A1 Speech Levels 9 min read 简单

韩语正式提问 (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)

在正式场合或者想表达最高敬意时,请带上 «ㅂ니까» 或 «습니까» 这两件“西装”提问。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use -ㅂ니까 (vowel stem) or -습니까 (consonant stem) to ask polite, formal questions in Korean.

  • Use -ㅂ니까 after verb/adjective stems ending in a vowel (e.g., 가다 -> 갑니까).
  • Use -습니까 after verb/adjective stems ending in a consonant (e.g., 먹다 -> 먹습니까).
  • Always use this form in business, news, or when speaking to strangers to show respect.
Verb Stem + (ㅂ/습)니까? = Formal Question

Overview

### Overview
在学习韩语的过程中,你一定会发现韩语和中文在表达方式上有很大的不同。中文的语法相对简单,我们通常通过语调(比如句末上扬)或者加“吗”、“呢”这样的疑问助词来把陈述句变成疑问句。但在韩语中,为了表达对听者的尊重,我们需要在动词或形容词的词尾进行“变身”。今天我们要学习的 ㅂ니까 / 습니까 就是韩语中最高敬语级别——하십시오체(正式敬语)的疑问形式。这就像我们在商务场合、新闻报道或面对长辈时使用的“尊称”一样,它不仅是一个语法点,更是韩语社交礼仪的核心。对于母语为中文的同学来说,这可能是一个挑战,因为中文里没有这种根据“听者身份”而改变动词词尾的系统,但别担心,这其实是有规律的数学题,只要掌握了公式,就会觉得很简单!
### How This Grammar Works
要理解 ㅂ니까 / 습니까,我们首先要引入一个韩语语法概念:어간(词干)。简单来说,就是把动词或形容词原形(比如 가다)去掉最后的 ,剩下的部分()就是词干。韩语的这一规则类似于中文里的“谓语中心语”,但韩语要求谓语必须与句子的语气和敬语等级完全匹配。中文里我们不管对方是谁,问“你去吗?”永远是“去”,但韩语里,针对不同对象,动词词尾会发生形态变化。ㅂ니까 / 습니까 的选择取决于词干是否有 받침(收音/韵尾)。如果词干以元音结尾,没有收音,就用 ㅂ니까;如果词干以辅音结尾,有收音,就用 습니까。这其实是一种“发音上的连贯性”需求,类似于中文拼音里的变调,是为了让句子读起来更顺口。此外,这里有一个非常重要的发音规则:鼻音化。虽然书写是 ㅂ니까,但实际发音中, 遇到 会发成 的音,读作 함니까。这在中文里没有直接对应的语法,你可以把它理解为一种为了追求语流音变而产生的自然现象。
### Formation Pattern
掌握这个模式,你需要记住一个口诀:有收音用 습니까,没收音用 ㅂ니까。我们通过下面的表格来对比一下:
| 动词/形容词原形 | 词干 | 结构 | 疑问句形式 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 가다 (去) | | + ㅂ니까 | 갑니까? | 去吗? |
| 오다 (来) | | + ㅂ니까 | 옵니까? | 来吗? |
| 먹다 (吃) | | + 습니까 | 먹습니까? | 吃吗? |
| 읽다 (读) | | + 습니까 | 읽습니까? | 读吗? |
对于中文母语者来说,这就像是给动词加上了“正式礼貌”的后缀。比如“吃”在中文里是固定的,但在韩语里,为了表示极高的尊重,我们必须把“吃”这个动作本身进行语法包装。记住,이다 (是) 和 아니다 (不是) 是特殊情况,它们分别变为 입니까아닙니까。这类似于中文里的判断句,但韩语强制要求通过词尾来体现询问的礼貌程度。
### When To Use It
ㅂ니까 / 습니까 的使用场景非常明确,即“正式、严肃、尊重的场合”。
  1. 1商务与职场:当你和客户、上司沟通时,这是标准用法。例如:회의가 끝났습니까? (会议结束了吗?)。
  2. 2新闻与广播:新闻主播为了体现客观和权威,会全程使用这种形式。例如:내일 날씨가 좋습니까? (明天的天气好吗?)。
  3. 3服务行业:当你在韩国咖啡厅或餐厅,服务员询问你需求时,他们通常会用这个级别来表达礼貌。例如:주문하시겠습니까? (您要点餐吗?)。
  4. 4初次见面或面对长辈:如果你在正式场合遇到地位比你高的人,使用这个句式会显得你非常有教养。这与中文里使用“您”字来表示礼貌有异曲同工之妙,但韩语是通过动词形态变化来实现的,这比中文的“您”字更加彻底和系统。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1混淆收音规则:很多同学因为中文没有收音概念,常把 (没收音) 误用为 가습니까。这是因为习惯了中文单音节词的独立性,忽略了韩语词干与词尾的绑定关系。
  2. 2过度使用:在和朋友、同学聊天时也用 ㅂ니까 / 습니까。这会让对方觉得你非常生疏、距离感太强,甚至有些奇怪。记住,这是“正式场合”专用的,平时和朋友用 아요/어요 就足够了。
  3. 3忽略不规则动词:比如 살다 (居住) 遇到 ㅂ니까 时, 会脱落变成 삽니까。中文母语者容易忽略这种音变,直接套用公式 살습니까,这是错误的。这反映了我们习惯于词汇不发生形态变化的思维定势。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
为了让你更清楚,我们将它与常用的非正式礼貌句式进行对比:
| 语法特征 | ㅂ니까 / 습니까 | 아요 / 어요 |
|---|---|---|
| 语境 | 极正式 (新闻、商务) | 礼貌 (日常、熟人) |
| 适用对象 | 上司、陌生人、公众 | 同事、朋友、不太熟的人 |
| 语法难度 | 较难 (需辨别收音) | 较简单 (需掌握元音变体) |
| 中文对应 | 您...吗? | ...吗? |
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1问:如果我不知道动词有没有收音怎么办?
答:你可以先查字典看原形,去掉 之后看最后一个字下面有没有辅音。只要多练习几个词,比如 (有收音), (没收音),很快就能形成肌肉记忆。
  1. 1问:用错了会很失礼吗?
答:如果在正式场合用非正式句式,会显得没礼貌;如果在朋友间用正式句式,会显得太严肃。所以,根据场合选择正确的级别很重要。
  1. 1问:这个句式有过去式吗?
答:有的。在词干后加上 았/었 再接 습니까 即可。例如 먹었습니까? (吃了吗?)。这和中文在动词后加“了”表示完成体非常相似,逻辑是通的。

