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A2 adjective #2,000 最常用 11分钟阅读

roto

开始练习 例句 笔记与提示 roto 30秒了解
解析 roto in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners are introduced to 'roto' as a fundamental adjective to describe everyday objects that are damaged or broken. The primary focus is on basic vocabulary acquisition and simple sentence construction using the verb 'estar'. Learners are taught that when an object falls and shatters, or when a toy stops working, it is 'roto'. The concept of gender and number agreement is introduced here, which is a core grammatical rule in Spanish. Students learn to match the ending of 'roto' to the noun it describes. For example, they practice saying 'el vaso está roto' (the glass is broken) and 'la ventana está rota' (the window is broken). The distinction between masculine (-o) and feminine (-a) endings is emphasized through repetitive exercises involving common household items like plates (platos), chairs (sillas), and tables (mesas). At this stage, the figurative meanings or complex grammatical uses (like the passive voice) are avoided to prevent confusion. The goal is simply to enable the learner to communicate a basic problem: something is broken and needs attention. Visual aids showing broken objects alongside intact ones are heavily utilized to reinforce the meaning. The irregular nature of the past participle is usually not explicitly taught as a verb form yet; 'roto' is treated purely as a descriptive vocabulary word. By the end of A1, a student should confidently be able to point to a broken item and state its condition correctly using 'estar' and the appropriately gendered form of 'roto'.
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In the A2 level, the understanding of 'roto' expands significantly. Learners begin to use 'roto' not just for rigid objects that shatter, but also for fabrics and clothing, learning that 'un pantalón roto' means a torn pair of pants. This broadens their descriptive capabilities in everyday scenarios, such as shopping or describing an accident. Crucially, A2 introduces the present perfect tense (pretérito perfecto), where learners encounter 'roto' as the irregular past participle of the verb 'romper'. They learn the structure 'haber + roto', allowing them to express actions they have completed, such as 'He roto el vaso' (I have broken the glass). This is a critical milestone, as they must now distinguish between 'roto' as an invariable verb form (he roto, has roto) and 'roto' as an adjective that requires agreement (el vaso está roto). The common mistake of saying 'rompido' is explicitly addressed and corrected at this stage. Furthermore, A2 learners start encountering basic idiomatic expressions and slightly more abstract uses, such as 'corazón roto' (broken heart), which introduces them to the emotional and figurative potential of the word. They also practice using 'roto' in the context of public spaces and services, such as reporting a broken elevator ('el ascensor está roto') or a malfunctioning ticket machine. The focus is on practical, transactional communication where identifying a broken item is necessary for solving a problem or explaining a situation.
At the B1 level, learners delve deeper into the nuances and figurative applications of 'roto'. While they have mastered the physical descriptions and basic perfect tenses, B1 introduces more complex grammatical structures, specifically the passive voice with 'ser'. Students learn the difference between 'El jarrón está roto' (state: the vase is broken) and 'El jarrón fue roto por el niño' (action: the vase was broken by the boy). This distinction between 'ser' and 'estar' with participles is a major grammatical hurdle that is thoroughly practiced. Additionally, the vocabulary surrounding 'roto' expands to include synonyms and related terms, allowing for more precise communication. Learners are taught when to use 'averiado' (for machines) or 'quebrado' (for bones or glass) instead of relying solely on 'roto'. The figurative use of 'roto' becomes much more prominent. Students learn to describe emotional states, such as feeling 'roto por dentro' (broken inside) or dealing with 'sueños rotos' (broken dreams). In colloquial contexts, especially in Spain, they are introduced to 'roto' as an expression of extreme physical exhaustion ('estoy roto después de correr'). This level also explores the concept of breaking abstract things, such as 'romper una promesa' (to break a promise) or 'romper las reglas' (to break the rules), and the resulting state of those abstract concepts being 'rotas'. B1 aims to transition the learner from literal, survival-level Spanish to a more expressive, emotionally resonant, and grammatically sophisticated use of the language.
