Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Transform verbs into adjectives by adding 'e' to the past stem to describe the state of a noun.
- Take the past stem of a verb: 'nevesht' (wrote) -> 'neveshte' (written).
- Place the participle after the noun it modifies: 'ketab-e neveshte' (the written book).
- Use it to describe a completed state or result: 'gol-e chide-shode' (the picked flower).
Overview
Sefat-e Maf'uli)，以及如何使用它们将冗长的关系从句压缩成简洁、描述性的短语。这就是“我妈妈做的食物”和“妈妈的家常菜”之间的区别。一个是句子；另一个是一种氛围。How This Grammar Works
ke 的那些）是未压缩的文件夹——又大又笨重，上传到你的大脑需要时间。分词短语就是那个 .zip 文件。h (ه) 构成。- 如果动词是及物动词（带宾语），分词通常是被动的（例如：
neveshte= 被写的）。 - 如果动词是不及物动词（无宾语），分词描述的是状态或结果（例如：
rafte= 走了的）。
ke (that) 和 ast (is)，将整个从句转化为一个单一的修饰语，通过 *Ezafe* (-ye) 直接连接到名词。
Formation Pattern
neveshtan - 写）并去掉 -an。
nevesht。
h (ه)。
neveshte (written/被写的)。
Clause Crusher Method (Reduction)
Nāme-i ke neveshte shode ast (那封已经被写的信)。
ke、shode 和 ast。
Nāme-ye neveshte (那封写好的信)。
Dast (手) + nevesht + h = Dast-neveshte (手写的/手稿)。
Jahān (世界) + dide (看见) = Jahān-dide (见过世面的/老练的)。
When To Use It
- Formal Writing: 新闻标题喜欢这个。“签署的协议” (
Tavāfog-nāme-ye emzā-shode) 听起来比“他们签署的协议”正式得多。 - Describing States: 用于描述*已经发生*且仍然相关的事情。“停好的车” (
Māshin-e pārk-shode)。 - Compound Adjectives: 这是C2的巅峰。与其说“一个在大学学习过的学生”，不如说
Dāneshju-ye tahsil-karde(一个受过教育的学生)。
Common Mistakes
- The Active/Passive Mix-up:
neveshte 意思是“正在写”。不！它的意思是“被写的/写好的”。Mardi ke nāme neveshte (作为形容词意为“写字的男人”)。Mardi ke nāme neveshte ast (那个写了……的男人)。- Over-compressing:
Nāme-ye neveshte-shode-ye diruz (昨天被写的信)。Nāme-i ke diruz neveshte shod。Contrast With Similar Patterns
不要混淆过去分词和现在分词。
-e): Shekaste (破碎的)。侧重于*结果*。*例子：* Del-e shekaste (心碎 - 破碎的结果)。
-ande / -ā): Shekanande (易碎的/破坏者)。侧重于*潜力*或*动作*。*例子：* Zarf-e shekanande (易碎的盘子)。
Quick FAQ
我可以把这个用在人身上吗？
可以！Adam-e khaste (疲惫的人 - 字面上的“累”来自 khastan，受伤/力竭)。
这是正式还是非正式的？
都是！Kār-e tamum-shode (干完的活) 是完全口语化的。Kār-e anjām-shode 是你带去面试的那个正式的双胞胎。
Formation of Participial Adjectives
| Verb (Infinitive) | Past Stem | Participial Adjective |
|---|---|---|
|
نوشتن (to write)
|
نوشت
|
نوشته (written)
|
|
بستن (to close)
|
بست
|
بسته (closed)
|
|
دیدن (to see)
|
دید
|
دیده (seen)
|
|
خوردن (to eat)
|
خورد
|
خورده (eaten)
|
|
شکستن (to break)
|
شکست
|
شکسته (broken)
|
|
چیدن (to pick)
|
چید
|
چیده (picked)
|
Meanings
Participial adjectives describe the state or condition of a noun resulting from a completed action.
State Description
Describing a noun that has undergone an action.
“درِ بسته (The closed door)”
“غذای پخته (The cooked food)”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + Ezafe + Participle
|
کتابِ نوشته
|
|
Negative
|
Noun + Ezafe + na + Participle
|
کتابِ ننوشته
|
|
Plural
|
Noun + ha + Ezafe + Participle
|
کتابهای نوشته
|
|
Passive
|
Noun + Participle + shodan
|
کتاب نوشته شد
|
|
Adverbial
|
Participle + (e)
|
رفتهرفته
|
|
Compound
|
Noun + Participle
|
دستنوشته
|
正式程度
نامه نوشته شده است. (Describing a document.)
