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A2 noun 9分钟阅读

قوم

ghoom

开始练习例句笔记与提示 قوم 30秒了解

解析 قوم in your Level:

At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'ghom' means a group of people or a tribe. Think of it as a big family. You might see it in simple stories or when someone talks about where they come from. It is a basic building block for understanding that not everyone in a country is exactly the same. You can use it in simple sentences like 'This is my ghom' (meaning my people/family) in very traditional contexts, though 'family' is usually 'khânevâde.' Just remember: Ghom = Tribe/Group.

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At the A2 level, you should understand 'ghom' as 'ethnic group.' You will see it when learning about the geography and culture of Iran. You should be able to say things like 'Iran has many ethnic groups' (Irân aghvâm-e ziâdi dârad). You also start to learn the phrase 'ghom o khish' for relatives. This is the level where you distinguish between a small family and a larger group of people who share the same language or traditions.

At the B1 level, you can use 'ghom' to discuss cultural diversity. You should understand the plural 'aghvâm' and use it in sentences about history or social studies. You can describe the differences between various 'ghom' in terms of music, food, and clothes. You also begin to see this word in news headlines. You should be comfortable using the ezâfe to specify groups, like 'ghom-e Tork' or 'ghom-e Arab.'

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At the B2 level, you use 'ghom' in more complex discussions about identity and sociology. You can explain the difference between 'ghom' (ethnicity) and 'mellat' (nation). You understand that 'ghom' carries a sense of historical heritage. You can read articles about 'Aghvâm-e Irâni' without needing a dictionary for the main concept. You also understand the derivative 'ghomiyat' (ethnicity) and how it is used in academic or political contexts.

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At the C1 level, you grasp the deep historical and literary nuances of 'ghom.' You recognize it in classical poetry and religious texts, where it might refer to an entire civilization or a group of believers. You can participate in debates about 'pluralism' and 'ethnic rights' using terms like 'hoghugh-e aghvâm.' You understand the subtle difference between 'ghom,' 'tâyefe,' and 'il' and can use them correctly in a research paper or a formal presentation.

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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'ghom.' You understand its etymological roots in Arabic (meaning 'those who stand together') and how that affects its usage in high-level Persian literature. You can analyze how the definition of 'ghom' has shifted through Iranian history—from tribal confederations to modern ethnic identities. You can use the word in sophisticated metaphors and understand its role in the construction of national identity versus local loyalty.

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开始练习例句笔记与提示

قوم 30秒了解

Ghom means an ethnic group or tribe sharing a common heritage.
It is commonly used to describe the diverse cultural groups within Iran.
The plural form is 'Aghvâm,' which is an Arabic broken plural.
In daily life, 'ghom o khish' refers to one's relatives and extended family.

The Persian word قوم (pronounced 'ghom' or 'qom') is a foundational noun in the Persian language that primarily translates to 'an ethnic group,' 'a tribe,' or 'a people.' Rooted in Arabic but deeply integrated into the Persian lexicon for over a millennium, it describes a group of individuals who share a common ancestry, language, culture, or historical background. In the modern Iranian context, this word is indispensable because Iran is a multi-ethnic society. When you hear people talking about the diversity of Iran, they are almost certainly using the word ghom to refer to the various groups like the Kurds, Lurs, Baluchs, and Azeris that form the tapestry of the nation.

Sociological Scope: In a sociological sense, the word encompasses both the biological lineage and the shared cultural heritage of a collective. It is broader than a 'family' but narrower than a 'nation' (mellat) in contemporary political discourse.

ایران کشوری است که از اقوام مختلف تشکیل شده است.
(Iran is a country composed of various ethnic groups.)

Historically, the term was used more frequently to denote nomadic tribes or kinship groups. In classical Persian literature, such as the works of Rumi or Saadi, قوم often refers to a community of followers or a specific group of people mentioned in religious or historical narratives. For example, 'Ghom-e Musâ' (the people of Moses). Today, while it retains these historical meanings, it is most commonly encountered in news reports, academic discussions about anthropology, and cultural festivals celebrating local traditions. It is a word that carries a sense of pride and identity, as it connects an individual to a long lineage of ancestors.

