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波斯语
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رد کردن

A1 verb #1,800 最常用 3分钟阅读

رد کردن

rad kardan 前1,800

At the A1 level, 'رد کردن' (rad kardan) is primarily used for two things: declining a simple offer and passing an object. Imagine you are at a friend's house and they offer you more food. You might say 'Na, mamnun' (No, thanks), but in a description, you would say 'Man ghaza ra rad kardam' (I rejected/declined the food). It is also used for the physical act of passing something, like 'Pass the water.' It is one of the first compound verbs learners encounter because 'kardan' is the most common light verb in Persian. At this stage, focus on the present and simple past tenses. Don't worry about the complex legal or philosophical meanings yet. Just remember: Rad kardan = To say no to something or to pass something along.

At the A2 level, you begin to use 'رد کردن' in the context of movement and simple bureaucracy. You might 'rad kardan' a street (though 'rad shodan' is more common for the person crossing, 'rad kardan' can be used for the vehicle passing a point). You also start to see it in school contexts, such as a teacher rejecting an assignment or a student failing to accept a suggestion. You should be able to use it with the object marker 'ra' consistently. For example: 'U pishnahad-e mara rad kard' (He rejected my suggestion). You also learn to distinguish it from 'ghabul kardan' (to accept).

At the B1 level, the verb takes on more administrative and social weight. You use it to talk about job applications being rejected, visa denials, or refusing to participate in an event. You also start to see the nuances of 'passing' in a metaphorical sense, like passing a deadline. You should be comfortable using it in the subjunctive mood: 'Nemikhaham pishnahad-ash ra rad konam' (I don't want to reject his offer). This level requires understanding the difference between formal 'rad kardan' and more colloquial ways of saying 'no'.

At the B2 level, 'رد کردن' is used in academic and professional debates. You 'rad kardan' a theory, a hypothesis, or an argument. It implies a level of reasoning behind the rejection. You will also see it in literature and news reports where a spokesperson 'rad kardan' (denies/rejects) rumors. You should be able to use it in complex sentences with relative clauses. For example: 'Dalayeli ke u baraye rad kardan-e in tarh avard, ghaney-konandeh nabud' (The reasons he brought for rejecting this plan were not convincing).

At the C1 level, you explore the philosophical and subtle uses of 'رد کردن'. This includes the 'tracing' aspect of the root 'rad'. While 'rad kardan' usually means reject, in certain classical or highly technical contexts, it can relate to following a trail. You also use it to describe the rejection of societal norms or complex ideologies. The distinction between 'rad kardan' and 'takzib kardan' (denying a claim) becomes crucial here. You are expected to use it with high-level vocabulary and in various registers, from legal documents to poetic prose.

At the C2 level, you have mastered the total semantic range of 'رد کردن'. You understand its use in historical texts, legal precedents, and the most nuanced social interactions. You can use it to describe the 'passing' of time in a literary sense or the 'rejection' of one's own past. You are also aware of idiomatic expressions and rare compound forms where 'rad' acts as a prefix or part of a larger complex predicate. Your usage is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker, utilizing the verb to convey subtle shades of dismissal, transit, and negation.

开始练习例句笔记与提示

رد کردن 30秒了解

Rad kardan means to reject or refuse something.
It can also mean to pass an object or cross a boundary.
It is a compound verb using 'kardan' as the light verb.
It is the opposite of 'ghabul kardan' (to accept).

The Persian compound verb رد کردن (rad kardan) is a multifaceted gem in the Iranian linguistic landscape. At its core, it signifies the act of 'passing,' 'rejecting,' or 'crossing.' In the context of an A1 learner, it most frequently appears when one is declining an offer—like saying no to a second cup of tea—or when physically crossing a boundary like a street. However, its semantic depth extends far beyond these simple actions, touching upon legal rejections, academic failures, and even the physical act of moving something past a point.

