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B1 verb 9分钟阅读

गुम करना

To lose, to misplace, to no longer have something.

gum karna
At the A1 level, you should know that 'gum karnā' means 'to lose.' You will mostly use it for simple things you carry, like a pen (pen), a book (kitāb), or a bag (bastā). You might hear a teacher say 'Don't lose this!' (Ise gum mat karnā). At this stage, focus on the basic meaning: something was with you, and now it is not because you misplaced it. It's a useful word for basic needs like 'I lost my room key' (Maine kamre ki chabi gum kar di).
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At A2, you begin to use 'gum karnā' in different tenses. You learn that in the past tense, you say 'Maine gum kiyā' (I lost). You also start to distinguish it from 'gum honā' (to be lost). You can use it to describe daily mishaps, such as losing a phone or a bus ticket. You understand that it's a compound verb where 'gum' is the adjective part and 'karnā' is the action. You can form simple negative sentences like 'I did not lose your money' (Maine tumhāre paise gum nahīñ kiye).
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As a B1 learner, you use 'gum karnā' with more confidence in complex sentences. You understand the 'ne' rule for past tense transitive verbs and ensure the verb agrees with the object's gender and number. You can use it for slightly more abstract things like 'losing the way' (rāstā gum karnā) or 'losing one's peace' (chayn gum karnā). You are also familiar with the compound form 'gum kar denā,' which adds a sense of completion or accidentality to the action. You can use it in conditional sentences like 'If you lose it, I will be angry.'
At B2, you recognize the subtle differences between 'gum karnā,' 'khonā,' and 'gaṅvānā.' You use 'gum karnā' specifically for misplacing items or when the loss is due to negligence. You can follow fast-paced conversations where this word is used colloquially. You also understand its use in news reports or announcements at public places. You can use it in the passive voice or with modal verbs, such as 'It should not have been lost' (Ise gum nahīñ kiyā jānā chāhiye thā).
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At the C1 level, you are aware of the Persian roots of 'gum' and how it integrates into Hindi. You can use 'gum karnā' in sophisticated ways, such as in literature or formal debates to describe losing focus, losing one's identity, or losing evidence. You understand the nuances of register and know when to use 'gum karnā' versus the more formal 'kho denā.' You can pick up on the emotional weight the word might carry in a story, such as a character losing their only memento of home.
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At C2, you have a native-like grasp of 'gum karnā.' You can use it metaphorically and idiomatically with ease. You understand its place in historical Hindi-Urdu poetry and modern slang. You can distinguish between its use in various dialects of Hindi across India. You are comfortable using it in any grammatical structure, including complex causative forms or archaic constructions. You can also explain the semantic shifts the word has undergone over time to other learners.
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例句

गुम करना 30秒了解

  • Gum karnā is a transitive Hindi verb meaning to lose or misplace an object.
  • It is a compound verb combining Persian 'gum' with Hindi 'karnā'.
  • In the past tense, it requires the 'ne' particle with the subject.
  • It differs from 'gum honā', which means 'to be lost' (passive state).

The Hindi verb गुम करना (gum karnā) is a transitive compound verb that primarily translates to 'to lose' or 'to misplace.' While the more common word for losing something is खोना (khonā), गुम करना carries a specific nuance of misplacing an object through a lack of care or making something disappear. It is derived from the Persian word 'gum' (missing/lost) combined with the Hindi auxiliary verb 'karnā' (to do). Understanding this word is essential for B1 learners because it appears frequently in colloquial speech, especially when discussing personal belongings, documents, or even abstract concepts like time.

Transitive Nature
Because it is a transitive verb, it implies an agent (the person who did the losing). In the past tense, it requires the ergative marker 'ne' with the subject. For example, 'Maine chabi gum kar di' (I lost the key).

सावधान रहो, कहीं तुम अपना पासपोर्ट गुम न कर दो। (Be careful, lest you lose your passport.)

In a social context, using गुम करना often implies a bit of frustration or a sense of mystery about where the object went. It is less 'final' than खोना in some dialects, suggesting the item might just be hidden or misplaced rather than gone forever. However, in standard Hindi, they are often interchangeable. You will hear parents scolding children with, "Tumne phir se apni pencil gum kar di?" (Did you lose your pencil again?).

Common Objects
This verb is most frequently paired with small, portable items: keys (चाबियाँ), wallets (बटुआ), mobile phones (फ़ोन), and documents (दस्तावेज़).