3. Formal Interrogative Conjugation

Verb/Adjective Stem Ending Question Form
가다
ㅂ니까
갑니까?
먹다
습니까
먹습니까?
하다
ㅂ니까
합니까?
읽다
습니까
읽습니까?
오다
ㅂ니까
옵니까?
듣다
습니까
듣습니까?
살다
습니까
살습니까?
자다
ㅂ니까
잡니까?
보다
ㅂ니까
봅니까?
씻다
습니까
씻습니까?

Meanings

The formal interrogative ending is used to ask questions in a highly polite and professional manner. It is the standard form for public speaking, news broadcasts, and formal business interactions.

1

Formal Interrogative

Asking a question to a superior or in a formal setting.

“무엇을 먹습니까?”

“한국어를 공부합니까?”

Reference Table

Reference table for 韩语正式提问 (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)
词干结尾 使用后缀 动词原形 最终疑问句
无收音
ㅂ니까?
가다 (去)
갑니까?
有收音
습니까?
먹다 (吃)
먹습니까?
收音为 ㄹ
去掉 ㄹ + ㅂ니까?
만들다 (做)
만듭니까?
是 (이다)
입니까?
학생 (学生)
학생입니까?
不是 (아니다)
아닙니까?
의사 (医生)
의사가 아닙니까?
做 (하다)
합니까?
공부 (学习)
공부합니까?

正式程度

正式
식사하십니까?

식사하십니까? (Dining)

中性
식사해요?

식사해요? (Dining)

非正式
밥 먹어?

밥 먹어? (Dining)

俚语
밥 먹냐?

밥 먹냐? (Dining)

在哪里使用 ㅂ니까/습니까?

正式提问

职业职场

  • 入职面试 취업 면접
  • 商务会议 회의

公共媒体

  • 新闻报道 뉴스
  • 正式演讲 발표

柔和礼貌 vs. 正式礼貌

柔和礼貌 (~아요/어요)
가요? 你去吗? (日常/亲切)
먹어요? 你吃吗? (休闲)
正式礼貌 (ㅂ니까/습니까)
갑니까? 你去吗? (正式/恭敬)
먹습니까? 你吃吗? (严谨)

选择哪个结尾?

1

动词词干有收音吗?

YES
使用 습니까?
NO
进入下一步
2

是以 'ㄹ' 结尾的收音吗?

YES
去掉 'ㄹ' + ㅂ니까?
NO ↓

常见动词转换表

无收音 (用 ㅂ니까)

  • 가다 → 갑니까?
  • 보다 → 봅니까?
  • 하다 → 합니까?
⏹️

有收音 (用 습니까)

  • 듣다 → 듣습니까?
  • 찾다 → 찾습니까?
  • 웃다 → 웃습니까?

按水平分级的例句

1

어디에 갑니까?