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In the B2 level, the mastery of 'roto' involves a high degree of fluency in both its literal and idiomatic uses across various regional dialects. Learners are expected to seamlessly integrate 'roto' into complex sentence structures, including the subjunctive mood and conditional tenses (e.g., 'Si no estuviera roto, lo usaría' - If it weren't broken, I would use it). The focus shifts heavily towards idiomatic expressions and cultural colloquialisms. Students learn phrases like 'pagar los platos rotos' (to take the blame for something you didn't do) and 'tener la voz rota' (to have a hoarse or broken voice). They also explore how 'roto' interacts with different prefixes and suffixes, or how it functions in compound nouns. At this stage, learners must demonstrate an intuitive understanding of when 'roto' is appropriate versus its synonyms (destrozado, averiado, descompuesto) based on subtle contextual clues and regional preferences (e.g., knowing that 'descompuesto' is preferred for machines in Mexico). The emotional depth of 'roto' is explored in literature and media, analyzing how native speakers use the word to convey profound grief, systemic failure (e.g., 'un sistema roto'), or societal breakdown. Furthermore, B2 learners practice using 'roto' in professional and formal contexts, such as writing a formal complaint about damaged goods or explaining a technical failure in a workplace environment. The goal is to achieve a near-native level of intuition regarding the word's multifaceted applications.
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At the C1 level, the use of 'roto' is characterized by sophisticated, nuanced, and highly idiomatic expression. Learners are expected to manipulate the word effortlessly in abstract, academic, and literary contexts. The focus is on the subtle connotations of 'roto' and how it can be used metaphorically to describe complex concepts such as economic systems, political treaties, or psychological states. For example, discussing 'un matrimonio roto' (a broken marriage) or 'una sociedad rota' (a fractured society) requires an understanding of the cultural weight the word carries. C1 learners engage with advanced idioms and proverbs, understanding their historical origins and applying them appropriately in debates or essays. They might analyze texts where 'roto' is used to describe a disruption in the flow of time or narrative ('un silencio roto'). Furthermore, learners at this level are acutely aware of regional variations and slang. They understand the historical and sociological implications of the word 'roto' used as a noun in Chile (referring to a person of the lower class) and can navigate such culturally sensitive terms appropriately. Grammatically, there are no remaining challenges; the use of passive voice, perfect tenses, and agreement is automatic. The emphasis is on stylistic choice—knowing exactly when 'roto' provides the perfect rhythmic or emotional impact in a sentence compared to a more formal synonym like 'fracturado' or 'quebrantado'.
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At the C2 level, the learner's command of 'roto' is indistinguishable from that of an educated native speaker. The word is utilized with complete flexibility across all registers, from the most informal street slang to the highest levels of academic and literary discourse. C2 users appreciate the etymological roots of 'roto' (from Latin 'ruptus') and how this history influences its modern usage. They can engage in deep linguistic discussions about the evolution of the irregular participle and its anomalies in the Spanish language. In literature, they can analyze the poetic resonance of 'roto', recognizing how authors use it to evoke themes of loss, decay, or violent interruption. They are capable of creating their own novel metaphors using 'roto' that sound natural and evocative to native ears. Furthermore, C2 learners possess a comprehensive understanding of the sociolinguistic dimensions of the word across the entire Hispanosphere. They can effortlessly switch between using 'roto' to mean exhausted in Madrid, recognizing its classist undertones in Santiago de Chile, and choosing 'descompuesto' for a broken engine in Mexico City, all while maintaining perfect grammatical precision. At this ultimate level of proficiency, 'roto' is not just a vocabulary word; it is a versatile tool for expressing the full spectrum of human experience, from the mundane reality of a shattered glass to the profound tragedy of a broken spirit.
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开始练习 例句 笔记与提示