Understanding this word is crucial for anyone interested in the social fabric of the Middle East and Central Asia. It is not just a label; it is a category of belonging. When a Persian speaker refers to their ghom, they are invoking a shared history, specific dialects, traditional clothing, and unique culinary practices. It is the 'who' behind the 'where.' While 'vatan' (homeland) describes the place, قوم describes the people who have inhabited that place for generations. The word is also used in plural form as اقوام (Aghvâm) to represent the collective diversity of multiple groups within a single geographical border.

Using قوم correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a noun and its plural form اقوام. Since it is a noun, it often acts as the subject or object of a sentence, frequently modified by adjectives that specify which group is being discussed. In Persian syntax, the adjective follows the noun with an 'ezâfe' (the short 'e' sound linking words).

Descriptive Usage: When describing a specific group, you add the name of the group after the word using the ezâfe: 'Ghom-e Kord' (The Kurdish people), 'Ghom-e Lor' (The Luri people).

هر قومی در ایران لباس محلی خاص خود را دارد.
(Every ethnic group in Iran has its own specific local clothing.)

In formal or academic writing, قوم is often paired with verbs like 'shenâkhtan' (to recognize/know) or 'motâle'e kardan' (to study). For instance, 'Anthropologists study different ethnic groups' would be 'Mardom-shenâsân aghvâm-e mokhtalef râ motâle'e mikonand.' Note that the plural form اقوام is an Arabic broken plural, which is standard in Persian for this specific word. Using 'ghomhâ' is grammatically possible but much less common and sounds slightly less sophisticated than اقوام.

او با تمام قوم و خویشان خود قطع رابطه کرده است.
(He has cut ties with all his relatives and kin.)

Another common pattern is using ghom in historical contexts to refer to ancient peoples. For example, 'Ghom-e Âriyâ' (The Aryan people). In these sentences, the word acts as a bridge between the modern reader and the historical collective identity. When you use the word in the singular to mean 'a people,' it can take the indefinite 'i' at the end (ghomi), meaning 'a certain tribe' or 'some people.' This is frequently seen in storytelling: 'Ghomi dar shomâl zendegi mikardand' (A people/tribe used to live in the north).

You will encounter the word قوم in several distinct environments, ranging from the highly formal to the personal and familial. Understanding these contexts will help you grasp the nuanced variations in its meaning. The most frequent place you will hear it today is on the Iranian national news (IRIB) or in documentaries. Iranian media often emphasizes 'Ettehâd-e Aghvâm' (The Unity of Ethnic Groups), a phrase used to promote national solidarity among the diverse groups within the country.

Media and News: In news segments about cultural festivals, you will hear: 'Namâyeshgâh-e sanâye'-e dasti-ye aghvâm' (The exhibition of handicrafts of [different] ethnic groups).

موسیقی اقوام ایرانی بسیار غنی و متنوع است.
(The music of Iranian ethnic groups is very rich and diverse.)

Another major context is religious and historical. During the month of Muharram or in Friday prayers, preachers might refer to 'Ghom-e Bani Esrâ'il' (The People of Israel) or 'Ghom-e Lot' (The People of Lot) when recounting Quranic stories. In this setting, the word carries a heavy historical and moral weight, referring to a specific community defined by their actions and their relationship with a prophet. It is less about 'ethnicity' in the modern sense and more about 'a community of people' in a sacred narrative.

In everyday conversation, you will hear the word in the compound 'ghom o khish' (relatives). If you are invited to a large Iranian wedding, someone might say, 'Hame-ye ghom o khishâ d'avat shodan' (All the relatives have been invited). Here, the word has moved from the macro-level (ethnic groups) to the micro-level (extended family). Finally, in academic settings like universities, students of 'Mardom-shenâsi' (Anthropology) or 'Jâme'e-shenâsi' (Sociology) use ghom and its derivative ghomiyat (ethnicity) constantly to discuss social structures and identity politics.