उसने भीड़ में अपना रास्ता गुम कर दिया। (He lost his way in the crowd.)

Beyond physical objects, the word can be used metaphorically. One can 'gum' their peace of mind or their direction in life, though this is more poetic. In daily life, it is the 'oops' verb. It’s what you say when you realize your umbrella isn't in your hand anymore. It bridges the gap between 'I don't know where it is' and 'I am responsible for its absence.'

Register
It is neutral to slightly informal. In highly formal legal documents, 'khonā' or 'kho jānā' might be preferred, but in business and daily conversation, 'gum karnā' is perfectly acceptable.

क्या आपने मेरी फाइल गुम कर दी है? (Have you lost my file?)

बच्चे अक्सर अपने खिलौने गुम कर देते हैं। (Children often lose their toys.)

Using गुम करना correctly requires attention to the tense and the relationship between the subject and the object. Since it is a 'karnā' (to do) verb, it is active. If you want to say something 'got lost' (passive/intransitive), you would use गुम होना (gum honā). This distinction is vital for English speakers who use 'lost' for both 'I lost my keys' and 'My keys are lost.'

Past Tense (Perfective)
In the past, use 'ne' with the subject. The verb agrees with the object. 'Maine (Subject) kitāb (Object) gum kar dī (Verb - feminine agreement with kitāb).'

राहुल ने अपना कीमती समय गुम कर दिया। (Rahul lost/wasted his precious time.)

When giving commands or advice, गुम करना is often used with 'mat' (don't). For example, "Apnā sāmān gum mat karnā" (Don't lose your luggage). This is a common phrase heard at railway stations or airports in India.

Future Tense
Agreement is with the subject. 'Main chabi gum karūngā' (I will lose the key - masculine speaker) or 'Main chabi gum karūngī' (feminine speaker).

अगर तुम ध्यान नहीं दोगे, तो तुम अपना रास्ता गुम कर दोगे। (If you don't pay attention, you will lose your way.)

The verb can also be used in continuous tenses, though it's rarer because 'losing' is usually an instantaneous event. However, you might say, "Tum hamesha kuch na kuch gum karte rehte ho" (You are always losing something or the other), which describes a habit.

क्या तुमने मेरा पेन गुम कर दिया? (Did you lose my pen?)

In questions, the placement of 'kyā' at the beginning makes it a yes/no question. If you want to ask 'where' something was lost, you would use 'kahāñ'. "Tumne chabi kahāñ gum kar dī?" (Where did you lose the key?).

Negative Sentences
Simply add 'nahīñ' before the verb. 'Maine tumhārā patra gum nahīñ kiyā' (I did not lose your letter).

चिंता मत करो, मैं तुम्हारी किताब गुम नहीं करूँगा। (Don't worry, I won't lose your book.)

Using 'gum karnā' in the subjunctive mood expresses possibility: "Shāyad usne paise gum kar diye hon" (Perhaps he has lost the money). This is useful for speculating about missing items.

You will encounter गुम करना in a variety of everyday Indian settings. One of the most common places is within the family home. Indian mothers are famous for asking children if they have 'gummed' their school sweaters or water bottles. It's a word of domestic accountability.

Public Announcements
At railway stations (रेलवे स्टेशन) or bus stands, you might hear announcements about 'gumshudā' (missing) items or people. While 'gumshudā' is the adjective, the act of losing is described as 'gum karnā' in the reports filed at the 'Lost and Found' (खोया-पाया) desk.

टिकट गुम करने पर आपको जुर्माना देना पड़ सकता है। (On losing the ticket, you might have to pay a fine.)

In the workplace, it’s used when files or digital data go missing. A boss might ask a clerk, "Tumne meri zaruri file kahāñ gum kar dī?" (Where did you lose my important file?). It implies a mistake that needs fixing.

In Bollywood and Music
Songs often use 'gum' to describe being lost in love or losing one's heart. While 'gum honā' (to be lost) is more common in lyrics (e.g., 'Gum hai kisi ke pyar mein'), 'gum karnā' can appear when describing losing one's senses or 'hosh'.

उसकी बातों ने मेरे होश गुम कर दिए। (Her words made me lose my senses/wits.)

In news reports, specifically regarding crime or accidents, you'll see this word. If a suspect 'loses' their trail or if evidence is 'lost' by the police, 'gum karnā' or its variations are used to describe the action.