roto 30秒了解

  • Irregular past participle of 'romper' (to break).
  • Used with 'estar' to describe the state of being broken.
  • Must agree in gender and number when used as an adjective.
  • Figuratively means exhausted, heartbroken, or a broken promise.
The Spanish word 'roto' is the irregular past participle of the verb 'romper' (to break), and it functions primarily as an adjective to describe something that has been physically damaged, shattered, torn, or rendered inoperable. Understanding the depth of 'roto' requires looking beyond just shattered glass; it encompasses a wide variety of states of disrepair. When we talk about physical objects, 'roto' is the go-to word. For instance, a dropped phone screen, a snapped pencil, or a malfunctioning engine can all be described using this versatile term.

El cristal de la ventana está completamente roto.

In addition to rigid objects, 'roto' is heavily used for fabrics and clothing. A torn shirt or ripped jeans are 'rotos'. This is a crucial distinction from English, where we might use 'torn' instead of 'broken' for cloth; in Spanish, 'roto' covers both.
Physical Breakage
Refers to solid objects that have fractured into pieces.
Beyond the physical, 'roto' carries significant emotional and figurative weight. A 'corazón roto' is a broken heart, mirroring the English idiom perfectly.

Después de la ruptura, se quedó con el corazón roto.

Furthermore, in many Spanish-speaking regions, particularly in Spain, describing a person as 'roto' means they are utterly exhausted, physically or mentally drained.
Exhaustion
Used colloquially to express severe fatigue after hard work or exercise.

He trabajado doce horas hoy, estoy roto.

It is also essential to note the grammatical function of 'roto'. As a past participle, it is used with the auxiliary verb 'haber' to form perfect tenses (e.g., 'he roto' - I have broken). However, when used to describe the state or condition resulting from that action, it pairs with the verb 'estar' (e.g., 'está roto' - it is broken).

El juguete fue roto por el niño sin querer.

Passive Voice
Used with 'ser' to indicate the action of being broken by someone.

Mis pantalones favoritos están rotos en la rodilla.

The etymology of 'roto' traces back to the Latin 'ruptus', which also gives us English words like 'rupture' and 'interrupt'. This historical connection helps explain its broad application across different types of breaking, bursting, or tearing. Whether you are dealing with a mechanical failure, a wardrobe malfunction, a deep emotional sorrow, or simply the end of a very long and tiring day, 'roto' is an indispensable word in the Spanish language that bridges the gap between literal destruction and figurative depletion.
Using 'roto' correctly involves mastering its dual role as both an adjective and a past participle, which requires a solid understanding of Spanish verb mechanics and noun-adjective agreement. When functioning as an adjective, 'roto' describes the condition of a noun and must agree with it in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural). For example, a broken plate is 'un plato roto', a broken chair is 'una silla rota', broken glasses are 'unos vasos rotos', and torn boots are 'unas botas rotas'.

La silla de madera está rota y no se puede usar.

The choice of the verb preceding 'roto' is critical. To describe the state of being broken, you must use the verb 'estar'. 'El televisor está roto' means the television is currently in a broken state.
Estar + Roto
Indicates the physical or emotional state resulting from an action.
For instance, 'El jarrón fue roto por el gato' means 'The vase was broken by the cat'. Here, 'roto' still agrees with 'jarrón', but the focus is on the action.

El acuerdo fue roto por ambas partes simultáneamente.

When used as a past participle in perfect tenses, 'roto' is invariable; it always ends in '-o' regardless of the subject or object. 'María ha roto el vaso' (Maria has broken the glass) and 'Ellos han roto las reglas' (They have broken the rules).
Haber + Roto
Forms the present perfect, past perfect, and other compound tenses. Always invariable.

Nosotros hemos roto el récord de ventas este año.

Another common usage is in idiomatic expressions. 'Pagar los platos rotos' literally means 'to pay for the broken plates', but it is used idiomatically to mean taking the blame or suffering the consequences for someone else's mistakes.

Siempre soy yo quien tiene que pagar los platos rotos.

Idiomatic Usage
Phrases where 'roto' contributes to a metaphorical meaning rather than a literal physical state.

