A1 Speech Levels 14 min read 简单

礼貌命令:请做…… (-(으)세요)

想礼貌地请人帮忙或指路?用 «-(으)세요» 就对了,它能让你听起来超级温柔!常用词有 «가세요»、«앉으세요» 和 «드세요»。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use -(으)세요 to politely ask or tell someone to do something; it's the gold standard for daily polite requests.

  • If the verb stem ends in a vowel, add -세요: 가다 -> 가세요 (Please go).
  • If the verb stem ends in a consonant, add -으세요: 먹다 -> 먹으세요 (Please eat).
  • If the verb stem ends in ㄹ, drop the ㄹ and add -세요: 만들다 -> 만드세요 (Please make).
Verb Stem + (으)세요 = Polite Command

Overview

### Overview
你好!很高兴能以老师的身份为你讲解韩语。在韩语学习的初期,-(으)세요 是你必须掌握的第一个核心语法点。它不仅是一个语法结构,更是韩语“敬语体系”(존대말)的敲门砖。在中文里,我们表达请求时通常会说“请做某事”,或者用语气词“吧”、“一下”来缓和语气;但在韩语中,这种“礼貌”是直接内嵌在动词变化里的。-(으)세요 既可以表示礼貌的命令、请求,也可以表示对长辈或上级行为的尊称。对于中文母语者来说,中文的谓语是“静止”的,而韩语的谓语是“动态”的,通过词尾变化来表达说话人与听话人之间的社会距离。掌握了这个语法,你就能在咖啡厅点餐、在学校向老师提问、在街上问路时表现得非常有教养。这比英语中复杂的助动词用法要规律得多,只要记住口诀,你很快就能学会!
### How This Grammar Works
-(으)세요 其实是由两个部分“融合”而成的:一个是表示尊敬的词缀 -시-,另一个是表示礼貌的终结词尾 -어요。在韩语中,-시- 是为了抬高对方的身份,无论对方是正在做动作的人,还是你说话的对象。当 -시- 遇到 -어요 时,为了发音方便,它们缩略成了 -세요-으세요
在中文语法中,我们通过增加“请”、“麻烦您”等词汇来表达礼貌,谓语动词本身是不变的。例如中文说“请吃”,动词“吃”没有变;但在韩语中,动词必须“变形”。这种通过词尾变化(Suffixation)来体现人际关系的语法,在中文里是完全不存在的,这是中文母语者最需要适应的地方。你可以把 -(으)세요 理解为“动作 + 尊敬 + 礼貌”的组合包。如果词干以元音结尾,直接加 -세요;如果以辅音(收音)结尾,为了发音顺口,中间加一个缓冲的 ,变成 -으세요。这种“为了发音顺口而加音”的机制,在中文里类似于我们在说话时为了节奏感而加入的语气助词,但韩语是强制性的语法规则。
### Formation Pattern
| 动词原形 | 词干 | 规则 | 礼貌命令/请求 | 中文含义 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 가다 | 가- | 直接加 -세요 | 가세요 | 请走/去 |
| 오다 | 오- | 直接加 -세요 | 오세요 | 请来 |
| 앉다 | 앉- | 加 -으세요 | 앉으세요 | 请坐 |
| 읽다 | 읽- | 加 -으세요 | 읽으세요 | 请读 |
口诀总结:
  • 有收音(辅音结尾),加 -으세요(因为有收音,需要一个元音 把音撑开)。
  • 无收音(元音结尾),加 -세요(直接连接,简单明了)。
### When To Use It
-(으)세요 的使用场景非常广泛,主要分为三类:
  1. 1礼貌请求: 当你在餐厅点餐时,说 커피 주세요(请给我咖啡),这比单纯说“我要咖啡”要礼貌得多。这相当于中文里的“请给我...”。
  2. 2礼貌命令/指示: 当老师或引导员指示方向时,会说 여기로 오세요(请到这里来)。这在中文里对应“请...”。
  3. 3尊称描述: 这一点最特别。当我们要描述长辈的行为时,为了表示尊敬,也要用这个形式。比如 선생님께서 한국어를 가르치세요(老师在教韩语)。注意,这里不是命令老师,而是通过这个词尾来表达对老师的尊重。
在日常生活中,无论是在地铁里听到的广播,还是在淘宝店咨询客服,这个语法无处不在。它让你听起来像一个有教养的韩语使用者。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1忽略收音规则: 很多中文母语者习惯直接加 -세요。例如把 먹다(吃)说成 먹세요原因: 中文里没有“收音”的概念,所以学生容易忽略词干结尾的辅音。一定要记住:有收音,就要加
  2. 2在“自己”身上滥用: 学生有时会说 저는 밥을 먹으세요(我吃饭)。原因: 因为中文里“请”字可以随便用,但韩语的 -(으)세요 是用来抬高对方的,绝不能对自己使用!
  3. 3混淆非敬语: 在非正式场合,学生有时会用 -아/어 结尾。原因: 中文语法不分敬语等级,导致学生在初学时难以理解为什么对不同人要用不同词尾。记住,-(으)세요 是通用的礼貌级,先练好这一种,走遍韩国都不怕!
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
| 语法点 | 礼貌程度 | 适用场景 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| -(으)세요 | 中等礼貌 | 日常生活、商场、学校,最常用 |
| -(으)십시오 | 高度正式 | 广播、演讲、军队、极正式场合 |
| -아/어 | 非正式/平语 | 好朋友、晚辈之间 |
### Quick FAQ
Q1: -(으)세요 只能用来表示命令吗?
A: 不完全是。它也可以表示建议,比如 천천히 하세요(慢慢来),这是一种关怀,而不是强迫对方。
Q2: 为什么有些动词比如 자다(睡觉)变成了 주무세요
A: 这是韩语的特殊尊称动词。对于一些核心动作(吃、睡、在、说),韩语有专门的敬语词汇,必须替换后再加 -(으)세요
Q3: 如果动词以 结尾怎么办?
A: 是个“调皮”的辅音。比如 만들다(制作),遇到 -(으)세요 时, 会脱落,变成 만드세요。这需要多练习几次语感。

