At the A1 level, think of پیشگیری (pishgiri) as a 'safety' word. It means 'stopping something bad before it starts'. You might hear it when talking about health. For example, 'washing hands' is a way of pishgiri. It is a big word, but you can remember it by breaking it down: Pish (before) + Giri (taking). You are 'taking' action 'before' the problem.
In simple sentences, we use it with 'az' (from). 'Pishgiri az sarma-khordegi' means 'preventing a cold'. You don't need to know all the complex grammar yet, just that it's a good thing to do to stay healthy and safe. It's like wearing a helmet when you ride a bike—that is pishgiri from accidents.
At the A2 level, you can start using پیشگیری in basic compound sentences. You should know that it's a noun, but we often add 'kardan' (to do) to make it an action. For example: 'Ma bayad pishgiri konim' (We must prevent). You will see this word on signs in parks or hospitals. It's very common in the phrase 'Pishgiri behtar az darman ast' (Prevention is better than cure).
You can use it to talk about your daily routine. 'I eat fruit for pishgiri of illness.' Notice the 'az' after the word. This is the most important rule for A2 learners. Always put 'az' before the thing you want to stop. If you want to stop 'fire', say 'pishgiri az atash-suzi'. It's a formal but very useful word for everyday safety.
As a B1 learner, you should understand پیشگیری in more social and professional contexts. This is the level where you move beyond just 'health' and start talking about 'crime prevention' (pishgiri az jorm) or 'preventing mistakes' (pishgiri az eshtebah). You should be able to explain why prevention is important using connectors like 'chon' (because) or 'baraye inke' (so that).
You will also start to notice the difference between pishgiri and jologiri. Pishgiri is usually a plan or a habit, while jologiri is often a quick action. For example, a vaccine is pishgiri, but putting your hand out to stop a falling glass is jologiri. Understanding this nuance makes your Persian sound much more natural and precise.
At the B2 level, پیشگیری becomes a key term for discussing abstract concepts and policy. You will encounter it in news reports about the economy, environment, and law. You should be comfortable using it in the passive voice: 'Az vorude bimari pishgiri shod' (The entry of the disease was prevented). You should also know common collocations like 'pishgiri-ye avaliye' (primary prevention).
You can use the word to debate topics. For instance, 'Is pishgiri of crime better through education or punishment?' Here, the word acts as a sophisticated noun that anchors your argument. You should also be aware of its formal synonyms like 'momaane'at' and when to use them instead to vary your vocabulary in essays or presentations.
For C1 learners, پیشگیری is used in highly specialized and academic ways. You should understand its role in complex legal frameworks, such as the 'Pishgiri az voghu-e jorm' (Prevention of the occurrence of crime) articles in the Iranian constitution. You can analyze the etymology and how the prefix 'pish-' functions in other words like 'pish-bini' (prediction) or 'pish-raft' (progress).
In your writing, you should use pishgiri with sophisticated auxiliary verbs like 'be'amal avardan' or 'nemudan'. You should also be able to discuss the philosophy of prevention—how it relates to 'ehtiyat' (precautionary principle) in international law or environmental science. Your usage should be flawless, including the correct use of 'ezafe' and prepositions in long, nested sentences.
At the C2 level, you master the stylistic nuances of پیشگیری. You can use it in literary contexts or high-level political discourse where the word might carry historical or ideological weight. You understand its relationship with Arabic-rooted terms like 'vaghaye' or 'صیانت' (siyanat) and can choose between them to create a specific tone—whether it's clinical, legal, or poetic.
You can use the word to discuss complex systems, such as 'pishgiri-ye vaz'iyati' (situational prevention) in urban planning. You are also able to identify and use the word in classical Persian literature or modern philosophical essays where 'prevention' might be discussed as a form of human agency against fate. Your command of the word is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker.
پیشگیری 30秒了解
- Pishgiri means prevention; taking action before a problem occurs.
- It is a compound noun: Pish (before) + Giri (taking/catching).
- Essential in health, law, and safety contexts in Persian.
- Always use the preposition 'az' (from) with this word.
The Persian word پیشگیری (pishgiri) is a fundamental noun in the Persian language, primarily used to describe the act of preventing, hindering, or stopping something from occurring before it actually happens. Rooted in the concept of foresight and proactive action, it is most commonly associated with health, safety, and social order. In its essence, it represents the strategic barrier placed between a potential threat and its realization. When we talk about پیشگیری, we are discussing the measures taken to ensure that a negative outcome—be it a disease, a crime, or an accident—is averted through early intervention.