Where are you going?

2

무엇을 먹습니까?

What are you eating?

3

한국어를 공부합니까?

Are you studying Korean?

4

오늘 바쁩니까?

Are you busy today?

1

내일 회의에 참석합니까?

Are you attending the meeting tomorrow?

2

이것이 무엇입니까?

What is this?

3

어디에서 일합니까?

Where do you work?

4

주말에 쉽니까?

Do you rest on the weekend?

1

그 계획을 동의하십니까?

Do you agree with that plan?

2

언제 출발하십니까?

When are you departing?

3

이 서류를 확인했습니까?

Have you checked this document?

4

어떤 것을 선택하시겠습니까?

Which one would you like to choose?

1

본인의 의견을 말씀하시겠습니까?

Would you like to state your opinion?

2

귀하의 성함이 무엇입니까?

What is your name?

3

이 프로젝트를 진행하십니까?

Are you leading this project?

4

결과에 만족하십니까?

Are you satisfied with the results?

1

본 사안에 대해 어떻게 생각하십니까?

How do you feel about this matter?

2

귀하께서 제안하신 방안이 타당합니까?

Is the proposal you suggested valid?

3

향후 계획을 구체적으로 설명하시겠습니까?

Could you explain your future plans in detail?

4

본인의 과실을 인정하십니까?

Do you admit your fault?

1

본 위원회의 결정에 이의가 있으십니까?

Do you have any objections to the committee's decision?

2

귀하의 견해를 피력하시겠습니까?

Would you like to express your views?

3

본 사태의 원인을 규명하셨습니까?

Have you investigated the cause of this situation?

4

귀하의 행보가 정당하다고 보십니까?

Do you consider your actions justified?

容易混淆

Formal Questions in Korean (ㅂ니까 / 습니까) 对比 Formal vs Polite (-ㅂ니까 vs -아요)

Learners often use -아요 in formal settings.

Formal Questions in Korean (ㅂ니까 / 습니까) 对比 Formal vs Plain (-ㅂ니까 vs -다)

Learners mix formal questions with plain statements.

Formal Questions in Korean (ㅂ니까 / 습니까) 对比 Honorifics (-십니까 vs -ㅂ니까)

Learners forget to add the honorific -시-.

常见错误

가습니까

갑니까

Vowel stems must take ㅂ니까.

먹ㅂ니까

먹습니까

Consonant stems must take 습니까.

가다입니까

갑니까

Do not add -다 before the ending.

먹다습니까

먹습니까

Remove -다 first.

합니까요

합니까

Do not add -요 to formal endings.

가십니까요

가십니까

Formal endings are already complete.

먹습니까요

먹습니까

Redundant polite marker.

가시습니까

가십니까

Honorifics change the ending structure.

먹었습니까요

먹었습니까

Past tense formal questions do not take -요.

하겠습니까요

하겠습니까

Future tense formal questions do not take -요.

가십니까입니까

가십니까

Double conjugation is incorrect.

먹었었습니까

먹었습니까

Over-past tense is rarely used.

하십시니까

하십니까

Incorrect honorific conjugation.

句型

___을/를 하십니까?

어디에 ___습니까?

___에 동의하십니까?

___를 확인하셨습니까?

Real World Usage

Job Interview constant

어디에서 일하셨습니까?

News Broadcast constant

오늘의 날씨입니까?

Customer Service very common

무엇을 도와드릴까요?

Academic Seminar common

질문이 있으십니까?

Military Service constant

알겠습니까?

Formal Email common

확인하셨습니까?

🎯

连读小秘密

这里的 ㅂ 虽然写在下面,但读起来更像鼻音 ㅁ。试着把 «합니까» 读成 Ham-ni-ka,听起来才像地道的韩国人!
⚠️

别对好朋友用

对闺蜜或哥们用这个,会让他们觉得你在演军旅剧。平时喝咖啡聊天,还是用 «아요/어요» 比较自然。
💬

“新闻主播”腔

注意看新闻主播,他们通常会在句末的 'ka' 处提高音调。这能让你的提问 «갑니까?» 听起来更有权威感。

Smart Tips

Use -겠습니까 for formal future questions.

가겠습니까? 가시겠습니까? (More polite)

Always use the formal ending to address everyone equally.

여러분, 이해해요? 여러분, 이해하십니까?

Use the formal ending to sound authoritative.

이게 맞아요? 이것이 맞습니까?

Use honorifics with formal endings.

일합니까? 근무하십니까?

发音

gam-ni-kka

Nasalization

When -ㅂ니까 follows a consonant, it often sounds like -ㅁ니까.

Rising

갑니까? ↑

Standard question intonation.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'ㅂ' as a 'bow' (bending down). Since it's formal, you bow while asking.