क्या आपने कभी यात्रा के दौरान अपना सामान गुम किया है? (Have you ever lost your luggage during travel?)

Finally, in school settings, teachers often warn students: "Apni copy gum mat karna" (Don't lose your notebook). It's a word of caution and responsibility.

Shopping
If you lose a receipt (रसीद), the shopkeeper might say, "Aapne raseed gum kar di, ab exchange nahi hoga" (You lost the receipt, now there will be no exchange).

उसने जानबूझकर सबूत गुम कर दिए। (He intentionally lost/destroyed the evidence.)

One of the biggest hurdles for English speakers is the distinction between गुम करना (gum karnā) and गुम होना (gum honā). In English, 'I lost my keys' and 'My keys are lost' both use a form of 'lost,' but in Hindi, the former is active (karnā) and the latter is passive/state (honā).

Mistake 1: Wrong Auxiliary
Saying 'Main gum ho gayā' when you mean 'I lost something.' 'Gum honā' means YOU are lost. If you lost an object, you must use 'gum karnā' or 'kho denā'.

Incorrect: मैंने चाबी गुम हो गई।
Correct: मुझसे चाबी गुम हो गई (The key got lost by me) OR मैंने चाबी गुम कर दी (I lost the key).

Another common error is forgetting the 'ne' particle in the past tense. Since 'gum karnā' is transitive, the subject needs 'ne'. Beginners often say "Main gum kiyā" which is grammatically incomplete; it should be "Maine gum kiyā."

Mistake 2: Gender Agreement
In the past tense, the verb agrees with the object, not the speaker. If a man loses a feminine object (like a 'kitāb'), the verb must be 'gum kar dī', not 'gum kar diyā'.

उसने अपना रास्ता गुम कर दिया (Correct).
वह अपना रास्ता गुम हो गया (Incorrect - means 'He became the lost path').

Confusing 'gum' with 'gham' (sadness) is a phonetic mistake. While they sound slightly similar to a non-native ear, 'gum' (rhymes with 'room' but shorter) means lost, and 'gham' (rhymes with 'hum') means sorrow. Losing your 'gham' would be a good thing, but losing your 'gum' makes no sense!

Mistake 3: Overuse
Using 'gum karnā' for losing a game. In sports or games, use 'hārnā' (हारना). Saying 'Maine match gum kar diyā' is technically understandable but sounds very odd. Use 'Maine match hār diyā'.

बच्चे ने खिलौना गुम कर दिया। (Correct usage for physical objects.)

Hindi has several words for the concept of losing or misplacing. Choosing the right one depends on the register and the nature of the loss.

खोना (Khonā)
The most common and versatile word. It can be used for physical objects, people, and abstract things (like time or hope). 'Gum karnā' is a bit more specific to misplacing things.
गँवाना (Gaṅvānā)
This means to waste or lose an opportunity, money, or time. It implies a sense of regret or foolishness. You wouldn't 'gaṅvānā' your keys, but you might 'gaṅvānā' a golden chance (सुनहरा मौका).

उसने अपनी सारी संपत्ति जुए में गँवा दी। (He lost/wasted all his property in gambling.)

Another alternative is भूल जाना (Bhūl jānā), which means 'to forget.' Often, when someone says they lost something, they actually mean they forgot it somewhere. "Main apna chashma ghar par bhūl gayā" (I forgot/left my glasses at home).

लापता होना (Lāpatā honā)
Specifically used for missing persons or things that have disappeared without a trace. It is more formal and often used in police reports.

जहाज समुद्र में लापता हो गया। (The ship went missing in the sea.)

In a poetic or high-literary context, you might see विस्मृत (Vismrit) for 'forgotten/lost to memory' or लुप्त (Lupt) for 'extinct/disappeared'. These are far too formal for daily life where 'gum karnā' reigns supreme.

मैंने अपनी पुरानी यादें कहीं गुम कर दी हैं। (I have lost my old memories somewhere.)

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按水平分级的例句

1

मैंने अपना पेन गुम कर दिया।

I lost my pen.

Past tense: 'Maine' (I + ne) + 'pen' (object) + 'gum kar diyā' (verb).

2

चाबी गुम मत करना।

Don't lose the key.

Imperative negative: 'mat' is used for 'don't'.

3

क्या तुमने किताब गुम कर दी?

Did you lose the book?

