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B1 preposition #1,500 最常用 8分钟阅读

نزد

前1,500

开始练习例句笔记与提示 نزد 30秒了解

解析 نزد in your Level:

At the A1 level, you usually learn the word 'pish' for 'with' or 'at.' However, you might see 'nazd' in very simple stories or religious phrases. Think of it as a formal way to say 'with a person.' For example, 'The book is with me' (کتاب نزد من است). At this stage, just focus on the fact that 'nazd' is used with people, not buildings. You don't go 'nazd' the supermarket; you go 'nazd' your teacher. It always needs a small '-e' sound after it: 'nazd-e'. This level focuses on the physical meaning of being near someone or having something in your hand. It is a good word to recognize even if you don't use it in daily speech yet.

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At the A2 level, you start to distinguish between formal and informal Persian. You will learn that 'nazd' is the formal version of 'pish.' You might use it when writing a polite message to a teacher or a boss. For instance, 'I am going to the doctor' (نزد پزشک می‌روم). It sounds more respectful than the casual version. You also start to see it used for 'custody.' If you leave your keys with a neighbor, you could say the keys are 'nazd' the neighbor. It's important to start practicing the Ezafe connection here, ensuring you say 'nazd-e' clearly. You will also encounter it in simple news headlines about leaders meeting each other.

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At the B1 level, you move beyond physical proximity. You begin to use 'nazd' for opinions and abstract concepts. This is where you say things like 'In my opinion' (نزد من) or 'In the eyes of the law' (نزد قانون). You will notice that 'nazd' is used to attribute values or beliefs to groups of people. For example, 'Honesty is important among Iranians' (صداقت نزد ایرانیان مهم است). You should be able to choose between 'nazd' and 'pish' based on the situation. If you are writing an essay for a Persian class, 'nazd' is the better choice. You will also see it frequently in intermediate reading passages about history or culture.

At the B2 level, you should use 'nazd' fluently in formal writing and academic contexts. You will encounter it in complex legal documents, where it defines who is responsible for a document or a child ('The child stays with the mother'). You will also see it in literary analysis, such as 'The concept of love in Rumi's view' (مفهوم عشق نزد رومی). At this level, you should understand the nuance that 'nazd' implies a certain level of status or officiality. You will also learn common idioms and fixed expressions like 'nazd-e kasi amanat budan' (to be held in trust by someone). Your ability to use 'nazd' correctly in a formal letter is a key indicator of your proficiency.

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At the C1 level, you explore the philosophical and classical depths of 'nazd.' You will read classical poetry where 'nazd' signifies the spiritual proximity between the soul and the Divine. You will understand how it functions in classical prose (like the Golestan of Saadi) to create a sense of courtly etiquette. You will also be able to use it to contrast different philosophical schools of thought: 'The definition of existence in the view of Peripatetic philosophers' (تعریف وجود نزد مشائیان). At this level, you are expected to understand subtle differences between 'nazd,' 'dar pishgah,' and 'dar hozur,' using each in its appropriate sociolinguistic context. You can also use it rhetorically to appeal to 'public opinion' (nazd-e afkar-e omumi).

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At the C2 level, you have a complete mastery of 'nazd' in all its historical and stylistic variations. You can identify its use in Middle Persian (Pahlavi) texts and see how it evolved into the modern preposition. You can use it in high-level diplomatic or legal drafting where precision is paramount. You understand its use in the most complex mystical poetry, where 'nazd' represents the 'station' (maqam) of the mystic. You can also use it to create specific stylistic effects in your own creative writing, perhaps mimicking an older style or creating a sense of profound gravity. You are aware of rare, archaic uses and can distinguish them from modern standard usage without effort.

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开始练习例句笔记与提示

نزد 30秒了解

Formal preposition meaning 'with' or 'at'.
Used for people and abstract concepts, not buildings.
Always requires the Ezafe (-e) vowel link.
Common in literature, news, and legal contexts.