For English speakers, the most common mistake is confusing قوم (ghom) with ملت (mellat). In English, we often use 'nation' and 'people' interchangeably, but in Persian, mellat refers to the entire citizenry of a country (e.g., the Iranian Nation), whereas ghom refers to a specific ethnic subgroup (e.g., the Bakhtiari tribe). Calling a specific tribe a 'mellat' can sometimes carry unintended political connotations of separatism, so it is safer to use ghom when referring to ethnic identity.

Ghom vs. Mellat: Mistake: Calling the Kurds a 'Mellat' in a standard social context. Correct: Calling them a 'Ghom' or 'Ghomiyat' within the larger Iranian nation.

نباید کلمه قوم را با ملت اشتباه گرفت.
(One should not mistake the word 'ghom' for 'mellat'.)

Another mistake is the pluralization. While you can technically add the Persian plural suffix '-hâ' to get 'ghom-hâ,' it is much more natural and common to use the Arabic broken plural اقوام (aghvâm). Using 'ghom-hâ' in a formal essay would make your Persian sound 'kâghazi' (paper-like/unnatural) or amateurish. Additionally, learners often forget the ezâfe when naming a tribe. It is not 'Ghom Kord,' it is 'Ghom-e Kord.'

Finally, be careful with the word ghabile (tribe). While ghom and ghabile are synonyms, ghabile usually implies a more primitive or traditional nomadic structure, whereas ghom is the preferred modern term for ethnic groups in a contemporary state. Using ghabile to refer to a modern, urbanized ethnic group might be seen as slightly patronizing or outdated. Stick to ghom for general ethnic discussions and ghom o khish for family matters.

To enrich your Persian vocabulary, it is helpful to compare قوم with its synonyms and related terms. Each word carries a slightly different 'register' or flavor. The most common alternative is طایفه (tâyefe). While ghom is a broad ethnic category, tâyefe usually refers to a specific clan or a sub-branch of a tribe. You might say someone belongs to the 'Ghom-e Lor' and specifically to a certain 'tâyefe' within that group.

Ghom vs. Tâyefe: 'Ghom' is the large ethnic umbrella (e.g., Kurds), whereas 'Tâyefe' is the specific clan or kinship group within that umbrella.

این دو طایفه سال‌هاست که با هم دوست هستند.
(These two clans have been friends for years.)

Another related word is نژاد (nezhâd), which means 'race.' While ghom is focused on culture, language, and shared history, nezhâd is more focused on biological and physical characteristics. In modern Persian, people are generally more comfortable talking about ghomiyat (ethnicity) than nezhâd (race), as the former feels more inclusive of cultural identity. Then there is ایل (il), a word of Turkic origin used specifically for large nomadic confederations, such as 'Il-e Ghashghâ'i.'

If you want to sound more academic, you can use the word گروه اتنیکی (goruh-e etniki), which is a direct loan-translation of 'ethnic group.' However, ghom remains the more natural and widely understood term. For family relations, instead of ghom o khish, you can use بستگان (bastegân) or فامیل (fâmil). Fâmil is very common in spoken Persian, while bastegân is more formal. Ghom o khish sounds slightly more traditional and encompasses the whole extended network of relatives.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

The word is related to the word 'Ghiâm' (uprising) and 'Ghâ'em' (standing), reflecting the idea that a 'ghom' is a group that stands up together for a common cause.

发音指南

UK /ɡoʊm/

US /ɡoʊm/

The stress is on the single syllable 'ghom'.

押韵词

بوم (Bum) شوم (Shum) روم (Rum) موم (Mum) توم (Tum) زوم (Zum) لوم (Lum) کوم (Kum)

常见错误

Pronouncing the 'gh' as a hard 'g' like in 'go'.
Confusing it with the city 'Qom' which has a different initial letter (Ghaf vs. Ghaf).
Making the 'o' too short like in 'got'.
Adding an extra vowel at the end.
Confusing the 'vâv' with a 'v' sound.

难度评级

阅读 2/5

Easy to read, but the plural 'Aghvâm' needs to be memorized as it doesn't follow standard Persian rules.

写作 3/5

Simple spelling, but correctly using it in compound academic terms requires practice.

口语 2/5

The 'gh' sound is the only challenge for English speakers.