Me dejó el alma rota con sus crueles palabras.

Understanding these nuances—agreement as an adjective, invariability as a participle, the distinction between 'ser' and 'estar', and its presence in idioms—is essential for achieving fluency and sounding natural when using 'roto' in everyday Spanish conversation.
The word 'roto' is ubiquitous in the Spanish-speaking world, echoing through homes, repair shops, hospitals, and casual conversations. Its widespread use is due to its applicability to both the physical environment and the human condition. In a domestic setting, you will frequently hear 'roto' when dealing with household accidents or maintenance issues. A child might run to their parent saying, 'Mi juguete está roto' (My toy is broken), or a homeowner might call a plumber because 'la tubería está rota' (the pipe is broken).

El ascensor del edificio lleva una semana roto.

In the context of technology and mechanics, 'roto' is equally common. If your car breaks down, you might tell the mechanic that 'el motor está roto', although words like 'averiado' or 'descompuesto' are also used depending on the region.
Everyday Repairs
Commonly heard in contexts involving fixing appliances, vehicles, or electronics.
You will also hear 'roto' extensively in the fashion and clothing industry, but not always as a negative. While a 'pantalón roto' might mean a pair of pants you accidentally tore, 'pantalones rotos' is also the standard term for intentionally distressed or ripped jeans, a popular fashion trend.

Compró unos vaqueros rotos que le costaron una fortuna.

Fashion and Apparel
Used to describe torn fabric, whether accidental or as a deliberate style choice.
Moving to emotional and interpersonal contexts, 'roto' is a staple in telenovelas, romantic songs, and dramatic literature. The phrase 'corazón roto' is universally understood. You will hear singers crooning about their 'sueños rotos' (broken dreams) or 'promesas rotas' (broken promises).

Es difícil caminar por un sendero de sueños rotos.

In sports and fitness environments, especially in Spain, 'roto' takes on the meaning of physical exhaustion. After a grueling football match or a marathon, an athlete might declare, 'Estoy completamente roto'.

Después del entrenamiento de hoy, el equipo terminó roto.

Sports Context
Used to describe extreme fatigue or muscle exhaustion after intense physical activity.
Finally, in certain South American countries like Chile, 'roto' has historically been used as a noun to describe a person of lower social class or someone with bad manners, though this usage is highly localized and can be considered derogatory.

No te comportes como un roto en la mesa.

Therefore, depending on where you are and who you are talking to, 'roto' can describe a shattered glass, a trendy pair of jeans, a devastated lover, an exhausted runner, or a societal class.
When learning Spanish, the word 'roto' presents several specific pitfalls that frequently trap beginners and even intermediate learners. The most glaring and common mistake is the incorrect conjugation of the past participle of 'romper'. Because regular verbs ending in '-er' form their past participle with '-ido' (like comer -> comido, beber -> bebido), learners logically assume that 'romper' becomes 'rompido'. This is universally incorrect in standard Spanish.

Incorrecto: He rompido el vaso. Correcto: He roto el vaso.

The 'Rompido' Error
Applying regular conjugation rules to a highly irregular verb.
Another major area of confusion involves the choice between the verbs 'ser' and 'estar'. English speakers use 'to be' for both states and passive actions ('The window is broken'). In Spanish, 'La ventana está rota' describes the current state of the window (it is in pieces). 'La ventana fue rota' describes the action in the past (it was broken by someone). Using 'es rota' to describe a state is a grammatical error.

Mi teléfono está roto, necesito comprar uno nuevo.

Ser vs. Estar
Failing to distinguish between the state of being broken (estar) and the passive action of being broken (ser).
A third common mistake is forgetting gender and number agreement. Because 'roto' often functions as an adjective, it must match the noun it modifies. Learners might say 'la silla está roto' instead of the correct 'la silla está rota'.

Las gafas de sol que compré ayer ya están rotas.