The Persian preposition نزد (pronounced 'nazd') is a sophisticated and versatile word that primarily translates to 'at,' 'with,' or 'in the presence of' in English. While it shares some semantic ground with the more common word پیش (pish), نزد carries a more formal, literary, and sometimes abstract tone. It is used to describe physical proximity to a person, the possession of an object, or a conceptual standing within someone's opinion or estimation. Understanding this word is crucial for moving from basic conversational Persian to a more refined, intermediate level (B1 and above), as it appears frequently in literature, news, and formal correspondence.

Physical Presence: When used physically, it indicates being in the immediate company or location of a person. For example, 'I went to the doctor' can be expressed as 'نزد پزشک رفتم'. Unlike 'at' in English which might refer to a building, نزد almost always implies the person themselves.

او نزدِ استاد درس می‌خواند.
He studies with (in the presence of) the professor.

Possession and Custody: It is frequently used to indicate that an item is currently held by someone. 'The book is with me' (کتاب نزد من است) implies that I am the current custodian of the book, even if I am not the permanent owner. This is common in legal or administrative contexts where documents are 'with' a specific department.

Abstract Estimation: Perhaps the most beautiful use of نزد is in the abstract sense of 'in the eyes of' or 'according to.' When we say 'نزدِ خدا' (before God/in God's sight), we are discussing moral or spiritual standing. Similarly, 'نزدِ مردم' means 'in the opinion of the people.'

این کار نزدِ ما پسندیده نیست.
This action is not commendable in our view (with us).

Historically, the word is derived from Middle Persian roots signifying 'nearness.' It has remained remarkably stable over centuries, appearing in the poetry of Rumi and Hafez just as it appears in today's Iranian newspapers. It functions as a preposition, which means it requires the 'Ezafe' (the short -e sound) to connect to the following noun or pronoun: nazd-e man (with me), nazd-e u (with him/her). This grammatical link is essential for correct pronunciation and flow.

Using نزد correctly involves understanding its grammatical placement as a preposition. In Persian, prepositions usually come before the noun they modify. Because نزد ends in a consonant, it always takes the Ezafe vowel (-e) when followed by a noun or a pronoun. This creates a rhythmic link that is characteristic of the Persian language.

امانتِ شما نزدِ من محفوظ است.
Your trust (deposit) is safe with me.

In the sentence above, نزدِ من functions as a prepositional phrase indicating custody. Notice how the speaker uses نزد to imply a sense of responsibility and formality. If the speaker had used 'pish-e man,' it would sound more casual, like 'I have your stuff.'

With Pronouns: When attaching to pronouns, you use the full pronoun forms: نزد من (with me), نزد تو (with you), نزد او (with him/her), نزد ما (with us), نزد شما (with you plural/formal), نزد آنها (with them). It does not typically take the enclitic possessive suffixes (-am, -at, etc.) in modern standard Persian.

او احترامی خاص نزدِ همکارانش دارد.
He has a special respect among (in the eyes of) his colleagues.

Another common pattern is using نزد with verbs of motion like 'raftan' (to go) or 'amadan' (to come). 'Be nazd-e kasi raftan' means to go to someone's presence. While 'be' (to) is often included, it is sometimes dropped in literary contexts, leaving just 'nazd-e kasi raftan'.

فرستاده‌ای نزدِ پادشاه گسیل شد.
A messenger was dispatched to (the presence of) the king.

In academic writing, you will see نزد used to compare theories or viewpoints. For instance, 'Justice in the view of Plato' would be 'عدالت نزد افلاطون'. This usage is essential for anyone wishing to read Persian philosophy or political science. It provides a way to attribute ideas to specific thinkers without using the more repetitive 'az nazare' (from the viewpoint of).

While you might not hear a teenager using نزد while ordering pizza, you will encounter it constantly in other spheres of Iranian life. It is a staple of the 'Ketabi' (bookish) or formal register. If you watch the evening news on IRIB, listen to a sermon, or attend a university lecture, نزد will appear frequently.