听力 2/5

Common in media and news, easy to identify once learned.

接下来学什么

前置知识

مردم (People) کشور (Country) زبان (Language) خانواده (Family) ایران (Iran)

接下来学习

ملت (Nation) فرهنگ (Culture) سنت (Tradition) هویت (Identity) تبعیض (Discrimination)

高级

تکثرگرایی (Pluralism) مردم‌شناسی (Anthropology) بومی (Indigenous) گویش (Dialect) تبارشناسی (Genealogy)

需要掌握的语法

Arabic Broken Plurals

The plural of 'Ghom' is 'Aghvâm', following the 'Af'âl' pattern.

Ezâfe Construction

Linking 'Ghom' to its name: 'Ghom-e Kord'.

Indefinite 'i'

Adding 'i' to mean 'a certain tribe': 'Ghomi'.

Compound Nouns

Combining 'Ghom' with 'Parasti' to form 'Ghom-parasti' (Tribalism).

Collective Nouns

'Ghom' can take a singular or plural verb depending on the focus.

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按水平分级的例句

این قوم بزرگ است.

This tribe is big.

Simple subject-adjective sentence.

قوم ما در کوه زندگی می‌کند.

Our tribe lives in the mountains.

Possessive 'mâ' after 'ghom'.

او از یک قوم قدیمی است.

He is from an old tribe.

Use of 'az' (from).

نام این قوم چیست؟

What is the name of this tribe?

Question format.

من قوم خود را دوست دارم.

I love my people/tribe.

Direct object with 'râ'.

آنها یک قوم مهربان هستند.

They are a kind people.

Plural subject 'ânhâ'.

لباس این قوم زیباست.

The clothes of this tribe are beautiful.

Ezâfe construction.

یک قوم در اینجا بود.

A tribe was here.

Past tense 'bud'.

ایران اقوام زیادی دارد.

Iran has many ethnic groups.

Use of broken plural 'aghvâm'.

قوم کرد در غرب ایران است.

The Kurdish people are in the west of Iran.

Ezâfe with a specific group name.

او درباره اقوام ایرانی کتاب می‌خواند.

He reads books about Iranian ethnic groups.

Compound verb 'ketâb khândan'.

هر قوم زبان خودش را دارد.

Every ethnic group has its own language.

'Har' (every) makes the noun singular.

ما به دیدن قوم و خویش رفتیم.

We went to see the relatives.

Fixed phrase 'ghom o khish'.

موسیقی این قوم شاد است.

The music of this ethnic group is happy.

Ezâfe connecting three nouns.

آنها از قوم بختیاری هستند.

They are from the Bakhtiari tribe.

Identifying a specific group.

آیا شما اقوام خود را می‌شناسید؟

Do you know your ethnic groups?

Question with 'âyâ'.

تنوع اقوام باعث زیبایی فرهنگ ایران است.

The diversity of ethnic groups causes the beauty of Iran's culture.

Abstract noun 'tanavvo' (diversity).

او در مورد تاریخ این قوم تحقیق می‌کند.

He is researching the history of this tribe.

Preposition 'dar mored-e' (about).

اقوام مختلف در کنار هم زندگی می‌کنند.

Different ethnic groups live alongside each other.

Adjective 'mokhtalef' (different).

او به سنت‌های قوم خود افتخار می‌کند.

He is proud of his tribe's traditions.

Verb 'eftekhâr kardan' (to be proud).

این جشنواره برای معرفی اقوام است.

This festival is for introducing ethnic groups.

Purpose indicated by 'barâye'.

بسیاری از اقوام ایرانی عشایر هستند.

Many Iranian ethnic groups are nomads.

'Basyâri az' (many of).

او زبان‌های اقوام مختلف را بلد است.

He knows the languages of different ethnic groups.

Plural 'zabânhâ'.

قوم بلوچ در شرق ایران ساکن هستند.

The Baluch people are settled in the east of Iran.

Adjective 'sâken' (settled).

همبستگی میان اقوام برای امنیت ملی حیاتی است.

Solidarity among ethnic groups is vital for national security.

Formal vocabulary like 'hambastegi' and 'hayâti'.