Primary Meaning: Rejection: To decline, refuse, or veto an offer, suggestion, or application. This is the most common usage in social and administrative settings.
Secondary Meaning: Passing/Crossing: To physically move across a space, such as a street (khiyaban) or a border (marz). It can also mean to pass an object to someone else.
Tertiary Meaning: Filtering/Vetting: In more advanced contexts, it refers to the process of weeding out candidates or ideas that do not meet specific criteria.

من پیشنهاد شغلی را رد کردم چون حقوقش کم بود.

Translation: I rejected the job offer because the salary was low.

ما از خیابان اصلی رد شدیم (Note: passive/intransitive form often used for 'passing').

داور گل را رد کرد.

Translation: The referee disallowed (rejected) the goal.

او تمام سوالات سخت را رد کرد.

Translation: He skipped (passed over) all the difficult questions.

لطفاً نمک را به من رد کن.

Translation: Please pass the salt to me (Informal/Colloquial).

Using رد کردن requires an understanding of Persian compound verb structures. It consists of the non-verbal element 'rad' (track/trace/passing) and the light verb 'kardan' (to do/make). To conjugate it, you only change the 'kardan' part.

Present Tense: I reject: من رد می‌کنم (Man rad mikonam). You reject: تو رد می‌کنی (To rad mikoni).
Past Tense: I rejected: من رد کردم (Man rad kardam). They rejected: آن‌ها رد کردند (Anha rad kardand).

When you are rejecting something specific, you usually use the object marker 'ra' (را). For example, 'I rejected the invitation' becomes 'Man davat-nameh ra rad kardam.'

آیا تو این نظریه را رد می‌کنی؟

Translation: Do you reject this theory?

You will encounter رد کردن in a variety of environments, from the mundane to the highly formal. In a Persian household, you might hear it during dinner. In a courtroom, you'll hear it regarding evidence. On the news, it's used for diplomatic rejections.

In the Kitchen: 'Beshghab ra rad kon' (Pass the plate). Here it is used colloquially for passing objects.
In the News: 'Vezarat-e khareje in edea ra rad kard' (The Foreign Ministry rejected this claim).

The most frequent error for learners is confusing رد کردن (Active) with رد شدن (Passive/Intransitive). If you say 'Man dar emtehan rad kardam,' it sounds like you rejected the exam itself. If you want to say you failed the exam, you must say 'Man dar emtehan rad shodam.'

نپذیرفتن (Na-pazir-oftan): To not accept. More formal than 'rad kardan'.
تکذیب کردن (Takzib kardan): To deny or refute a statement or news.

How Formal Is It?

正式

非正式

难度评级

需要掌握的语法

按水平分级的例句

من چای را رد کردم.

I rejected the tea.

Simple past tense: rad + kardam.

لطفاً نان را رد کن.

Please pass the bread.

Imperative: rad + kon.

او هدیه را رد کرد.

He rejected the gift.

Subject (He) + Object (Gift) + Verb.

ما پیشنهاد را رد می‌کنیم.

We reject the offer.

Present continuous: rad + mikonim.

آیا تو کمک را رد کردی؟

Did you reject the help?

Question form in past tense.

آن‌ها آب را رد کردند.

They passed the water.

Third person plural past.

من این غذا را رد نمی‌کنم.

I don't reject this food.

Negative present: rad + nemikonam.

کتاب را به من رد کن.

Pass the book to me.

Imperative with preposition 'be'.

ماشین از چراغ قرمز رد کرد.

The car passed the red light.

Usage for traffic violations.

معلم مشق مرا رد کرد.

The teacher rejected my homework.

Academic context.

او دعوتِ مهمانی را رد کرد.

She rejected the party invitation.

Social context.

ما باید از این کوچه رد کنیم.

We must pass through this alley.

Modal verb 'bayad' + subjunctive.

او پول را رد کرد.

He rejected the money.

Simple past.

آیا نامه را رد کردی؟

Did you pass the letter?

Passing an object.

من درخواست او را رد کردم.

I rejected his request.

Formal request.

او از خط پایان رد کرد.

He crossed the finish line.

Crossing a boundary.

بانک درخواست وام را رد کرد.