In the News and Media: Journalists use it to describe diplomatic meetings. 'The ambassador went to the Foreign Ministry' might be phrased as 'سفیر نزد وزارت خارجه رفت' to imply a formal audience. It is also used in statistics: 'Popularity among the youth' is 'محبوبیت نزد جوانان'.

این موضوع نزدِ افکار عمومی اهمیت زیادی دارد.
This issue holds great importance in the eyes of public opinion.

Religious and Spiritual Contexts: In prayers and religious discussions, نزد is the standard word for 'with' or 'before' God. The phrase 'عند الله' in Arabic is often translated or explained using 'نزد خدا' in Persian. It implies a proximity that is both physical and spiritual.

Literature and Poetry: Classical Persian poetry is filled with this word. It often describes the lover being 'with' the beloved or the seeker being 'near' the truth. If you are learning Persian to read Saadi or Hafez, you will see نزد in almost every other ghazal.

برو نزدِ آن یار که مهربان است.
Go to that beloved who is kind.

In professional environments, such as law or medicine, 'nazd' is used to describe visiting a specialist. A lawyer might say, 'The documents are with the judge' (مدارک نزد قاضی است). This conveys a sense of official custody that 'pish' lacks. Therefore, while it is less common in the bazaar, it is the language of the office, the court, and the mosque.

Even intermediate learners often stumble when using نزد because of its similarity to other words and its specific register requirements. The most common error is confusing it with the adjective نزدیک (nazdik), which means 'near' or 'close'.

Confusing 'Nazd' with 'Nazdik': Remember that نزد is a preposition (at/with), while نزدیک is an adjective (close). You can say 'من نزد او هستم' (I am with him), but you say 'خانه من نزدیک است' (My house is near). You cannot use 'nazd' to describe the distance of a building; it is almost exclusively for people or abstract concepts.

Incorrect: کتابخانه نزدِ پارک است.
Correct: کتابخانه نزدیکِ پارک است. (The library is near the park.)

Register Mismatch: Using نزد in a very casual conversation with friends can sound overly stiff or even sarcastic. If you are telling a friend you have their pen, say 'پیش منه' (pish-e mane). Saying 'نزد من است' (nazd-e man ast) in that context is like saying 'It remains in my custody' in English—technically correct but socially odd.

Overusing with Objects: While you can say 'the book is with me,' you generally don't use نزد to say 'the book is with the table.' It requires a sentient being (person, God, or an organization) to be the 'host' of the preposition.

Incorrect: صندلی نزدِ میز است.
Correct: صندلی کنارِ میز است. (The chair is next to the table.)

Finally, learners sometimes confuse نزد with توسط (tavasot - by). While 'nazd' can imply 'in the opinion of,' it does not indicate the agent of a passive sentence. For 'The book was written by him,' use 'tavasot-e u,' not 'nazd-e u.'

Persian has several words that overlap with نزد. Choosing the right one depends on the level of formality and the specific nuance you want to convey. Here is a breakdown of the most common alternatives.

نزد (Nazd) vs. پیش (Pish): This is the most frequent comparison. پیش is the everyday, colloquial version. It is used in 90% of spoken Persian. نزد is the formal, written counterpart. Use پیش with friends; use نزد in an essay or a formal speech.

نزد (Nazd) vs. کنار (Kenar): کنار specifically means 'beside' or 'next to' in a spatial sense. نزد is more about 'presence' or 'custody.' If you are sitting next to someone, use کنار. If you are visiting someone for a consultation, use نزد.

او کنارِ پنجره ایستاد.
He stood by (next to) the window. (Physical location)

نزد (Nazd) vs. در حضور (Dar Hozur-e): در حضور is even more formal than نزد. It literally means 'in the presence of' and is reserved for very high-status individuals or official ceremonies. 'In the presence of the President' would be 'در حضور رئیس‌جمهور'.

