需考量的是，技术进步对人类伦理道德可能构成的潜在挑战。

Besides this, what we still need to consider are the potential challenges that technological progress may pose to human ethics.

Using '尚需' (shàng xū) for 'still need'.

7

该作品在形式上极具先锋色彩，除此以外，其内在的精神内核亦引发了广泛的争议。

The work is highly avant-garde in form; besides this, its internal spiritual core has also sparked widespread controversy.

Artistic/Cultural critique.

8

除此以外，这种制度性的安排在某种程度上也抑制了市场的活力。

Besides this, this institutional arrangement has also, to some extent, suppressed market vitality.

Economic theory/critique.

Colocações comuns

除此以外，还有...
除此以外，也...
除此以外，还...
除此以外，更...
除此以外，亦...
除此以外，必须...
除此以外，需要...
除此以外，应当...
除此以外，可以说...
除此以外，值得一提的是...

Frases Comuns

除此以外别无他法

除此以外别无选择

除此以外的一切

除此以外的因素

除此以外的要求

除此以外的优点

除此以外的缺点

除此以外的理由

除此以外的证据

除此以外的考虑

Frequentemente confundido com

除此以外 vs 除了 (chúle) - Needs a noun following it.

除此以外 vs 此外 (cǐwài) - More formal/shorter.

除此以外 vs 另外 (lìngwài) - More colloquial.

Expressões idiomáticas

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

Fácil de confundir

除此以外 vs 除非

Means 'unless,' not 'besides.'

除此以外 vs 除去

Means 'to remove' or 'subtracting,' more mathematical.

除此以外 vs 此后

Means 'after this' (time), not 'besides this' (addition).

除此以外 vs 以此

Means 'with this' or 'based on this.'

除此以外 vs 因此

Means 'therefore' (cause/effect).

Padrões de frases

Família de palavras

Relacionado

Como usar

anaphora

It must refer back to something. Incorrect: (First sentence) '除此以外，我很好。'

redundancy

Avoid '除此以外[Noun]'. Use '除了[Noun]以外' instead.

Erros comuns
  • Using it as the first sentence of a text without context.
  • Forgetting the comma after the phrase.
  • Omitting '还' or '也' in the following clause.
  • Mixing it up with '除了...以外' (e.g., *除此以外他*).
  • Using it to mean 'therefore' (confusion with '因此').

Dicas

The 'Also' Rule

Always try to include '还' or '也' in the clause that follows '除此以外.' This makes the addition feel grammatically complete and natural to native ears.

Vary Your Transitions

If you have already used '此外' in a paragraph, switch to '除此以外' for the next point to show off your vocabulary range and keep the writing interesting.

Pause for Effect

When speaking, put a tiny pause after '除此以外.' This gives your listener time to process the first point before you introduce the next one.

Professional Emails

Use this phrase when listing attachments or requirements in an email. It sounds much more professional than just using 'and' (和) or 'also' (还有).

HSK Strategy

In the HSK writing section, using '除此以外' correctly is an easy way to demonstrate that you can handle complex sentence structures and logical connectors.

Logical Flow

Ensure that the points you are connecting are actually related. Don't use '除此以外' to jump to a completely unrelated topic without a proper bridge.

Root Learning

Remember that '此' = 'This.' If you remember this Classical Chinese root, you will understand many other formal words like '此外,' '因此,' and '此后.'

Identify the 'This'

When reading, if you see '除此以外,' quickly glance back at the previous sentence to make sure you know exactly what '此' (this) is referring to.

News Marker

Listen for this phrase in news broadcasts. It often signals that the reporter is moving from the 'main' news to 'related' details or consequences.

Formal Politeness

In formal settings, using longer, four-character phrases like '除此以外' is often seen as more respectful and thoughtful than using short, blunt words.

Memorize

Origem da palavra

Contexto cultural

Students are taught this as a key 'transition word' to improve their essay scores.

Using this phrase in a request makes it sound less demanding and more like a logical list of needs.

Pratique na vida real

Contextos reais

Iniciadores de conversa

"你觉得这个计划怎么样？除此以外你还有什么建议吗？"

"除了工资，除此以外你最看重工作的哪一点？"

"我们已经讨论了价格，除此以外还有什么问题吗？"

"你喜欢旅游，除此以外你还有什么爱好？"

"他很聪明，除此以外你觉得他还有什么优点？"

Temas para diário

写一写你今天的收获。除此以外，你还有什么遗憾吗？

描述你的理想职业。除此以外，你还想尝试什么？

谈谈你对全球变暖的看法。除此以外，我们还能做什么？

记录你最近学到的三个新词。除此以外，你有什么学习心得？

写下你最喜欢的三个地方。除此以外，你还想去哪里？

Perguntas frequentes

10 perguntas

No, because '此' refers to something already mentioned. You must state at least one point before using it.

Actually, '此外' is usually considered more formal and concise, but '除此以外' is very common in formal speech and HSK writing.

Yes, in modern Chinese writing, a comma is standard after this phrase to separate the transition from the main clause.

No. You should say '除了苹果以外' or just '除此以外，还有苹果.'

It might sound a bit stiff. In casual texts, '还有' or '另外' is more common.

'再加上' implies a cumulative effect, often leading to a final conclusion, while '除此以外' is a neutral addition.

Yes, usually after a comma or semicolon to connect two independent clauses.

It usually means 'besides' (including more things), but literally it means 'excluding this [which I already said], there is also...'

Yes, it is a key vocabulary item for B1/B2 levels (HSK 4 and 5).

No, 'otherwise' is '否则' or '不然.'

Teste-se 178 perguntas

/ 178 correct

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