- Etymological Root
- Derived from 'pish' (before/front) and 'giri' (taking/catching), literally meaning 'taking [action] before'.
- Semantic Range
- Covers everything from medical prophylaxis to crime prevention and industrial safety protocols.
- Grammatical Function
- A compound noun that often functions as the object of verbs like 'kardan' (to do) or 'be'amal avardan' (to bring into action).
«پیشگیری بهتر از درمان است.» (Prevention is better than cure.)
In a medical context, پیشگیری refers to vaccinations, healthy diets, and regular check-ups. In a legal or social context, it refers to the systemic changes made to reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior. The beauty of the word lies in its versatility; it can be used in highly technical academic papers or in everyday household advice. It implies a sense of responsibility and wisdom—the ability to look ahead and act today to protect tomorrow. This proactive stance is highly valued in Iranian culture, where the 'wise person' is often defined by their ability to avoid trouble before it starts.
دولت باید برای پیشگیری از تورم اقدامات جدی انجام دهد.
Furthermore, the word extends into the realm of psychology and interpersonal relationships. One might speak of پیشگیری از سوءتفاهم (prevention of misunderstanding) by communicating clearly. It suggests a level of mindfulness. Unlike 'jologiri' (stopping/blocking), which can happen during or after an event has started, پیشگیری almost always implies an action taken while the threat is still theoretical or in its very earliest stages. It is the fence at the top of the cliff, rather than the ambulance at the bottom.
نصب دزدگیر یک راه عالی برای پیشگیری از سرقت است.
- Formal Usage
- Used in official documents: 'پیشگیری از وقوع جرم' (Prevention of crime occurrence).
- Scientific Usage
- Used in biology: 'پیشگیری از بیماریهای واگیردار' (Prevention of contagious diseases).
Using پیشگیری correctly requires understanding its relationship with the preposition از (az). In Persian, you don't just 'prevent something'; you 'perform prevention from something'. This structure is vital for sounding natural. For example, to say 'preventing cancer', you say پیشگیری از سرطان. The word itself is a noun, but it is frequently turned into a verb phrase using کردن (kardan). However, in formal writing, you might see به عمل آوردن (be'amal avardan) or نمودن (nemudan) used as the auxiliary verb.
- Daily Life: 'برای پیشگیری از سرماخوردگی ویتامین ث بخور.' (Eat Vitamin C to prevent a cold.)
- Professional: 'استراتژیهای پیشگیری از بحران.' (Crisis prevention strategies.)
- Academic: 'پیشگیری اولیه، ثانویه و ثالثیه.' (Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.)
When constructing sentences, remember that پیشگیری is often the head of a noun phrase. If you want to emphasize the action, you can use the active form: پیشگیری کردن. For instance, 'ما باید از بروز این مشکل پیشگیری کنیم' (We must prevent this problem from arising). Notice how the 'az' stays attached to the object being prevented. This is a common stumbling block for English speakers who are used to the direct object structure of 'prevent [something]'.
«آموزش، کلید پیشگیری از اعتیاد در نوجوانان است.»
In more complex sentences, پیشگیری can be modified by adjectives to specify the type of prevention. Common adjectives include اجتماعی (social), وضعیتی (situational), and کیفری (punitive). For example, 'پیشگیری وضعیتی' refers to changing the environment to make it harder for a crime to occur, such as adding better lighting to a street. Understanding these nuances allows you to use the word in specialized fields like criminology or public health.
Another important aspect is the distinction between پیشگیری and جلوگیری. While often used interchangeably, پیشگیری is more about the 'before' phase (proactive), whereas جلوگیری can be reactive (stopping something that has already started or is about to start immediately). If you are talking about long-term health plans, پیشگیری is the better choice. If you are talking about stopping a fight that just broke out, جلوگیری is more appropriate.
You will encounter پیشگیری in a variety of settings, ranging from the evening news to your doctor's office. It is a staple of public service announcements (PSAs) in Iran. On television, you might hear the phrase ستاد ملی پیشگیری و مقابله با کرونا (National Headquarters for Prevention and Combating Corona), which became a household name during the pandemic. In this context, the word carries a weight of authority and collective social responsibility.