Lack of Agreement
Forgetting to change the '-o' to '-a', '-os', or '-as' when modifying feminine or plural nouns.
Furthermore, learners sometimes overuse 'roto' for machines that have simply stopped working but aren't physically shattered. While 'mi ordenador está roto' is understood, in many regions, it sounds more natural to say 'mi ordenador está averiado' or 'no funciona' if the screen isn't literally smashed.

El coche no está roto, solo se quedó sin batería.

Finally, translating English idioms directly can lead to errors. For example, 'to be broke' (having no money) translates to 'estar sin blanca' or 'estar arruinado', not 'estar roto'.

No puedo salir esta noche, estoy sin blanca (no estoy roto).

By paying attention to its irregular form, mastering the ser/estar distinction, ensuring proper agreement, and understanding regional nuances regarding machinery, learners can avoid these common pitfalls.
While 'roto' is the most general and widely used term for 'broken', the Spanish language offers a rich vocabulary of synonyms that provide more precision depending on the context, the material of the broken object, or the region. Understanding these alternatives will significantly elevate your Spanish fluency. One of the closest synonyms is 'quebrado'. 'Quebrar' implies a clean break or a snap, often used for hard, brittle materials like glass, bones, or wood.

El niño tiene el brazo quebrado tras caerse del árbol.

Quebrado
Used for things that snap or fracture, like bones or branches, and also for financial bankruptcy.
When dealing with machinery, vehicles, or electronic devices that have stopped functioning but aren't necessarily physically shattered, 'averiado' is the preferred term. An 'avería' is a breakdown.

El ascensor está averiado, tendremos que usar las escaleras.

Averiado
Specifically used for mechanical or electronic failures and breakdowns.
Another excellent word for machinery or systems that are out of order is 'descompuesto'. This is particularly common in Mexico and other parts of Latin America to describe a car, a fridge, or a stomach that isn't working right.

La lavadora está descompuesta desde el lunes.

If something is completely destroyed, smashed to pieces, or ruined beyond repair, you would use 'destrozado' or 'hecho pedazos'. These carry a much stronger emotional or physical intensity than a simple 'roto'.

El coche quedó completamente destrozado en el accidente.

Destrozado
Implies total destruction or severe emotional devastation.
For clothing and fabrics, while 'roto' is standard, 'rasgado' specifically means torn or ripped, emphasizing the action of tearing a material.

Llevaba un vestido viejo y rasgado por los bordes.

By incorporating words like quebrado, averiado, descompuesto, destrozado, and rasgado into your vocabulary, you can express the exact nature of the damage much more accurately than by relying solely on 'roto' for every situation.

How Formal Is It?

难度评级

需要掌握的语法

Ser vs. Estar

Past Participles as Adjectives

Irregular Past Participles

Gender and Number Agreement

Passive Voice

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按水平分级的例句

1

El vaso está roto.

The glass is broken.

Uses 'estar' for condition and masculine singular 'roto'.

2

La silla está rota.

The chair is broken.

Feminine singular agreement 'rota' with 'silla'.

3

Mi teléfono está roto.

My phone is broken.

Common everyday vocabulary combined with 'roto'.

4

Los platos están rotos.

The plates are broken.

Plural masculine agreement 'rotos'.

5

La ventana está rota.

The window is broken.

Basic descriptive sentence using 'estar'.

6

El juguete está roto.

The toy is broken.

Vocabulary for children/everyday items.

7

Tengo un lápiz roto.

I have a broken pencil.

Used directly as an adjective modifying 'lápiz'.

8

Las gafas están rotas.

The glasses are broken.

Plural feminine agreement 'rotas'.

1

He roto mi pantalón favorito.

I have torn my favorite pants.

Present perfect tense 'he roto'.

2

El reloj de pared está roto.

The wall clock is broken.

Describing household items.

3

Ella tiene el corazón roto.

She has a broken heart.

Introduction to figurative use.

4

Compré unos pantalones rotos.

I bought some ripped jeans.

Used for fashion/clothing.