Question form with 'kyā' at the start.

4

वह अपना खिलौना गुम कर देगा।

He will lose his toy.

Future tense: 'kar degā' agrees with 'voh' (he).

5

मैंने पैसे गुम नहीं किए।

I did not lose the money.

Negative past tense: 'nahīñ' before the verb.

6

माँ, मैंने अपनी टोपी गुम कर दी।

Mom, I lost my hat.

Feminine object 'topī' makes the verb 'kar dī'.

7

अपना बैग गुम मत करो।

Don't lose your bag.

Informal imperative.

8

उसने मेरा नंबर गुम कर दिया।

He lost my number.

Transitive past tense.

1

बच्चे अक्सर अपनी चीज़ें गुम कर देते हैं।

Children often lose their things.

Habitual present tense: 'karte hain'.

2

क्या आपने मेरा पता गुम कर दिया है?

Have you lost my address?

Present perfect: 'kar diyā hai'.

3

सावधान! यहाँ सामान गुम मत करना।

Be careful! Don't lose luggage here.

Formal warning.

4

उसने भीड़ में अपनी चप्पल गुम कर दी।

She lost her slipper in the crowd.

Feminine object 'chappal' agreement.

5

मैं अपनी डायरी कभी गुम नहीं करता।

I never lose my diary.

Use of 'kabhī nahīñ' (never).

6

क्या तुमने अपना छाता बस में गुम कर दिया?

Did you lose your umbrella on the bus?

Locative 'bas mein' (in the bus).

7

उसने अपनी अंगूठी गुम कर दी थी।

She had lost her ring.

Past perfect: 'kar dī thī'.

8

हम अपना रास्ता गुम कर सकते हैं।

We might lose our way.

Modal verb 'sakte hain' (can/might).

1

अगर तुम ध्यान नहीं दोगे, तो तुम अपना मौका गुम कर दोगे।

If you don't pay attention, you will lose your chance.

Conditional sentence 'agar... toh'.

2

उसने गलती से ज़रूरी दस्तावेज़ गुम कर दिए।

He accidentally lost important documents.

Adverb 'galtī se' (by mistake).

3

क्या आपने कभी अपना पासपोर्ट गुम किया है?

Have you ever lost your passport?

Experience question using 'kabhī'.

4

वह हमेशा अपनी चाबियाँ कहीं न कहीं गुम कर देता है।

He always loses his keys somewhere or other.

Indefinite phrase 'kahīñ na kahīñ'.

5

मैंने अपना सारा डेटा गुम कर दिया क्योंकि मैंने बैकअप नहीं लिया था।

I lost all my data because I hadn't taken a backup.

Causal conjunction 'kyonki'.

6

तुम्हें अपना धैर्य गुम नहीं करना चाहिए।

You should not lose your patience.

Advice using 'chāhiye'.

7

उसने अपनी पहचान गुम कर दी और एक नया जीवन शुरू किया।

He lost (left behind) his identity and started a new life.

Abstract usage of 'gum karnā'.

8

पुलिस ने चोर का पीछा करते हुए उसका सुराग गुम कर दिया।

The police lost the thief's clue while chasing him.

Participle 'pīchhā karte hue'.

1

उसने अपनी मेहनत की कमाई एक पल में गुम कर दी।

He lost his hard-earned money in a moment.

Emphasis on 'mehnat kī kamāī'.

2

इतने बड़े शहर में कोई भी अपना रास्ता गुम कर सकता है।

Anyone can lose their way in such a big city.

Indefinite pronoun 'koī bhī'.

3

लेखक ने कहानी का मूल विचार कहीं गुम कर दिया।

The author lost the core idea of the story somewhere.

Metaphorical use for abstract ideas.

4

सरकार ने महत्वपूर्ण फाइलें गुम करने के आरोप में अधिकारी को निलंबित कर दिया।

The government suspended the officer on charges of losing important files.

Gerund 'gum karne ke ārop mein'.

5

क्या तुम्हें लगता है कि उसने जानबूझकर सबूत गुम किए हैं?

Do you think he has intentionally lost/hidden the evidence?

Subordinate clause with 'ki'.

6

बिना नक्शे के जंगल में रास्ता गुम करना आसान है।

It is easy to lose the way in the forest without a map.

Infinitive as subject 'rāstā gum karnā'.

7

उसने अपनी साख गुम कर दी जब उसका झूठ पकड़ा गया।

He lost his credibility when his lie was caught.