نزد (Nazd) vs. در نزدیکی (Dar Nazdiki-ye): در نزدیکی means 'in the vicinity of.' It is used for geographical locations. 'In the vicinity of the city' is 'در نزدیکی شهر'. نزد cannot be used this way.

این موضوع نزدِ دانشمندان حل شده است.
This issue is resolved among (in the view of) scientists.

In summary, choose نزد when you want to sound professional, discuss someone's opinion, or describe official custody. It is the 'goldilocks' word for formal Persian prepositions—not too casual, not too archaic.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

The word 'nazd' is related to the English word 'next' through very distant Indo-European roots, both carrying the core concept of being 'nearest'.

发音指南

UK /næzd/

US /næzd/

The stress is on the single syllable of the word itself.

押韵词

قصد (qazd - intention) فصد (fazd - bloodletting) نزد (nazd) مزد (mozd - wage - slant rhyme) دزد (dozd - thief - slant rhyme) یزد (Yazd - city name) بزد (bazd - archaic) رزد (razd - archaic)

常见错误

Pronouncing it as 'naz-dik' (confusing it with the adjective).
Forgetting the Ezafe (-e) when connecting to the next word.
Pronouncing the 'z' too softly like an 's'.
Adding an extra vowel between 'z' and 'd' (e.g., nazad).
Misplacing the stress in a sentence.

难度评级

阅读 3/5

Common in literature and news; easy to recognize once learned.

写作 4/5

Requires understanding of register to use correctly without sounding stiff.

口语 4/5

Hard to remember to use instead of 'pish' in natural conversation.

听力 3/5

Clearly pronounced, but can be confused with 'nazdik'.

接下来学什么

前置知识

پیش (pish) با (ba) در (dar) نزدیک (nazdik) من/تو/او (Pronouns)

接下来学习

حضور (hozur) محضر (mahzar) قرب (qorb) منزلت (manzelat) امانت (amanat)

高级

تلمذ (talommoz) استغاثه (esteghase) وساطت (vesatat) تقرب (taqarrub) مآل (ma'al)

需要掌握的语法

The Ezafe Construction

نزدِ (nazd-e) + Noun

Prepositional Phrases with Pronouns

نزدِ من (nazd-e man)

Formal vs. Informal Registers

Using 'nazd' instead of 'pish' in writing.

Dropping 'be' with verbs of motion

رفتن نزدِ کسی (instead of 'be nazd-e kasi')

Reflexive Prepositions

نزدِ خود (nazd-e khod - to oneself)

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按水平分级的例句

کتاب نزد من است.

The book is with me.

Uses 'nazd-e' to show possession.

او نزد مادرش نشست.

He sat with (near) his mother.

Indicates physical proximity.

پول نزد علی است.

The money is with Ali.

Ali is the current holder of the money.

من نزد تو می‌آیم.

I am coming to you.

Direction towards a person.

مداد نزد سارا بود.

The pencil was with Sara.

Past tense usage.

سیب نزد اوست.

The apple is with him/her.

Contraction of 'ast' to '-st'.

ما نزد معلم هستیم.

We are with the teacher.

Plural subject.

تو نزد من بمان.

You stay with me.

Imperative mood.

فردا نزد پزشک می‌روم.

I am going to the doctor tomorrow.

Formal way to say 'visiting a professional'.

کلیدها نزد همسایه است.

The keys are with the neighbor.

Indicates temporary custody.

او نزد استاد درس می‌خواند.

He studies with the professor.

Implies apprenticeship or formal study.

نامه نزد مدیر است.

The letter is with the manager.

Administrative context.

بچه‌ها نزد مادربزرگ هستند.

The children are with the grandmother.

Being in someone's care.

من این راز را نزد خود نگه می‌دارم.

I keep this secret with myself.

Reflexive use of 'nazd'.

آیا پاسپورت نزد شماست؟

Is the passport with you?

Formal question.