5

El ascensor está roto hoy.

The elevator is broken today.

Practical vocabulary for navigating buildings.

6

Alguien ha roto la puerta.

Someone has broken the door.

Using 'haber' with an unknown subject.

7

Mi coche está roto en el garaje.

My car is broken in the garage.

Describing location and state.

8

No uses esa taza, está rota.

Don't use that mug, it's broken.

Imperative combined with state description.

1

El jarrón fue roto por el gato.

The vase was broken by the cat.

Passive voice using 'fue roto'.

2

Estoy roto después de correr diez kilómetros.

I am exhausted after running ten kilometers.

Colloquial use meaning exhausted (Spain).

3

Han roto su promesa de ayudarnos.

They have broken their promise to help us.

Abstract use: breaking a promise.

4

El acuerdo de paz está roto.

The peace agreement is broken.

Abstract noun modified by 'roto'.

5

Me he roto un hueso del pie.

I have broken a bone in my foot.

Reflexive use for personal injury.

6

Es triste ver un matrimonio roto.

It is sad to see a broken marriage.

Describing complex emotional/social states.

7

El silencio fue roto por un grito.

The silence was broken by a scream.

Metaphorical breaking of silence.

8

Llevaba los zapatos rotos por el uso.

He wore shoes worn out from use.

Indicating wear and tear over time.

1

Siempre me toca pagar los platos rotos.

I always have to take the blame.

Idiomatic expression 'pagar los platos rotos'.

2

Si no estuviera roto, te lo prestaría.

If it weren't broken, I would lend it to you.

Imperfect subjunctive with 'estar'.

3

Tengo la voz rota de tanto cantar.

My voice is hoarse from singing so much.

Figurative use for a hoarse voice.

4

El sistema educativo actual está roto.

The current educational system is broken.

Describing systemic failure.

5

Se le ha roto el saco de la paciencia.

He has run out of patience.

Advanced idiom for losing patience.

6

El hielo se ha roto entre nosotros.

The ice has been broken between us.

Metaphorical 'breaking the ice'.

7

Dejó un reguero de corazones rotos.

He left a trail of broken hearts.

Poetic/literary description.

8

El motor quedó completamente roto tras el impacto.

The engine was completely destroyed after the impact.

Using 'quedar' to express the resulting state.

1

La crisis dejó un panorama social roto y fragmentado.

The crisis left a broken and fragmented social landscape.

Academic/sociological use of the adjective.

2

Hablaba con un hilo de voz, roto por el llanto.

He spoke with a whisper, broken by crying.

Literary description of emotion.

3

Ese argumento cae por su propio peso, está roto desde la base.

That argument falls flat; it's flawed from the foundation.

Metaphorical use in debate/logic.

4

Es un juguete roto de la industria del entretenimiento.

He is a broken toy of the entertainment industry.

Idiom 'juguete roto' for exploited celebrities.

5

El tratado fue roto unilateralmente, provocando el conflicto.

The treaty was broken unilaterally, provoking the conflict.

Formal political/historical context.

6

Andaba con el alma rota, vagando sin rumbo fijo.

He walked with a broken soul, wandering aimlessly.

Deeply poetic and melancholic phrasing.

7

La cadena de custodia fue rota, invalidando la prueba.

The chain of custody was broken, invalidating the evidence.

Specific legal/forensic terminology.

8

Se rompió el molde y él salió roto, en el mejor de los sentidos.

They broke the mold, and he came out broken, in the best sense.

Playful, advanced manipulation of idioms.

1

En la literatura chilena, la figura del 'roto' encarna la identidad popular.

In Chilean literature, the figure of the 'roto' embodies the popular identity.

Use of 'roto' as a specific cultural noun.

2

El tejido empresarial quedó roto tras la hiperinflación.

The business fabric was shattered after the hyperinflation.

Advanced economic metaphor.

3

Su discurso, roto por constantes digresiones, perdió eficacia.

His speech, broken by constant digressions, lost effectiveness.