- In the News
- 'پیشگیری از حوادث جادهای' (Prevention of road accidents) is a frequent topic during holiday seasons like Nowruz.
- In Hospitals
- Posters often read 'پیشگیری بهتر از درمان' near vaccination centers.
- In Schools
- Programs focused on 'پیشگیری از آسیبهای اجتماعی' (Prevention of social harms) like bullying or drug use.
In the legal system, the 'Police of Prevention' (پلیس پیشگیری) is a specific branch of the Iranian Law Enforcement Force. Their job is to maintain a visible presence to deter crime before it happens. If you are reading a Persian newspaper, look for the 'Social' (اجتماعی) or 'Health' (سلامت) sections; you are almost guaranteed to find the word پیشگیری used in articles about environmental protection, fire safety, or economic stability.
«واحد پیشگیری آتشنشانی، ایمنی ساختمان را تایید کرد.»
Social media influencers in the 'wellness' niche also use this word frequently. You might see a caption like ۵ راه ساده برای پیشگیری از ریزش مو (5 simple ways to prevent hair loss). Here, the tone is more informal and advisory. In religious contexts, the word might appear in discussions about پیشگیری از گناه (prevention of sin), where spiritual practices are described as shields against moral failings. This shows how deeply the concept of 'preventative action' is embedded in various layers of Persian thought.
One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is omitting the preposition از (az). In English, 'prevention' is often followed by 'of', but the verb 'prevent' is used directly. In Persian, you must always think of it as 'prevention from'. Saying پیشگیری بیماری is grammatically incorrect; it must be پیشگیری از بیماری. This 'az' is the bridge that connects the action to the target.
Incorrect: ما باید پیشگیری حوادث کنیم.
Correct: ما باید از حوادث پیشگیری کنیم.
Another common error is confusing پیشگیری with پیشبینی (pish-bini). While they look similar because they both start with the prefix 'pish-' (before), پیشبینی means 'prediction' or 'forecasting'. You can predict a storm (پیشبینی طوفان), but you take steps for the prevention of damage (پیشگیری از خسارت). Mixing these up can lead to confusion about whether you are talking about knowing the future or changing it.
- Mistake 1: Wrong Preposition
- Using 'baraye' (for) instead of 'az'. While 'baraye pishgiri' (for prevention) is correct, the object must still follow 'az'.
- Mistake 2: Confusing with 'Jologiri'
- Using 'pishgiri' for something that is already happening. Use 'jologiri' for immediate intervention.
- Mistake 3: Spelling
- Confusing the 'y' at the end. It's 'pishgiri' (noun), not 'pishgir' (adjective/agent).
Learners also sometimes struggle with the verb choice. While پیشگیری کردن is the standard, using پیشگیری داشتن (to have prevention) is incorrect. You 'do' or 'perform' prevention. Additionally, in very formal contexts, the passive voice is often used: از وقوع جرم پیشگیری شد (The occurrence of crime was prevented). Ensure that the 'az' stays with the subject in these passive constructions.
Understanding the synonyms and related terms for پیشگیری helps in choosing the right word for the right context. The most common synonym is جلوگیری (jologiri). While پیشگیری is proactive and often systemic, جلوگیری is more general and can be reactive. For example, 'جلوگیری از خونریزی' (stopping bleeding) is more common than 'پیشگیری از خونریزی', because bleeding is usually an immediate problem to be stopped.
- ممانعت (Momaane'at)
- A more formal word for 'prevention' or 'hindrance', often used in legal or administrative contexts regarding blocking an action.
- بازداری (Baazdari)
- Often used in psychology or criminology to mean 'deterrence'. It implies holding someone back from an impulse or action.
- وقایه (Vaghaye)
- An older, more literary or Arabic-rooted word for protection/prevention, sometimes seen in medical texts (e.g., 'طب وقایعی' for preventive medicine).
Another related term is احتیاط (ehtiyat), which means 'caution' or 'precaution'. While پیشگیری is the act of preventing, احتیاط is the mindset or the small steps taken to be safe. You might take 'ehtiyat' to ensure 'pishgiri'. Similarly, صیانت (siyanat) means 'safeguarding' or 'protection', often used for protecting values, the environment, or the constitution. It is broader and more noble in tone than the technical پیشگیری.
«ممانعت از ورود افراد غیرمجاز، بخشی از طرح پیشگیری است.»