Abstract noun 'sākh' (credibility).

8

म्यूजियम ने अपनी सबसे पुरानी पेंटिंग गुम कर दी।

The museum lost its oldest painting.

Organization as subject.

1

आधुनिकता की दौड़ में हमने अपनी संस्कृति के कई पहलुओं को गुम कर दिया है।

In the race of modernity, we have lost many aspects of our culture.

Sociological/Formal context.

2

उसने अपनी भावनाओं पर नियंत्रण गुम कर दिया और चिल्लाने लगा।

He lost control over his emotions and started shouting.

Compound object 'bhāvnāoñ par niyantran'.

3

इतिहास की गहराइयों में कई सभ्यताएँ अपना अस्तित्व गुम कर चुकी हैं।

Many civilizations have lost their existence in the depths of history.

Perfective aspect 'kar chukī hain'.

4

न्यायाधीश ने कहा कि दस्तावेजों को गुम करना एक गंभीर अपराध है।

The judge said that losing documents is a serious crime.

Formal legal discourse.

5

उसने अपनी आवाज़ गुम कर दी थी, पर उसकी आँखों ने सब कुछ कह दिया।

She had lost her voice, but her eyes said everything.

Literary contrast.

6

वैज्ञानिकों को डर है कि हम जैव विविधता का एक बड़ा हिस्सा गुम कर देंगे।

Scientists fear that we will lose a large part of biodiversity.

Future predictive in formal context.

7

उसने अपने जीवन का उद्देश्य कहीं गुम कर दिया था।

He had lost the purpose of his life somewhere.

Philosophical usage.

8

क्या प्रशासन ने जनता का भरोसा गुम कर दिया है?

Has the administration lost the public's trust?

Political rhetorical question.

1

दार्शनिकों का मानना है कि स्वयं को पाने के लिए पहले स्वयं को गुम करना पड़ता है।

Philosophers believe that to find oneself, one must first lose oneself.

Paradoxical philosophical construction.

2

उसकी रचनाओं ने शब्दों के मायाजाल में अर्थ को कहीं गुम कर दिया।

His works lost the meaning somewhere in the web of words.

Literary criticism.

3

राजनीतिक उथल-पुथल में नैतिक मूल्यों को गुम करना एक आम बात हो गई है।

Losing moral values in political turmoil has become a common thing.

Complex gerund phrase as subject.

4

समय की धूल ने उन पुराने गीतों की धुनों को गुम कर दिया।

The dust of time lost (obscured) the tunes of those old songs.

Metaphorical personification of 'time'.

5

उसने अपनी स्मृति के गलियारों में उस चेहरे को कहीं गुम कर दिया था।

He had lost that face somewhere in the corridors of his memory.

High literary style.

6

क्या मानवता अपनी करुणा गुम करने की कगार पर है?

Is humanity on the verge of losing its compassion?

Rhetorical inquiry with 'kagār par' (on the verge).

7

उसने अपनी सत्ता के मद में अपनों का साथ गुम कर दिया।

In the intoxication of his power, he lost the support of his own people.

Nuanced use of 'mad' (intoxication/pride).

8

अक्सर हम बड़े लक्ष्यों के पीछे छोटे सुखों को गुम कर देते हैं।

Often we lose small pleasures in the pursuit of big goals.

Universal truth/Observation.

常见搭配

चाबी गुम करना
रास्ता गुम करना
पैसे गुम करना
वक्त गुम करना
फाइल गुम करना
होश गुम करना
किताब गुम करना
सबूत गुम करना
पता गुम करना
सामान गुम करना

常用短语

कुछ गुम करना

फिर से गुम करना

सब कुछ गुम करना

जानबूझकर गुम करना

कहीं गुम करना

गलती से गुम करना

अपना आपा गुम करना

धैर्य गुम करना

निशान गुम करना

अपना सब्र गुम करना

习语与表达

"होश गुम करना"

To be extremely shocked or frightened. Literally 'to lose one's senses'.

शेर को सामने देखकर उसके होश गुम हो गए।

Colloquial

"सुध-बुध गुम करना"

To lose all awareness of one's surroundings, often due to love or shock.

संगीत सुनते हुए उसने अपनी सुध-बुध गुम कर दी।

Literary

"रास्ता गुम करना"

To lose one's way or purpose in life.

बुरी संगति में पड़क

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