Conjugation Table

Verb Stem Suffix Result
가다
세요
가세요
먹다
으세요
먹으세요
보다
세요
보세요
읽다
으세요
읽으세요
만들다
만드
세요
만드세요
듣다
들으
세요
들으세요

Common Contractions

Full Form Short Form
주세요
줘요 (casual)
하세요
해 (casual)

Meanings

This suffix transforms a verb into a polite command or request. It is used to suggest an action to someone in a respectful way.

1

Polite Request

Asking someone to perform an action.

“창문을 여세요.”

“천천히 말하세요.”

2

Polite Suggestion

Suggesting an action for the listener's benefit.

“많이 드세요.”

“푹 쉬세요.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 礼貌命令:请做…… (-(으)세요)
单词结尾 接法 例子 变化后
元音 (如 ㅏ, ㅗ, ㅜ)
-세요
가다 (去)
가세요
有收音 (辅音)
-으세요
앉다 (坐)
앉으세요
以 ㄹ 结尾
删掉 ㄹ + 세요
만들다 (做)
만드세요
以 ㄷ 结尾 (不规则)
ㄷ 变 ㄹ + 으세요
듣다 (听)
들으세요
以 ㅂ 结尾 (不规则)
ㅂ 变 우 + 세요
돕다 (帮)
도우세요
特殊尊称词
换个词
먹다 (吃)
드세요

正式程度

正式
식사하십시오.

식사하십시오. (Dining)

中性
드세요.

드세요. (Dining)

非正式
먹어.

먹어. (Dining)

俚语
먹어라.

먹어라. (Dining)

按水平分级的例句

1

물 주세요.

Please give me water.

2

여기에 앉으세요.

Please sit here.

3

천천히 말하세요.

Please speak slowly.

4

조용히 하세요.

Please be quiet.

1

내일 오세요.

Please come tomorrow.

2

이것을 읽지 마세요.

Please do not read this.

3

문을 닫으세요.

Please close the door.

4

커피를 마시세요.

Please drink coffee.

1

먼저 가세요.

Please go ahead.

2

서류를 작성하세요.

Please fill out the document.

3

비밀번호를 입력하세요.

Please enter the password.

4

건강을 챙기세요.

Please take care of your health.

1

잠시만 기다려 주세요.

Please wait a moment.

2

이쪽으로 따라오세요.

Please follow me this way.

3

제안서를 검토하세요.

Please review the proposal.

4

안전벨트를 매세요.

Please fasten your seatbelt.

1

의견을 제시해 주세요.

Please provide your opinion.

2

규정을 준수하세요.

Please comply with the regulations.

3

신중하게 결정하세요.

Please decide carefully.

4

행사를 준비하세요.

Please prepare for the event.

1

본인의 의사를 명확히 하세요.

Please clarify your intentions.

2

상황을 주시하세요.

Please keep an eye on the situation.

3

결론을 도출하세요.

Please reach a conclusion.

4

절차를 숙지하세요.

Please familiarize yourself with the procedure.

容易混淆

Polite Commands: Please do... (-(으)세요) 对比 -아/어 form

Both can be used as commands.

Polite Commands: Please do... (-(으)세요) 对比 -십시오

Both are polite.

Polite Commands: Please do... (-(으)세요) 对比 -지 마세요

It's the negative version.

常见错误

가으세요

가세요

Vowel stems don't need -으-.

먹세요

먹으세요

Consonant stems need -으-.

만들으세요

만드세요

Must drop the ㄹ.

하으세요

하세요

하- is a vowel stem.

가세요 마세요

가지 마세요

Negative must use -지 마세요.

오세요?

오세요?

It's correct, but intonation matters.

먹으세요?

드세요?

Use honorific verb '드시다'.

가십시오세요

가세요

Don't double up endings.

읽으십시오

읽으세요

Context mismatch.

가시으세요

가세요

Redundant honorifics.

가시길 바랍니다

가세요

Sometimes too formal.

가시라

가세요

Wrong imperative type.

가시게

가세요

Wrong register.