جامعه‌شناسان ساختار این قوم را بررسی کردند.

Sociologists examined the structure of this tribe.

Subject 'jâme'e-shenâsân' (sociologists).

هر قوم دارای هویت فرهنگی منحصر به فردی است.

Every ethnic group possesses a unique cultural identity.

'Dârâ-ye' (possessing/having).

تغییرات اجتماعی بر زندگی اقوام تأثیر گذاشته است.

Social changes have affected the lives of ethnic groups.

Present perfect 'ta'sir gozâshte ast'.

قانون اساسی حقوق تمام اقوام را تضمین می‌کند.

The constitution guarantees the rights of all ethnic groups.

Formal verb 'tazmin kardan'.

ادبیات شفاهی در میان اقوام بسیار رواج دارد.

Oral literature is very common among ethnic groups.

'Ravâj dârad' (is prevalent).

او رساله خود را درباره پوشش اقوام نوشت.

He wrote his thesis about the clothing of ethnic groups.

'Resâle' (thesis/dissertation).

مهاجرت باعث تضعیف پیوندهای قومی شده است.

Migration has caused the weakening of ethnic bonds.

Adjective 'ghomi' (ethnic/tribal).

تکثرگرایی فرهنگی مستلزم احترام به حقوق اقوام است.

Cultural pluralism requires respect for the rights of ethnic groups.

Advanced term 'takasorgarâyi' (pluralism).

در متون کهن، این واژه به معنای پیروان یک پیامبر است.

In ancient texts, this word means the followers of a prophet.

Contextual definition of 'ghom'.

سیاست‌های دولت بر توزیع منابع میان اقوام اثر می‌گذارد.

Government policies affect the distribution of resources among ethnic groups.

Political terminology.

هویت ملی ایران فراتر از تعلقات قومی است.

Iran's national identity goes beyond ethnic affiliations.

'Farâtar az' (beyond).

او به تحلیل گفتمان‌های مرتبط با مسئله اقوام پرداخت.

He proceeded to analyze discourses related to the ethnic issue.

'Be ... pardâkht' (proceeded to/engaged in).

قوم‌نگاری یکی از شاخه‌های مهم مردم‌شناسی است.

Ethnography is one of the important branches of anthropology.

Scientific term 'ghom-negâri' (ethnography).

در شاهنامه، واژه قوم اغلب با مفهوم لشکریان همراه است.

In the Shahnameh, the word 'ghom' is often associated with the concept of troops.

Literary analysis.

تبعیض قومی می‌تواند منجر به ناآرامی‌های اجتماعی شود.

Ethnic discrimination can lead to social unrest.

Cause and effect structure.

دیالکتیک میان هویت قومی و ملی در تاریخ معاصر ایران پیچیده است.

The dialectic between ethnic and national identity in contemporary Iranian history is complex.

High-level academic 'dialektik'.

واکاوی ریشه‌های اتیمولوژیک 'قوم' در زبان‌های سامی ضروری است.

Analyzing the etymological roots of 'ghom' in Semitic languages is essential.

Advanced verb 'vâkâvi' (analysis/probing).

این پدیده نشان‌دهنده استحاله ساختارهای قومی در دوران مدرن است.

This phenomenon indicates the transformation of ethnic structures in the modern era.

Sophisticated noun 'estehâle' (transformation/metamorphosis).

او بر این باور است که قومیت یک برساخت اجتماعی است.

He believes that ethnicity is a social construct.

Sociological term 'barsâkht-e ejtemâ'i'.

تقابل میان سنت‌های قومی و ارزش‌های جهانی چالش‌برانگیز است.

The confrontation between ethnic traditions and global values is challenging.

Abstract noun 'taghâbol' (confrontation).

در فلسفه سیاسی، جایگاه اقوام در دولت-ملت‌ها مورد بحث است.

In political philosophy, the position of ethnic groups in nation-states is debated.

Compound noun 'dowlat-mellat'.

این نویسنده به بازنمایی زندگی اقوام در ادبیات داستانی می‌پردازد.

This writer deals with the representation of ethnic lives in fiction.