The bank rejected the loan request.

Institutional usage.

او تمام اتهامات را رد کرد.

He rejected all the accusations.

Legal/Formal context.

نمی‌توانم این فرصت را رد کنم.

I cannot reject this opportunity.

Negative modal.

مدیر طرح جدید را رد کرد.

The manager rejected the new plan.

Business context.

آن‌ها مرز را به صورت غیرقانونی رد کردند.

They crossed the border illegally.

Crossing a border.

او پیشنهاد ازدواج را رد کرد.

She rejected the marriage proposal.

Personal context.

داور گل را به دلیل آفساید رد کرد.

The referee rejected the goal due to offside.

Sports context.

من سعی کردم او را از تصمیمش رد کنم.

I tried to dissuade him from his decision (Note: rare usage).

Nuanced usage.

شورای نگهبان صلاحیت او را رد کرد.

The Guardian Council rejected his eligibility.

Political terminology.

دانشمندان این فرضیه را رد کرده‌اند.

Scientists have rejected this hypothesis.

Present perfect tense.

او با قاطعیت شایعات را رد کرد.

He firmly rejected the rumors.

Adverbial usage.

دادگاه تجدیدنظر حکم را رد کرد.

The appeals court rejected the verdict.

Legal terminology.

ما نباید ارزش‌های سنتی را کاملاً رد کنیم.

We should not completely reject traditional values.

Sociological context.

او از مرحله‌ی مقدماتی رد کرد.

He passed the preliminary stage.

Competition context.

نویسنده انتقادات را رد کرد.

The author rejected the criticisms.

Literary context.

او از چراغ‌های زیادی رد کرد تا به اینجا برسد.

He passed many lights (obstacles) to get here.

Metaphorical usage.

فلسفه‌ی او مبانی اخلاق مدرن را رد می‌کند.

His philosophy rejects the foundations of modern ethics.

Philosophical context.

او هرگونه دخالت در این ماجرا را رد کرد.

He rejected any involvement in this affair.

Complex object.

این نظریه توسط شواهد جدید رد شده است.

This theory has been rejected by new evidence.

Passive voice construction.

او با رد کردن این پیشنهاد، پل‌های پشت سرش را خراب کرد.

By rejecting this offer, he burned his bridges.

Gerund usage (rad kardan as a noun).

جامعه‌شناسان این مدل توسعه را رد می‌کنند.

Sociologists reject this development model.

Academic plural.

او از تمام خط قرمزها رد کرد.

He crossed all the red lines.

Idiomatic boundary crossing.

رد کردن این ادعا نیازمند مدارک بیشتری است.

Rejecting this claim requires more documents.

Infinitive as subject.

او با ظرافت تمام، درخواست آن‌ها را رد کرد.

With total subtlety, he rejected their request.

Nuanced adverbial phrase.

او در کتاب خود، تمامیت ارضی آن کشور را رد کرد.

In his book, he rejected the territorial integrity of that country.

High-level political discourse.

این پارادایم علمی به تدریج رد شد.

This scientific paradigm was gradually rejected.

Passive past.

او با رد کردن تعلقات مادی، به عرفان روی آورد.

By rejecting material attachments, he turned to mysticism.

Spiritual context.

رد کردنِ مطلقِ سنت، به معنای بی‌هویتی است.

Absolute rejection of tradition means identitylessness.

Philosophical subject.

او از سدِ تمام مشکلات رد کرد.

He passed through the barrier of all problems.

Metaphorical barrier.

دولت لایحه‌ی پیشنهادی را رد کرد.

The government rejected the proposed bill.

Legislative terminology.

او با نگاهی سرد، سلام مرا رد کرد.

With a cold look, he rejected (ignored) my greeting.

Social rejection.

رد کردنِ این واقعیت، تغییری در آن ایجاد نمی‌کند.

Rejecting this reality doesn't create a change in it.

Existential context.