Lastly, consider دفع (daf'), which means 'repelling' or 'warding off'. This is often used for warding off evil, danger, or insects. While پیشگیری is a process, دفع is a single act of pushing something away. Understanding these subtle differences—from the proactive 'pishgiri' to the reactive 'jologiri' and the formal 'momaane'at'—will significantly elevate your Persian fluency.
How Formal Is It?
难度评级
需要掌握的语法
Compound Verbs with 'Kardan'
The Preposition 'Az'
Ezafe Construction in Noun Phrases
Nominalization of Verbs
Passive Voice in Formal Persian
按水平分级的例句
پیشگیری از بیماری مهم است.
Prevention of disease is important.
Simple subject + 'az' + noun.
شستن دستها یک راه پیشگیری است.
Washing hands is a way of prevention.
Gerund as subject.
برای پیشگیری، میوه بخور.
For prevention, eat fruit.
Imperative sentence.
او به پیشگیری فکر میکند.
He thinks about prevention.
Present continuous concept.
پیشگیری ارزان است.
Prevention is cheap.
Simple adjective predicate.
این کتاب درباره پیشگیری است.
This book is about prevention.
Prepositional phrase.
ما به پیشگیری نیاز داریم.
We need prevention.
Verb 'niyaz dashtan'.
پیشگیری یعنی دوری از خطر.
Prevention means staying away from danger.
Definition structure.
ما باید از حوادث پیشگیری کنیم.
We must prevent accidents.
Modal 'bayad' + compound verb.
او برای پیشگیری از سرماخوردگی دارو خورد.
He took medicine to prevent a cold.
Past tense + purpose clause.
آیا پیشگیری از این مشکل ممکن است؟
Is prevention of this problem possible?
Interrogative with 'momken'.
ورزش راهی برای پیشگیری از چاقی است.
Exercise is a way to prevent obesity.
Noun phrase as complement.
آنها طرحی برای پیشگیری دارند.
They have a plan for prevention.
Possessive 'dashtan'.
پیشگیری از آتشسوزی در جنگل لازم است.
Prevention of fire in the forest is necessary.
Adjective 'lazem'.
او همیشه به پیشگیری اهمیت میدهد.
He always gives importance to prevention.
Compound verb 'ahamiyat dadan'.
این واکسن برای پیشگیری از کرونا است.
This vaccine is for the prevention of Corona.
Prepositional 'baraye'.
آموزش بهترین راه برای پیشگیری از اعتیاد است.
Education is the best way to prevent addiction.
Superlative adjective 'behtarin'.
دولت برنامههای جدیدی برای پیشگیری از جرم دارد.
The government has new programs for crime prevention.
Plural noun with 'haye'.
پیشگیری از آلودگی هوا وظیفه همه ماست.
Preventing air pollution is the duty of all of us.
Compound noun as subject.
او در مورد روشهای پیشگیری تحقیق میکند.
He is researching prevention methods.
Present progressive.
باید از وقوع چنین اشتباهاتی پیشگیری کرد.
One must prevent the occurrence of such mistakes.
Impersonal 'bayad' + past participle.
این نرمافزار از ورود ویروس پیشگیری میکند.
This software prevents viruses from entering.
Active voice, present tense.
پیشگیری از سیل با ساخت سد ممکن شد.
Prevention of flooding became possible by building a dam.
Passive-like structure with 'shod'.
او برای پیشگیری از بحث، سکوت کرد.
He kept silent to prevent an argument.
Purpose clause with 'baraye'.
استراتژیهای پیشگیری باید در اولویت قرار گیرند.
Prevention strategies must be prioritized.
Passive voice 'gharar girand'.
پیشگیری وضعیتی میتواند نرخ جرم را کاهش دهد.
Situational prevention can reduce the crime rate.
Modal 'tavanestan'.
عدم پیشگیری به موقع منجر به فاجعه شد.
Lack of timely prevention led to a disaster.
Negative noun 'adam-e'.
او مقالهای در مورد پیشگیری ثانویه نوشت.
He wrote an article about secondary prevention.
Technical terminology.
این قانون با هدف پیشگیری از فساد تصویب شد.
This law was passed with the aim of preventing corruption.
Goal-oriented phrase 'ba hadaf-e'.
پیشگیری از دیابت نیازمند تغییر در سبک زندگی است.
Preventing diabetes requires a change in lifestyle.
Participle 'niyazmand'.
پلیس پیشگیری نقش مهمی در امنیت شهر دارد.