Literary term 'bâznamâyi' (representation).

تحقق عدالت قومی در گروی تمرکززدایی از ساختار قدرت است.

The realization of ethnic justice depends on the decentralization of the power structure.

Idiomatic 'dar gerov-e' (dependent on).

常见搭配

اقوام ایرانی

قوم و خویش

حقوق اقوام

موسیقی اقوام

پوشش اقوام

قوم کرد

قوم لر

بنیان‌های قومی

تنوع قومی

نزاع قومی

常用短语

قوم و خویش بازی

— Nepotism or favoring relatives in professional matters.

در این شرکت قوم و خویش بازی ممنوع است.

از هر قوم و قبیله‌ای

— From every walk of life or from all sorts of backgrounds.

مردم از هر قوم و قبیله‌ای در مراسم شرکت کردند.

قوم برگزیده

— The chosen people (often used in religious contexts).

در کتاب‌های مذهبی از قوم برگزیده سخن گفته شده است.

هم‌قوم

— Someone from the same ethnic group or tribe.

او هم‌قوم من است.

قوم و تبار

— Ancestry and lineage.

او به قوم و تبار خود اهمیت می‌دهد.

سران اقوام

— The leaders or elders of ethnic groups.

نشست با سران اقوام.

بزرگان قوم

— The elders or notable figures of a community.

بزرگان قوم برای صلح تلاش کردند.

قوم‌گرایی

— Ethnicism or tribalism (often with a negative connotation).

قوم‌گرایی مانع پیشرفت است.

پیوند قومی

— Ethnic bond or connection.

پیوند قومی میان آن‌ها قوی است.

قوم‌شناسی

— Ethnology.

او در رشته قوم‌شناسی تحصیل کرده است.

容易混淆的词

قوم vs قم (Qom)

The name of a city in Iran. Spelled with 'Ghaf' and 'Mim', whereas 'Ghom' (tribe) has a 'Vâv'.

قوم vs ملت (Mellat)

Means 'nation'. 'Ghom' is a subgroup, 'Mellat' is the whole country.

قوم vs قبیله (Ghabile)

Means 'tribe' but often implies a more ancient or nomadic structure.

习语与表达

"قوم و خویش را نباید فروخت"

— One should never betray or abandon their own family and kin.

هر چه باشد، قوم و خویش را نباید فروخت.

Informal/Proverbial

"از قوم خود بریدن"

— To distance oneself from one's origins or family.

او از قوم خود بریده و تنها زندگی می‌کند.

Neutral

"صدای قوم"

— The voice of the people/group (representing their will).

او خود را صدای قوم می‌دانست.

Literary

"گوشت هم را بخورند استخوان هم را دور نمی‌اندازند"

— Even if relatives fight, they will never truly abandon each other (related to 'ghom o khish').

نگران نباش، فامیل هستند؛ گوشت هم را بخورند استخوان هم را دور نمی‌اندازند.

Informal/Proverbial

"قوم به حج رفته"

— Refers to people who seek spirituality far away while it is right next to them (from Rumi's poetry).

ای قوم به حج رفته کجایید کجایید؟

Poetic

"قوم‌پرستی"

— Extreme tribalism or worship of one's own ethnicity.

قوم‌پرستی افراطی خطرناک است.

Formal

"با قوم و خویش معامله نکن"

— Don't do business with relatives (to avoid conflict).

قدیمی‌ها می‌گفتند با قوم و خویش معامله نکن.

Informal

"برادر از قوم بهتر است"

— A close brother is better than a distant relative/tribe (implies quality over quantity).

گاهی یک برادر از تمام قوم بهتر است.

Proverbial

"قوم‌کشی"

— Genocide or the mass killing of an ethnic group.

تاریخ شاهد قوم‌کشی‌های بسیاری بوده است.

Formal/Legal

"بی‌قوم و بوته"

— Someone without roots or a proper family background (insulting).

او را یک آدم بی‌قوم و بوته می‌دانستند.

Informal/Slang

容易混淆

قوم vs نژاد

Both refer to groups of people.

Nezhâd is biological/racial; Ghom is cultural/ethnic.