句型

___ 주세요.

___ 하세요.

___ 지 마세요.

___ (으)세요.

Real World Usage

Restaurant constant

물 주세요.

Texting common

내일 오세요!

Job Interview very common

앉으세요.

Travel common

이쪽으로 가세요.

Food Delivery common

빨리 보내주세요.

Classroom very common

책을 펴세요.

⚠️

千万别对自己用!

永远不要对自己使用 -세요。否则听起来就像在命令自己,超级奇怪!比如不能说 «저는 공부하세요.»
💬

最常用的问候语

大家熟知的 «안녕하세요» 其实就是这个语法!它的字面意思是“请保持安宁”。
🎯

神奇的 'ㄹ' 消失术

遇到结尾是 'ㄹ' 的单词,记得把它扔掉直接加 -세요。比如 «만들다» 变成 «만드세요»。

Smart Tips

Add -으- to make it flow better.

먹세요 먹으세요

Drop the ㄹ before adding -세요.

만들세요 만드세요

Don't use '안' + verb; use -지 마세요.

안 가세요 가지 마세요

Use '드세요' instead of '먹으세요' for elders.

먹으세요 드세요

发音

ga-se-yo

Linking

The 's' sound in -세요 is crisp.

Rising

가세요? ↑

Polite question/confirmation.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Say' in 'Please-say' (세요). It sounds like you are asking someone to 'say' or 'do' something.

视觉联想

Imagine a polite waiter bowing slightly and saying '하세요' while handing you a menu.

Rhyme

When you want to be polite, add -세요 with all your might!

Story

Min-su went to a cafe. He wanted coffee. He didn't say '커피 줘' (give me coffee). He said '커피 주세요' (please give me coffee). The waiter smiled because Min-su was polite.

Word Web

가세요오세요드세요하세요보세요읽으세요앉으세요

挑战

For the next 5 minutes, try to mentally turn every action you see into a polite request using -(으)세요.

文化笔记

Using -(으)세요 is a sign of respect for the listener's status.

Derived from the honorific -시- and the polite sentence ending -어요.

对话开场白

어디에 가세요?

이것을 드세요?

한국어를 공부하세요?

내일 무엇을 하세요?

日记主题

Write 3 things you want to tell a friend to do.
Write a polite request to a teacher.
Describe a day at work using polite commands.
Write a letter to a customer.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

把动词 '가다' (去) 变成礼貌的命令句。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
因为 '가다' 以元音结尾,所以直接加上 -세요 即可。
哪个句子正确使用了 'ㄹ' 消失规则?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
动词 '만들다' 结尾有 'ㄹ',变法是去掉 'ㄹ' 再加 -세요。
找出 '앉다' (坐) 变法中的错误。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
'앉다' 有收音(结尾是辅音),所以需要加上 '으' 作为缓冲:앉 + 으세요。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

가다 -> ____

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가세요
Vowel stem + 세요.
Choose the correct form. 多项选择

먹다 -> ____

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 먹으세요
Consonant stem + 으세요.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

만들으세요

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 만드세요
Drop the ㄹ.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

주세요 / 물 / 좀

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 물 좀 주세요
Standard word order.
Translate to Korean. 翻译

Please sit.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 앉으세요
Polite command.
Choose the negative. 多项选择

가다 (negative)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가지 마세요
Negative imperative.
Fill in the blank.

듣다 -> ____

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 들으세요
ㄷ irregular.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Please read the book.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 책을 읽으세요
Object + Verb.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
翻译成韩语:“请稍等片刻。” (等 = 기다리다) 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
连词成句:'请读这本书。' 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
填空:'请听我说。' (听 = 듣다) 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
选出最地道的表达方式: 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
将动词与礼貌命令形式连线: 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
修改病句:'我在家休息(礼貌地)。' 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
请使用 '보다' (看) 造一个礼貌请求句: 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
如何用 '살다' (生活) 祝别人“请幸福地生活”? 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
翻译:'请做作业。' (作业 = 숙제, 做 = 하다) 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
排序:'请 / 钱 / 给我' 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
完成“请进”的礼貌表达: 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
'웃다' (笑) 应该接哪种结尾? 填空

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:

Score: /12

常见问题 (8)

Yes, it is polite and appropriate for most professional settings.

Drop the ㄹ and add -세요. For example, '살다' becomes '사세요'.

No, -십시오 is much more formal.

Use -지 마세요.

It might sound a bit formal, but it's not wrong.

Yes, it is the standard polite form.

They follow standard rules after the stem change.

The -으- is a buffer for easier pronunciation.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Japanese high

〜てください

Japanese uses 'te-form' + kudasai; Korean uses stem + (으)세요.

Spanish moderate

Imperativo (usted)

Spanish conjugates for person/number; Korean does not.

German moderate

Sie-Imperativ

German relies on pronouns; Korean relies on verb suffixes.

French moderate

Impératif (vous)

French changes the verb ending; Korean adds a suffix.

Chinese partial

请 (qǐng) + verb

Chinese is analytic (adding words); Korean is agglutinative (adding suffixes).

Arabic low

Imperative (polite)

Arabic is highly inflected; Korean is not.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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