常见搭配

پیشنهاد را رد کردن

درخواست را رد کردن

اتهام را رد کردن

شایعه را رد کردن

فرضیه را رد کردن

دعوت را رد کردن

هدیه را رد کردن

مرز را رد کردن

چراغ قرمز را رد کردن

امتحان را رد کردن (to fail someone)

常用短语

دست رد به سینه کسی زدن

رد کردن و رفتن

از حد رد کردن

رد کردنِ صلاحیت

رد کردنِ لایحه

رد کردنِ توپ

رد کردنِ نوبت

رد کردنِ مسئولیت

رد کردنِ ادعا

رد کردنِ کمک

容易混淆的词

رد کردن vs رد شدن (to pass/fail)

رد کردن vs قبول کردن (to accept)

رد کردن vs تردید کردن (to doubt)

习语与表达

容易混淆

رد کردن vs رد شدن

Intransitive/Passive (to pass through or be rejected).

رد کردن vs قبول کردن

The exact opposite (to accept).

رد کردن vs تکذیب کردن

Specifically for denying news or claims.

رد کردن vs نپذیرفتن

More formal version of rejection.

رد کردن vs صرف‌نظر کردن

To change one's mind or waive something.

句型

如何使用

nuance

'Rad kardan' is more common than 'Napaziroftan' in daily speech.

caution

Don't use it for 'passing' an exam (that's 'ghabul shodan'). 'Rad shodan' means failing an exam.

常见错误

Using 'rad kardam' to mean 'I failed an exam' (should be 'rad shodam').
Forgetting 'ra' with specific objects.
Confusing 'rad' with 'radd' (trace) in some contexts.
Using 'rad kardan' for 'passing away' (should be 'fot kardan').
Mispronouncing the 'a' as a long 'aa'.

小贴士

Conjugation

Only conjugate the 'kardan' part. The 'rad' stays the same.

Ta'arof

Rejecting an offer is often a sign of respect, not necessarily a final 'no'.

Opposites

Learn it alongside 'ghabul kardan' (to accept) to remember both.

Objects

Don't forget the 'ra' (را) when rejecting a specific thing.

Short 'a'

The 'a' in 'rad' is a short vowel, like 'cat'.

Formal

In formal letters, 'rad' is used for rejecting applications.

Fail vs Pass

Remember: Rad shodan = Fail (exam). Ghabul shodan = Pass (exam).

Politeness

Add 'mamnun' or 'motashakkeram' after rejecting an offer.

Compound

Write 'rad' and 'kardan' as two separate words or with a half-space.

Speed

In fast speech, 'rad mikonam' sounds like 'rad-mikonam'.

记住它

词源

Arabic root 'R-D-D' (to return/repel) + Persian 'kardan'.

文化背景

Crucial in the dance of refusal and acceptance.

Used in official government rejections (e.g., election candidates).

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"چرا پیشنهاد او را رد کردی؟"

"آیا تا به حال هدیه‌ای را رد کرده‌ای؟"

"چطور می‌توانم مودبانه یک دعوت را رد کنم؟"

"آیا بانک درخواست تو را رد کرد؟"

"چرا داور آن گل را رد کرد؟"

日记主题

یک بار که پیشنهادی را رد کردی توصیف کن.

چرا بعضی‌ها نمی‌توانند به دیگران 'نه' بگویند و درخواست‌ها را رد کنند؟

اگر یک فرصت بزرگ را رد کنی، چه احساسی خواهی داشت؟

常见问题

10 个问题

No, 'rad shodan' means to fail an exam. To pass an exam, you use 'ghabul shodan'.

You can say 'Namak ra rad kon' in an informal setting.

Yes, but in Ta'arof, you often use softer phrases like 'ghabel nadare' before eventually accepting or rejecting.

The present stem is 'rad kon'.

Yes, you can say 'az khiyaban rad kard' meaning he crossed the street.

'Rad kardan' is general rejection; 'takzib' is specifically denying a statement is true.

The first part 'rad' is Arabic, but the verb is Persian.

Yes, 'soal ra rad kard' means he skipped the question.

You say 'Man rad shodam'.

It is introduced at A1 for basic meanings but used up to C2.