نژاد سفید vs قوم بلوچ

قوم vs ایل

Both mean tribe.

Il is specifically for nomadic confederations.

ایل قشقایی

قوم vs طایفه

Both refer to groups.

Tâyefe is a smaller clan within a Ghom.

طایفه ما بخشی از این قوم است.

قوم vs خاندان

Both refer to lineage.

Khândân is a specific family/dynasty line.

خاندان سلطنتی

قوم vs امت

Both refer to a community.

Ommat is a religious community (e.g., the Muslim Ummah).

امت اسلامی

句型

این [noun] است.

این قوم است.

ایران [noun] دارد.

ایران اقوام دارد.

من به [noun] افتخار می‌کنم.

من به قوم خود افتخار می‌کنم.

[noun] نقش مهمی در [noun] دارد.

اقوام نقش مهمی در فرهنگ دارند.

احترام به [noun] ضروری است.

احترام به حقوق اقوام ضروری است.

[noun] در گروی [noun] است.

عدالت قومی در گروی آموزش است.

او درباره [noun] تحقیق می‌کند.

او درباره تاریخ اقوام تحقیق می‌کند.

نام این [noun] چیست؟

نام این قوم چیست؟

词族

名词

قومیت (Ethnicity)

اقوام (Ethnic groups)

قوم‌گرایی (Tribalism)

قوم‌شناسی (Ethnology)

قوم‌نگاری (Ethnography)

动词

قوم و خویشی کردن (To act like relatives/to be kin)

形容词

قومی (Ethnic/Tribal)

قوم‌گرا (Tribalist)

قوم‌مدار (Ethnocentric)

如何使用

frequency

Very high in cultural, political, and historical contexts.

常见错误

Using 'Mellat' for a tribe. → Using 'Ghom'.
Mellat means the whole nation; Ghom means the ethnic group.
Writing 'Ghom-hâ' in a formal letter. → Writing 'Aghvâm'.
Aghvâm is the preferred Arabic broken plural in high-register Persian.
Pronouncing it like 'Gum'. → Pronouncing it like 'Ghom' (long O).
The vowel is a long 'o' or 'u' depending on the accent, never a short 'u'.
Omitting the Ezâfe: 'Ghom Kord'. → Ghom-e Kord.
Persian requires an ezâfe to link a noun to its specific name or adjective.
Confusing 'Ghom' with 'Qom' (the city). → Distinguishing the spelling.
The city is قم (Qom); the tribe is قوم (Ghom).

小贴士

Plural Usage

Always prioritize 'Aghvâm' in writing. It shows a higher level of Persian proficiency than 'Ghom-hâ'.

Ethnic Pride

Iranians are very proud of their 'Ghom.' Learning the names of major groups like 'Kord,' 'Tork,' and 'Lor' will help you build rapport.

Family Talk

Use 'Ghom o khish' when you want to talk about your extended family, cousins, and relatives.

News Keywords

When you hear 'Aghvâm' on the news, it's usually followed by words like 'Ettehâd' (Unity) or 'Farhang' (Culture).

Ezâfe linking

Don't forget the 'e' sound: Ghom-e [Name]. It's essential for correct grammar.

The 'GH' Sound

If you can't say 'GH' perfectly, a soft 'G' is understood, but keep practicing the back-of-the-throat vibration.

Ghom vs. Tâyefe

Remember: Ghom is the big group, Tâyefe is the smaller clan. Don't mix them up in formal settings.

Group Mnemonic

Ghom starts with G, just like Group. A Ghom is an ethnic Group.

Sensitivity

Be careful when discussing 'Ghomiyat' in political contexts, as it can be a sensitive topic in the Middle East.

Suffixes

Add '-iyat' to 'Ghom' to get 'Ghomiyat' (Ethnicity). Add '-i' to get 'Ghomi' (Ethnic).

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Ghom' as a group of people at home. They share a 'Home' (Ghom) and a history.

视觉联想

Imagine a colorful map of Iran where each color represents a different 'Ghom' with their own unique patterns.