او نزد دوستانش محبوب است.

He is popular among his friends.

Intro to abstract usage (opinion).

این رفتار نزد ما زشت است.

This behavior is ugly (unacceptable) in our view.

Abstract usage: 'in the eyes of'.

او نزد همه محترم است.

He is respected by everyone.

Indicates general estimation.

امانت نزد من محفوظ می‌ماند.

The trust (item) remains safe with me.

Formal promise of custody.

او برای مشورت نزد قاضی رفت.

He went to the judge for consultation.

Formal legal context.

نزد من، این بهترین کتاب است.

In my view, this is the best book.

Expressing a personal opinion.

ایمان نزد او اهمیت زیادی دارد.

Faith holds great importance to him.

Abstract value attribution.

پرونده نزد پلیس است.

The file is with the police.

Official custody.

او نزد خانواده‌اش بازگشت.

He returned to his family.

Emotional/physical return.

عدالت نزد افلاطون معنای خاصی دارد.

Justice has a specific meaning for Plato.

Academic/Philosophical attribution.

این سند نزد دفترخانه ثبت شده است.

This document is registered with the notary office.

Legal/Administrative usage.

محبوبیت او نزد افکار عمومی کاهش یافت.

His popularity among public opinion decreased.

Journalistic/Political context.

او نزد وجدان خود شرمنده بود.

He was ashamed before his own conscience.

Metaphorical presence.

حقوق بشر نزد جوامع بین‌المللی محترم است.

Human rights are respected among international societies.

Formal diplomatic language.

او نزد خود فکر کرد که شاید اشتباه کرده است.

He thought to himself that perhaps he had made a mistake.

Internal monologue construction.

اموال او نزد بانک به امانت گذاشته شد.

His assets were deposited with the bank.

Financial/Legal custody.

این هنر نزد ایرانیان است و بس.

This art belongs to Iranians and that's it (famous saying).

Cultural idiom.

جایگاه عقل نزد فیلسوفان اشراقی برجسته است.

The position of intellect is prominent among Illuminationist philosophers.

High-level academic discourse.

او در نزدِ پروردگار به مقام والایی رسید.

He reached a high station in the presence of the Lord.

Theological/Mystical usage.

اعتبار این سخن نزد مورخان تایید نشده است.

The validity of this statement has not been confirmed by historians.

Critical/Academic evaluation.

او نزدِ حاکم به گناه خود اعتراف کرد.

He confessed to his sin before the ruler.

Formal historical narrative.

این نظریه نزدِ منتقدان با چالش روبرو شد.

This theory faced challenges among critics.

Intellectual debate context.

او تمام دارایی‌اش را نزدِ خیریه وقف کرد.

He endowed all his assets to (the custody of) the charity.

Legal/Religious endowment.

شعر نزدِ او ابزاری برای بیداری بود.

Poetry, for him, was a tool for awakening.

Literary analysis.

او نزدِ بزرگان ادب تلمذ کرده است.

He has studied under (in the presence of) the greats of literature.

Traditional educational terminology.

مقامِ رضا نزدِ سالکان، منتهای آرزوست.

The station of contentment (Raza) is the ultimate desire for spiritual wayfarers.

Sufi/Mystical terminology.

این نسخه خطی نزدِ کتابخانه ملی محفوظ است.

This manuscript is preserved at the National Library.

Archival/Institutional custody.

او نزدِ خویشتن به بازخوانیِ خاطرات پرداخت.

He engaged in rereading memories within himself.

Poetic/Reflexive introspection.

حرمتِ نان نزدِ فرهنگِ عامه بسیار بالاست.

The sanctity of bread is very high in folk culture.

Sociological/Cultural observation.

او نزدِ وجدانِ بیدارِ بشریت استغاثه کرد.

He appealed to the awakened conscience of humanity.

Rhetorical/Political grandiloquence.

تفاوتِ آراء نزدِ فقها امری طبیعی است.