Describing structural incoherence.

4

Aquel pacto de silencio, otrora inquebrantable, yace ahora roto.

That pact of silence, once unbreakable, now lies broken.

Highly literary syntax using 'yacer'.

5

La modernidad nos ha legado un paradigma ontológico roto.

Modernity has bequeathed us a broken ontological paradigm.

Philosophical/academic discourse.

6

No hay costura que remiende un orgullo tan profundamente roto.

There is no seam that can mend a pride so deeply broken.

Poetic aphorism.

7

El ritmo roto de la sinfonía evoca la angustia existencial.

The broken rhythm of the symphony evokes existential anguish.

Musicological/artistic critique.

8

Se erigió sobre los cimientos de un imperio roto y decadente.

It was built upon the foundations of a broken and decadent empire.

Historical narrative style.

常见搭配

corazón roto
platos rotos
sueños rotos
cristal roto
hueso roto
pantalón roto
promesa rota
voz rota
juguete roto
espejo roto

常用短语

estar roto
dejar roto
pagar los platos rotos
corazón roto
estar roto de cansancio
juguete roto
llevar algo roto
quedar roto
voz rota
sueños rotos

容易混淆的词

roto vs rompido (incorrect)

roto vs averiado

roto vs descompuesto

roto vs quebrado

习语与表达

"pagar los platos rotos"
"ser un juguete roto"
"romper el hielo (el hielo está roto)"
"estar roto de dolor"
"tener el alma rota"
"estar sin un duro (sometimes confused with broke)"
"romper el molde"
"romper a llorar"
"romper aguas"
"romper el corazón"

容易混淆

roto vs

roto vs

roto vs

roto vs

roto vs

句型

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如何使用

note

While 'roto' is universal, pay attention to regional preferences for synonyms like 'descompuesto' or 'averiado' when talking about electronics or cars.

常见错误
  • Saying 'rompido' instead of 'roto' for the past participle.
  • Using 'ser' (es roto) instead of 'estar' (está roto) to describe a broken state.
  • Forgetting to change the ending to -a, -os, or -as to match the noun.
  • Using 'estoy roto' to mean 'I have no money' (I am broke).
  • Thinking 'roto' only applies to hard objects and not realizing it means 'torn' for clothes.

小贴士

Never say Rompido

This is the most common mistake for learners. 'Romper' is irregular. The past participle is always 'roto'. Erase 'rompido' from your vocabulary.

Estar vs Ser

Use 'estar roto' to describe the condition of an object (The window is broken). Use 'ser roto' only for passive actions (The window was broken by the thief).

Match the Noun

When 'roto' acts as an adjective, it must match the noun. La mesa rota, el coche roto, las gafas rotas, los zapatos rotos.

Torn vs Broken

Remember that Spanish uses 'roto' for torn clothing as well as shattered glass. 'Pantalones rotos' means ripped jeans.

Platos Rotos

Learn the phrase 'pagar los platos rotos'. It's a great way to sound native when complaining about taking the blame for others.

Exhaustion in Spain

If you are in Spain and feel extremely tired after a long day, say 'Estoy roto'. It's very natural and expressive.

Not for 'Broke'

Do not use 'roto' to say you have no money. Use 'estar sin blanca' or 'no tener dinero' instead.

Machines vs Glass

While you can say a computer is 'roto', using 'averiado' or 'descompuesto' sounds more precise for machines that just stopped working.

Corazón Roto

Use 'corazón roto' freely for emotional heartbreak. It translates perfectly from English and is heavily used in Spanish music and poetry.

Careful in Chile

Avoid calling a person 'roto' in Chile unless you understand the complex social and historical context, as it can be highly offensive.

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记忆技巧

Imagine a ROTor on a helicopter that is completely BROKEN and won't spin.

词源

Latin

文化背景

In Chile, 'roto' can be a noun referring to a person of low social class or poor manners.

In Spain, 'estar roto' is extremely common slang for being physically exhausted.