The prevention police play an important role in city security.
Specific institutional name.
ما باید از گسترش شایعات پیشگیری کنیم.
We must prevent the spread of rumors.
Abstract object.
پیشگیری از جرم مستلزم همکاری بینبخشی است.
Crime prevention requires inter-sectoral cooperation.
Formal verb 'mostalzem ast'.
رویکردهای نوین به پیشگیری بر جامعهمحوری تاکید دارند.
Modern approaches to prevention emphasize community-centeredness.
Complex subject with plural 'ha'.
تبیین سیاستهای پیشگیری از اولویتهای نظام سلامت است.
Explaining prevention policies is among the priorities of the health system.
Gerund 'tabyin' as head of phrase.
او به بررسی ابعاد حقوقی پیشگیری از جرم پرداخت.
He addressed the legal dimensions of crime prevention.
Auxiliary 'pardakhtan' for starting an action.
پیشگیری کیفری به تنهایی برای کاهش جرم کافی نیست.
Punitive prevention alone is not enough to reduce crime.
Adverbial 'be tanhayi'.
در این پژوهش، کارآمدی مدلهای پیشگیری ارزیابی شده است.
In this research, the efficiency of prevention models has been evaluated.
Present perfect passive.
پیشگیری از بحرانهای مالی نیازمند نظارت دقیق است.
Preventing financial crises requires precise supervision.
Abstract compound noun.
سیاستگذاران باید به پیشگیری رشدمدار توجه کنند.
Policymakers should pay attention to developmental prevention.
Specialized terminology 'roshd-modar'.
پیشگیری، به مثابه سپری در برابر ناملایمات روزگار است.
Prevention is like a shield against the adversities of time.
Literary 'be masabe-ye' (as/like).
تقابل میان پیشگیری و درمان، بنمایه بسیاری از مباحث فلسفی است.
The contrast between prevention and cure is the theme of many philosophical debates.
Abstract contrast 'taghabol'.
اعمال تدابیر پیشگیرانه، ضامن بقای اکوسیستمهای حساس است.
Implementing preventive measures is the guarantor of the survival of sensitive ecosystems.
Formal 'zamen-e bagha' (guarantor of survival).
پیشگیری از زوال فرهنگی، رسالتی خطیر بر دوش نخبگان است.
Preventing cultural decay is a grave mission on the shoulders of the elite.
Metaphorical language.
جامعهشناسی پیشگیری، به تحلیل ساختارهای مولد خطر میپردازد.
The sociology of prevention analyzes the structures that generate risk.
Academic discipline naming.
عدم کفایت اقدامات پیشگیرانه، منجر به خسران جبرانناپذیر گشت.
The inadequacy of preventive measures resulted in irreparable loss.
Archaic/Formal 'gasht' instead of 'shod'.
پیشگیری از استبداد، در گرو آگاهی و بیداری آحاد ملت است.
Prevention of tyranny depends on the awareness and awakening of the nation's individuals.
Idiomatic 'dar gerov-e' (depends on).
پارادایم پیشگیری در هزاره سوم، تحولی بنیادین یافته است.
The prevention paradigm in the third millennium has undergone a fundamental transformation.
High-level academic 'paradigm'.
常见搭配
常用短语
容易混淆的词
习语与表达
— One must treat the event before it happens (Prevention is key).
— Prevention is better than cure.
— To block the way (related to prevention).
— To see the well even with closed eyes (Foresight/Prevention).
— To cut from the root (Preventing from the source).
— Staying away from calamity.
— To do something firmly to prevent future failure.
— To act beforehand/To forestall.
— To stop the water at the source (Total prevention).
— Thinking about the end (Preventive thinking).
容易混淆
句型
词族
相关
如何使用
The object with 'az' usually comes before the word 'pishgiri' when used with 'kardan'.
In technical fields, 'pishgiri' is preferred over 'jologiri'.
- Saying 'pishgiri jorm' instead of 'pishgiri az jorm'.
- Confusing 'pishgiri' with 'pish-bini'.
- Using 'baraye' instead of 'az' for the object.
- Using 'dashtan' instead of 'kardan' for the action.
- Misspelling 'giri' as 'gir'.
小贴士
The 'Az' Rule
Always remember 'Pishgiri AZ...'. Without 'az', the sentence is incomplete.
Adjective Use
Use 'pishgirane' for 'preventive measures' (eghdamat-e pishgirane).