Difference of opinions among jurists is a natural matter.

Jurisprudential context.

او نزدِ خردِ جمعی به داوری نشست.

He sat in judgment before the collective wisdom.

Philosophical metaphor.

این راز نزدِ پیرِ مغان فاش شد.

This secret was revealed in the presence of the Elder of the Magi (Hafez reference).

Classical poetic allusion.

常见搭配

نزدِ پزشک

نزدِ خدا

نزدِ من

نزدِ افکار عمومی

نزدِ قاضی

نزدِ خود

نزدِ استاد

به امانت نزدِ

محبوبیت نزدِ

نزدِ وجدان

常用短语

نزدِ کسی رفتن

— To visit someone or go to their presence.

باید نزد رئیس بروی.

نزدِ کسی ماندن

— To stay with someone.

او نزد ما می‌ماند.

نزدِ کسی بودن

— To be with someone or in their possession.

کتاب نزد اوست.

نزدِ کسی فرستادن

— To send something or someone to a person.

نامه را نزد او فرستادم.

نزدِ کسی اعتراف کردن

— To confess something to someone.

او نزد پلیس اعتراف کرد.

نزدِ کسی شکایت بردن

— To take a complaint to someone.

او نزد مدیر شکایت برد.

نزدِ کسی درس خواندن

— To study under someone's tutelage.

او نزد حافظ درس خواند.

نزدِ کسی عزیز بودن

— To be dear or beloved to someone.

او نزد مادرش بسیار عزیز است.

نزدِ کسی گرو بودن

— To be held as a pledge or hostage by someone.

دلش نزد او گرو بود.

نزدِ کسی شرمنده بودن

— To be ashamed before someone.

نزد شما شرمنده‌ام.

容易混淆的词

نزد vs نزدیک (nazdik)

Nazdik is an adjective meaning 'near' (distance). Nazd is a preposition meaning 'with/at' (presence).

نزد vs نزاع (neza')

Neza' means 'conflict' or 'dispute'. It sounds slightly similar but has a completely different meaning.

نزد vs ناز (naz)

Naz means 'coquetry' or 'charm'. Do not confuse the 'zd' ending of 'nazd' with the simple 'z' of 'naz'.

习语与表达

"هنر نزد ایرانیان است و بس"

— A famous saying implying that art is the specialty of Iranians.

چنان که می‌گویند، هنر نزد ایرانیان است و بس.

Literary/Cultural

"نزدِ خود نگه داشتن"

— To keep a secret or an object to oneself.

این راز را نزد خودت نگه دار.

Neutral

"نزدِ کسی گرو بودن"

— To be deeply indebted or emotionally tied to someone.

جانم نزد تو گرو است.

Poetic

"نزدِ کسی سفیدرو شدن"

— To be vindicated or honored in front of someone.

او نزد پادشاه سفیدرو شد.

Archaic

"نزدِ کسی سیاه شدن"

— To be disgraced in front of someone.

او نزد مردم سیاه شد.

Informal

"نزدِ کسی تقرب جستن"

— To seek closeness or favor with someone (usually God or a ruler).

او با عبادت نزد خدا تقرب جست.

Formal/Religious

"نزدِ کسی پاداش داشتن"

— To have a reward waiting with someone (usually God).

کار خیر شما نزد خدا پاداش دارد.

Religious

"نزدِ کسی تلمذ کردن"

— To be a student or disciple of someone.

او سال‌ها نزد آن حکیم تلمذ کرد.

Formal/Academic

"نزدِ کسی وساطت کردن"

— To mediate or intercede with someone on behalf of another.

او نزد مدیر برای من وساطت کرد.

Formal

"نزدِ کسی قدر و منزلت داشتن"

— To have high status or value in someone's eyes.

او نزد دانشمندان قدر و منزلت زیادی دارد.

Formal

容易混淆

نزد vs نزدیک

Similar sound and root.