视觉联想

Imagine a soldier standing straight and saluting while asking a question. The rigid posture matches the formal ending.

Rhyme

Vowel needs a 'ㅂ', consonant needs '습', formal questions are always a plus.

Story

Mr. Kim is at a job interview. He sits straight. He asks, 'Do you like my resume?' using '좋아합니까?'. The interviewer smiles because he used the correct formal ending.

Word Web

갑니까먹습니까합니까읽습니까봅니까듣습니까

挑战

Write 5 questions you would ask a boss using this form.

文化笔记

Using this form is mandatory in meetings to show respect to superiors.

This is the standard speech level for all communication.

Anchors use this to maintain professional distance.

Derived from the traditional formal speech levels used in the Joseon Dynasty.

对话开场白

오늘 무엇을 하십니까?

한국어를 공부하십니까?

이 계획에 동의하십니까?

귀하의 견해를 말씀하시겠습니까?

日记主题

Write a formal email to a professor asking about an exam.
Describe a formal business meeting you attended.
Write a script for a news anchor reporting on a local event.
Draft a formal inquiry to a government office.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

将动词 '가다' (去) 转换成正式疑问句形式。

학교에 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 갑니까
가다 没有收音,所以在词干 '가' 下面添加 ㅂ니까。
对于动词 '吃' (먹다),哪个形式是正确的? 多项选择

选择正确的正式疑问句:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 밥을 먹습니까?
먹다 有收音 (ㄱ),所以必须接 습니까。
找出这句话中的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

어디에 살습니까?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어디에 삽니까?
动词 살다 的 ㄹ 在遇到 ㅂ니까 的 ㅂ 时会消失。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Conjugate '가다' (to go) for a formal question.

어디에 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 갑니까
Vowel stem + ㅂ니까.
Which is correct for '먹다' (to eat)? 多项选择

무엇을 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 먹습니까
Consonant stem + 습니까.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

그것을 하십니까요?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 그것을 하십니까
No -요 in formal endings.
Change to formal question. Sentence Transformation

공부해요? (Study)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부합니까?
Standard formal question.
Match the verb to the formal question. Match Pairs

1. 읽다, 2. 자다

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1. 읽습니까, 2. 잡니까
Correct conjugation for both.
Build a formal question. Sentence Building

오늘 / 회의 / 참석하다

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 오늘 회의에 참석합니까?
Correct particle usage.
Select the most formal. 多项选择

Which is best for a CEO?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 이것을 하십니까?
Highest honorific level.
Conjugate '듣다' (to listen).

음악을 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 듣습니까
Consonant stem + 습니까.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
将 '하다' 转换为正式疑问句。 填空

운동을 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 합니까
正式地翻译 '你是学生吗?'。 翻译

你是学生吗? (학생 = 学生)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 학생입니까?
连词成句:'你喜欢泡菜吗?'。 Sentence Reorder

김치를 / 좋아합니까 / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 김치를 좋아합니까?
匹配词干及其对应的正式疑问句结尾。 Match Pairs

匹配下列词汇:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 오다 - 옵니까?
如何询问 '天气热吗?' (덥다)。 多项选择

选择正确的正式疑问句:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 덥습니까?
纠正 '买书吗?' (사다) 的提问。 Error Correction

책을 사습니까?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 책을 삽니까?
用 '듣다' (听) 的正确形式填空。 填空

음악을 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 듣습니까
如何询问 '有问题吗?' (문제 = 问题, 있다 = 有)。 多项选择

选择正确的正式疑问句:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 문제가 있습니까?
翻译 '你什么时候来?' (언제 = 什么时候, 오다 = 来)。 翻译

你什么时候来?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 언제 옵니까?
找错:'你忙吗?' (바쁘다 = 忙)。 Error Correction

바쁘습니까?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 바쁩니까?

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

Yes, it is very appropriate for teachers.

Only if it is a formal business text.

That is the honorific version with -시- added.

Yes, they are just different endings based on the stem.

Usually no, unless the family is very formal.

Treat it as a consonant stem.

It is the standard formal level.

Because -요 is for the polite informal level.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Japanese high

Desu/Masu form

Korean has more distinct levels of formality than Japanese.

Spanish moderate

Usted form

Korean changes the verb ending, Spanish changes the pronoun and verb.

German moderate

Sie-form

German is pronoun-based; Korean is verb-based.

French moderate

Vouvoiement

French uses a pronoun; Korean uses a suffix.

Chinese low

Nin (您)

Chinese is pronoun-based; Korean is verb-based.

Arabic partial

Honorific suffixes

Arabic honorifics are often lexical; Korean is grammatical.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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