Proverbs
Memorize 'Pishgiri behtar az darman ast'. It's used in many contexts.
Pronunciation
Don't rush the 'ee' sounds. It's pish-gee-ree.
Formal Verbs
In reports, use 'be'amal avardan' as the auxiliary verb.
News Keywords
When you hear 'pishgiri', expect topics like health, crime, or weather.
Visualizing
Visualize a shield whenever you say this word.
Pish vs Jolo
Use 'Pish' for planning, 'Jolo' for stopping something in motion.
Safety First
In workplaces, look for 'Vahed-e Pishgiri' (Prevention Unit).
Health
Use it when talking about vitamins or exercise.
记住它
记忆技巧
Imagine you are 'Giri' (getting) a 'Pish' (front) seat to stop a movie from ending badly. You take the front seat to control the outcome.
词源
Persian
文化背景
Discussing health prevention is a common conversation starter among elders.
The proverb 'Pishgiri behtar az darman ast' is used in politics, family advice, and business.
Islamic teachings often emphasize preventing harm (daf-e zarar) as a primary duty.
在生活中练习
真实语境
对话开场白
"به نظر شما بهترین راه برای پیشگیری از سرماخوردگی چیست؟"
"چگونه میتوانیم از آلودگی هوا پیشگیری کنیم؟"
"آیا دولت در پیشگیری از جرم موفق بوده است؟"
"شما برای پیشگیری از استرس چه کارهایی انجام میدهید؟"
"چرا پیشگیری همیشه ارزانتر از درمان است؟"
日记主题
یک خاطره بنویسید که در آن پیشگیری باعث شد از یک مشکل بزرگ نجات پیدا کنید.
درباره اهمیت پیشگیری در حفظ محیط زیست تحقیق کنید و نظرتان را بنویسید.
چگونه میتوانیم از سوءتفاهم در روابط دوستانه پیشگیری کنیم؟
常见问题
10 个问题Pishgiri is proactive (before), while Jologiri can be reactive (during/after).
Yes, when you specify what is being prevented, you must use 'az'.
It is used in both formal and informal Persian, but it is the standard term in professional fields.
Yes, 'pishgiri az bardari' is the standard term.
The adjective form is 'pishgirane' (preventive).
Yes, it is made of 'pish' and 'giri'.
Pishgiri az jorm.
Yes, 'pishgiri az atash-suzi'.
Yes, 'pishgiri-ha', used when referring to various types of prevention.
There is no direct single-word opposite, but 'ijad' (creation) or 'tashvigh' (encouragement) of a problem are contextual opposites.
自我测试 187 个问题
/ 187 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
The word 'پیشگیری' (pishgiri) is the cornerstone of proactive living in Persian. It emphasizes the wisdom of foresight, suggesting that small actions taken today can avert significant disasters tomorrow, encapsulated in the proverb 'Prevention is better than cure'.
- Pishgiri means prevention; taking action before a problem occurs.
- It is a compound noun: Pish (before) + Giri (taking/catching).
- Essential in health, law, and safety contexts in Persian.
- Always use the preposition 'az' (from) with this word.
The 'Az' Rule
Always remember 'Pishgiri AZ...'. Without 'az', the sentence is incomplete.
Adjective Use
Use 'pishgirane' for 'preventive measures' (eghdamat-e pishgirane).
Proverbs
Memorize 'Pishgiri behtar az darman ast'. It's used in many contexts.
Pronunciation
Don't rush the 'ee' sounds. It's pish-gee-ree.
例句
پیشگیری بهتر از درمان است.
相关内容
更多society词汇
اعضا
A2团体成员或身体的四肢。
عادالانه
B1公正地；公平地。 '他公正地（عادلانه）分配了财产。'
عادل
B1基于正确或合理的；公正且公平的。
عادلانه
A2根据规则或法律平等地对待人。公平的分配是社会稳定的基石。
اعتماد به نفس
B1Self-confident; feeling trust in one's abilities, qualities, and judgment.
اعتراض
B1抗议或反对。
اعتراض کردن
A1表示反对或不同意；抗议。
اعتیاد
B1成瘾是指对某种物质或活动的依赖状态。
اعتیاد پیدا کردن
B1上瘾；对某种物质或活动产生依赖。他玩游戏上瘾了。
عدالت
A1正义是指在道德和法律上公平正直的原则。