Nazdik is about spatial distance (The park is near). Nazd is about personal presence (I am with him).

خانه نزدیک است، اما او نزد من نیست.

نزد vs پیش

Identical meaning in many contexts.

Pish is colloquial and can also mean 'before' (time). Nazd is formal and only means 'at/with'.

دو ساعت پیش نزد او بودم.

نزد vs کنار

Both imply proximity.

Kenar is strictly 'beside'. Nazd can be 'with' even if not physically touching.

او کنار من نشست، اما دلش نزد دیگری بود.

نزد vs توسط

Both connect a person to an action/object.

Tavasot indicates the agent (By him). Nazd indicates the location/custodian (With him).

کتاب توسط او نوشته شد و اکنون نزد من است.

نزد vs حضور

Both mean presence.

Hozur is a noun (presence). Nazd is a preposition (at the presence of).

در حضور او، من نزد دوستانم بودم.

句型

[Object] نزد [Person] است.

کتاب نزد من است.

[Subject] نزد [Person] رفت.

او نزد پزشک رفت.

[Concept] نزد [Group] اهمیت دارد.

ادب نزد ایرانیان اهمیت دارد.

[Subject] نزد خود [Verb].

او نزد خود فکر کرد.

نزد [Author], [Theory] ...

نزد حافظ، عشق راه نجات است.

به امانت نزدِ [Authority] سپردن

او جانش را نزد آفریدگار سپرد.

[Subject] نزد [Person] محبوب است.

او نزد معلمان محبوب است.

[Subject] نزد [Person] اعتراف کرد.

او نزد مادرش اعتراف کرد.

词族

名词

نزدیکی (nazdiki - nearness/vicinity)

نزدیکان (nazdikan - relatives/close ones)

动词

نزدیک شدن (nazdik shodan - to approach)

نزدیک کردن (nazdik kardan - to bring close)

形容词

نزدیک (nazdik - near/close)

نزدیک‌بین (nazdik-bin - nearsighted)

如何使用

frequency

Common in written Persian; less common in daily spoken Persian.

常见错误

کتابخانه نزد پارک است. → کتابخانه نزدیک پارک است.
You cannot use 'nazd' for geographical distance between two buildings. Use 'nazdik' instead.
من نزد من فکر کردم. → من نزد خود فکر کردم.
When referring back to the subject, use the reflexive pronoun 'khod' (self) with 'nazd'.
نزد من بیا (in a casual chat). → بیا پیش من.
While not grammatically wrong, 'nazd' sounds too formal for a casual invitation to a friend.
او نزد پلیس دستگیر شد. → او توسط پلیس دستگیر شد.
'Nazd' means 'with/at', not 'by'. Use 'tavasot' for the agent of a passive action.
نزدِ میز. → کنارِ میز.
'Nazd' is for people or abstract entities. For furniture, use 'kenar' (beside).

小贴士

The Ezafe Rule

Always add the short 'e' sound after 'nazd'. It's 'nazd-e man', never 'nazd man'.

When to be Formal

Use 'nazd' in emails to professors or in formal essays to sound more professional.

Nazd vs. Nazdik

Remember: Nazd = With a person. Nazdik = Near a place.

The 'zd' Sound

Practice the 'zd' ending. It should be crisp and quick, like the end of 'raised'.

News Context

When you see 'nazd' in a news headline, it usually refers to a diplomatic meeting or public opinion.

Respectful Usage

Using 'nazd' for elders shows you have good 'Adab' (manners).

Attributing Ideas

Use 'نزد [Name]' to say 'In the view of [Name]' in your academic papers.

Mnemonic

Nazd = Near Presence. Both start with 'N'.

Formal Speeches

Listen for 'nazd' in TED talks in Persian or university lectures; it's a marker of high-level speech.

Poetic Flair

In creative writing, 'nazd' adds a touch of classical beauty to your sentences.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Nazd' as 'Next-Door'. It sounds a bit like 'next' and means being right there with someone.