Word Web

Ethnicity Tribe Relatives Culture Identity Ancestry Language History

挑战

Try to name three 'Aghvâm' of Iran in a sentence using the word 'ghom.' For example: 'Ghom-e Kord, Ghom-e Lor, va Ghom-e Tork dar Irân zendegi mikonand.'

词源

Borrowed from the Arabic root 'Q-W-M' (ق-و-م), which relates to standing, rising, or establishing. In Arabic, 'qawm' refers to a group of people who stand together or support one another.

原始含义： A group of people, specifically men in early usage, who act as a collective unit.

Semitic (root), Indo-European (Persian usage).

文化背景

Avoid using 'ghabile' (tribe) for urbanized ethnic groups; 'ghom' or 'ghomiyat' is more appropriate and modern.

In English, 'tribe' can sometimes sound primitive, but in Persian, 'ghom' is a neutral and often respectful term for ethnic identity.

Rumi's poem: 'Ey ghom-e be hajj rafte...' The Constitution of the Islamic Republic (Article 15 and 19 regarding ethnic rights). Documentary series 'Aghvâm-e Irân' showcasing diverse cultures.

在生活中练习

真实语境

News and Politics

حقوق اقوام
اتحاد ملی
تنوع فرهنگی
مشارکت سیاسی

Family Gatherings

قوم و خویش
فامیل نزدیک
بزرگ خاندان
مهمانی خانوادگی

History and Literature

قوم آریا
متون کهن
داستان‌های اساطیری
هجرت قوم

Tourism and Travel

صنایع دستی اقوام
لباس محلی
موسیقی نواحی
آداب و رسوم

Academic Research

مطالعات قومی
ساختار اجتماعی
هویت جمعی
تحلیل مردم‌شناختی

对话开场白

"آیا درباره اقوام ایرانی چیزی می‌دانید؟ (Do you know anything about Iranian ethnic groups?)"

"کدام قوم ایرانی موسیقی زیباتری دارد؟ (Which Iranian ethnic group has more beautiful music?)"

"آیا در کشور شما هم اقوام مختلف زندگی می‌کنند؟ (Do different ethnic groups live in your country too?)"

"تفاوت بین قوم و ملت در چیست؟ (What is the difference between 'ghom' and 'mellat'?)"

"شما با کدام یک از اقوام ایرانی آشنا هستید؟ (Which of the Iranian ethnic groups are you familiar with?)"

日记主题

درباره اهمیت تنوع اقوام در یک کشور بنویسید. (Write about the importance of ethnic diversity in a country.)

اگر عضو یک قوم خاص بودید، دوست داشتید کدام باشد؟ چرا؟ (If you were a member of a specific ethnic group, which would you want it to be? Why?)

نقش زبان در حفظ هویت یک قوم چیست؟ (What is the role of language in preserving the identity of an ethnic group?)

خاطره‌ای از برخورد با فرهنگ یک قوم دیگر بنویسید. (Write a memory of encountering the culture of another ethnic group.)

چگونه می‌توان صلح را میان اقوام مختلف برقرار کرد؟ (How can peace be established among different ethnic groups?)

常见问题

10 个问题

Yes, but it also means 'ethnic group' in a modern sense. In Iran, it is the standard word for groups like Kurds or Azeris.

The most common plural is 'Aghvâm' (اقوام). You might also hear 'Ghom-hâ', but 'Aghvâm' is more formal.

Yes, but usually in the phrase 'Ghom o khish' (قوم و خویش). If you just mean your immediate family, use 'Khânevâde'.

'Mellat' is the nation (all Iranians), while 'Ghom' is an ethnic group within that nation (like the Lurs).

Yes, it is a neutral and respectful term for ethnic identity in Persian.

You say 'Tanavvo-e Ghomi' (تنوع قومی) or 'Tanavvo-e Aghvâm'.

Yes, many times, referring to the people of various prophets (e.g., Ghom-e Nuh).

It means 'tribalism' or 'ethnicism,' often referring to putting one's tribe above national interests.

Not exactly. 'Nezhâd' is the word for race. 'Ghom' is more about culture and ethnicity.

The 'gh' is like a French 'r' or a gargle, and the 'o' is long like in 'home'.

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