نامه نوشته شده. (Describing a document.)
نامه نوشتهست. (Describing a document.)
نامه نوشتهس. (Describing a document.)
Participial Adjective Flow
Transformation
- نوشتن To write
- نوشت Past stem
- نوشته Written
按水平分级的例句
این یک کتاب نوشته است.
This is a written book.
درِ بسته را باز کن.
Open the closed door.
او مرد گمشده را پیدا کرد.
He found the lost man.
گزارش نوشته شده بسیار دقیق است.
The written report is very accurate.
برگهای ریخته در حیاط منظره زیبایی داشتند.
The fallen leaves in the yard had a beautiful view.
این قانونِ نانوشته در فرهنگ ما وجود دارد.
This unwritten law exists in our culture.
容易混淆
Both end in -e/ande and relate to verbs.
常见错误
کتاب نوشت
کتاب نوشته
در بسته است
در بسته است
مرد گمشد
مرد گمشده
قانون ننوشته
قانون نانوشته
句型
این ___ ___ است.
Real World Usage
مرغ پخته شده
عکس فرستاده شد
گزارش نوشته شده
بلیط رزرو شده
پست گذاشته شده
مقاله چاپ شده
Check the Stem
Smart Tips
Use the past participle to sound more descriptive.
发音
Suffix -e
The final '-e' is pronounced as a short 'eh' sound.
Adjective-Noun
کتابِ ↗ نوشته
Rising intonation on the adjective to emphasize the state.
记住它
记忆技巧
Think of the '-e' as a 'state' marker. If it's done, add the '-e'!
视觉联想
Imagine a door with a sign on it that says 'Baste' (Closed). The sign is stuck to the door with an 'e' glue.
Rhyme
Past stem plus e, makes an adjective for me.
Story
Ali looked at the broken vase (goldan-e shekaste). He felt sad. He picked up the fallen pieces (tekke-haye rikhte). He realized it was an unwritten rule (ghanoon-e nanoshte) to be careful.
Word Web
挑战
Find 5 objects in your room and describe them using a past participle (e.g., 'closed window', 'written paper').
文化笔记
Participial adjectives are frequently used in formal Persian poetry and literature to describe states of nature.
Derived from Middle Persian past participle forms.
对话开场白
آیا این نامه نوشته شده است؟
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
این کتاب ___ است. (write)
کدام درست است؟
Find and fix the mistake:
کتاب نوشت است.
او نامه را نوشت -> نامه ___ است.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
گل / چیده / است
کدام یک صفت مفعولی است؟
قانون ___ (unwritten)
Score: /8
练习题
8 exercisesاین کتاب ___ است. (write)
کدام درست است؟
Find and fix the mistake:
کتاب نوشت است.
او نامه را نوشت -> نامه ___ است.
بستن -> ?
گل / چیده / است
کدام یک صفت مفعولی است؟
قانون ___ (unwritten)
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesQāli-ye _______ (dast + sākhte)
In film-e _______ (seen) kheili ma'ruf ast.
Which implies the water is currently boiling?
nāme-ye / shode / khānde / daryāft-shode / shod
Match the meaning
U yek ādam-e donyā-did ast.
Dar-e _______ (baste)
Choose the formal option:
Mard-e _______ (khod + sākhte)
Mive-ye reside-shode (The ripened fruit)
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
Yes, they can function as nouns when used with articles or in specific contexts.
Yes, the suffix is consistently '-e' for past participles.
Add 'na-' to the beginning.
Most follow the past stem rule, but some stems are irregular.
Yes, most verbs can form a past participle.
It is used in all registers.
The suffix '-e' is still added, sometimes with a glide.
No, the past tense is a verb; the participle is an adjective.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participio pasado (-ado/-ido)
Persian uses a suffix, Spanish uses a suffix that agrees in gender/number.
Participe passé
French requires agreement.
Partizip II
German uses a prefix, Persian uses a suffix.
Ta-form
Persian is more flexible as an adjective.
Ism al-Maf'ul
Arabic is template-based.
Verb + le/guo
Persian morphology is more integrated.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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