视觉联想

Imagine a person standing right 'next' to a king's throne. That presence is 'nazd'.

Word Web

Presence With At Custody Opinion Formal Respect Near

挑战

Try to use 'nazd' in three sentences today: one about a doctor, one about a secret, and one about an opinion.

词源

Derived from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) 'nazd', which also meant 'near' or 'at'. It has roots in Proto-Indo-European *nes- (to approach/unite).

原始含义： Nearness or physical proximity.

Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > Western Iranian > Persian

文化背景

Always use 'nazd' when referring to religious figures or high-ranking officials to show proper respect.

English speakers often use 'at' for both people and places (at the doctor's, at the store). Persian distinguishes this; 'nazd' is for the doctor, but 'dar' or 'be' is for the store.

The phrase 'هنر نزد ایرانیان است و بس' from the Shahnameh (though debated). Numerous verses in the Divan of Hafez using 'nazd' for the beloved. Legal terminology in the Iranian Civil Code regarding 'Amanat' (trusts).

在生活中练习

真实语境

Medical/Professional Visit

نزد پزشک رفتن
نزد وکیل بودن
نزد مشاور نشستن
نزد متخصص

Legal/Administrative

نزد قاضی
نزد دادگاه
نزد دفترخانه
نزد پلیس

Religious/Spiritual

نزد خدا
نزد پروردگار
نزد پیامبر
نزد اولیاء

Academic/Intellectual

نزد فلاسفه
نزد دانشمندان
نزد منتقدان
نزد استاد

Personal Possession

نزد من است
نزد تو بماند
نزد او محفوظ است
نزد خود نگه داشتن

对话开场白

"آیا مدارک شما نزد من است یا نزد همکارتان؟"

"به نظر شما، صداقت نزد مردم امروز چقدر ارزش دارد؟"

"آخرین باری که نزد پزشک رفتید کی بود؟"

"آیا این راز نزد شما محفوظ می‌ماند؟"

"کدام کتاب نزد شما بیشترین اهمیت را دارد؟"

日记主题

درباره زمانی بنویسید که یک امانت مهم نزد شما بود و چگونه از آن مراقبت کردید.

فکر می‌کنید چه ارزش‌هایی نزد نسل جوان امروز مهم‌تر از گذشته است؟

تجربه خود را از رفتن نزد یک استاد یا معلم بزرگ توصیف کنید.

اگر می‌توانستید نزد یکی از شخصیت‌های تاریخی بروید، چه کسی را انتخاب می‌کردید؟

درباره این جمله فکر کنید: 'خوشبختی نزد هر کس معنای متفاوتی دارد.' نظر شما چیست؟

常见问题

10 个问题

No, 'nazd' is almost exclusively used for people or personified entities (like a court or God). For a store, you would use 'dar' (in) or 'be' (to).

While grammatically possible in some archaic poetry, it is very rare in modern Persian. Stick to 'nazd-e man' for clarity.

Register is the main difference. 'Pish' is casual/spoken; 'nazd' is formal/written. 'Pish' also has meanings related to time ('before'), which 'nazd' does not.

It is a consonant cluster. Pronounce the 'z' and immediately transition to the 'd' without any vowel in between. It sounds like the end of the English word 'amazed'.

Yes, it is extremely common in classical Persian poetry to describe the lover's proximity to the beloved or the seeker's proximity to God.

Yes, in formal contexts, 'nazd-e man' can mean 'in my view' or 'according to me'.

Yes, they share the same linguistic root meaning 'nearness'. 'Nazdik' is the adjective form, and 'nazd' is the prepositional form.

Yes, when 'nazd' is followed by a noun or pronoun, the Ezafe (-e) is required to link them: 'nazd-e u'.

Yes, you can use it for animals in stories or formal descriptions, e.g., 'The cub is with its mother' (توله نزد مادرش است).

It is a high-frequency word in literature, news, and formal speech, making it essential for B1 learners and above.

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