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"¿Alguna vez te han roto el corazón?"

"¿Qué es lo más caro que has roto por accidente?"

"¿Tienes unos pantalones rotos favoritos?"

"¿Qué haces cuando tu teléfono está roto?"

"¿Alguna vez has tenido que pagar los platos rotos por otra persona?"

日记主题

Escribe sobre una vez que rompiste algo valioso.

Describe cómo te sientes cuando estás 'roto' de cansancio.

Escribe una historia corta sobre un 'corazón roto' que se cura.

¿Qué opinas de la moda de llevar pantalones rotos?

Narra una situación en la que tuviste que 'pagar los platos rotos'.

常见问题

10 个问题

No, 'rompido' is grammatically incorrect in standard Spanish. The only correct past participle for the verb 'romper' is 'roto'. While you might hear children or native speakers making a mistake and saying 'rompido', it should be avoided. Always use 'roto' whether you are forming a perfect tense or using it as an adjective. Think of it like the English word 'broken' instead of 'breaked'.

In Spanish, the verb 'estar' is used to describe conditions or states that are the result of an action. When a glass falls and breaks, its new state is 'broken', so we say 'el vaso está roto'. If you use 'ser' (el vaso es roto), it changes the meaning to the passive voice, focusing on the action of it being broken by someone, which sounds incomplete without saying who broke it. Therefore, for describing broken things, 'estar' is the correct choice.

Yes, when 'roto' is used as an adjective, it must agree in gender and number with the noun it describes. If the noun is feminine, it becomes 'rota' (la silla está rota). If it is plural, it becomes 'rotos' or 'rotas' (los vasos están rotos, las ventanas están rotas). However, when used with the verb 'haber' in perfect tenses (he roto, has roto), it never changes.

Yes, especially in Spain. It is very common colloquial slang to say 'estoy roto' to mean 'I am exhausted' or 'I am dead tired'. It implies that you have worked so hard or exercised so much that your body feels physically broken. In Latin America, people might understand it, but expressions like 'estoy muerto' or 'estoy agotado' are often more common.

You should not use 'roto' to say you have no money. Translating 'I am broke' directly to 'estoy roto' will confuse native speakers; they will think you are physically exhausted or emotionally devastated. To say you have no money, use phrases like 'estoy sin blanca' (Spain), 'estoy pelado', 'estoy arruinado', or simply 'no tengo dinero'.

'Roto' is a general term for broken, often implying physical damage, shattering, or tearing. 'Averiado' specifically means that a machine, vehicle, or electronic device has broken down or stopped functioning. If your phone screen is smashed, it is 'roto'. If the screen is fine but the phone won't turn on due to an internal software issue, it is 'averiado'.

This is a very common Spanish idiom that literally translates to 'paying for the broken plates'. It means to take the blame or suffer the consequences for something that was not your fault, or for a mistake made by a group. For example, if your team at work makes a mistake but the boss only yells at you, you are 'pagando los platos rotos'.

Yes, absolutely. Unlike English, which distinguishes between 'broken' (for rigid objects) and 'torn' (for fabrics), Spanish uses 'roto' for both. A torn shirt is 'una camisa rota', and ripped jeans are 'pantalones rotos'. You can also use the word 'rasgado', but 'roto' is perfectly natural and extremely common.

In Chile, 'roto' can be used as a noun to refer to a person. Historically, 'el roto chileno' was a term for the common, working-class person, and it even has a statue in Santiago. However, in modern everyday speech, calling someone 'un roto' or 'una rota' is often used as a classist insult to mean they are uneducated, poor, or have bad manners. Use it with extreme caution in Chile.

The direct translation works perfectly here: 'corazón roto'. It is used exactly as it is in English to describe the emotional pain of a romantic breakup or a deep disappointment. You can say 'tengo el corazón roto' (I have a broken heart) or 'me dejó con el corazón roto' (he/she left me with a broken heart).

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这个词在其他语言中

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