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मुड़ना

A2 verb #2,000 最常用 9分钟阅读

मुड़ना

mudna 前2,000

At the A1 level, 'muṛnā' is introduced as a basic movement verb. Students learn it primarily in the context of giving and receiving simple directions. Phrases like 'bāyeñ muṛo' (turn left) and 'dāyeñ muṛo' (turn right) are essential. The focus is on the imperative form and the present simple tense. Learners are taught to recognize the word in a sentence about a person or a vehicle changing direction. The concept of bending objects is usually secondary at this stage, as the priority is functional communication for navigation. Examples are kept simple, often involving a single subject and a direction.

At the A2 level, learners begin to use 'muṛnā' in the past tense ('muṛā', 'muṛī') and future tense ('muṛegā'). They start to understand that it is an intransitive verb and does not require the 'ne' particle, which is a significant grammatical milestone. The usage expands to include physical objects bending, such as 'taar muṛ gayā' (the wire bent). Compound verbs like 'muṛ jānā' are introduced to show completed actions. Learners also start to see the verb in slightly more complex sentences involving reasons or conditions, such as 'raasta band thā, isliye hum muṛ gaye' (the road was closed, so we turned).

By B1, students are expected to use 'muṛnā' fluently in various tenses and moods. They can distinguish clearly between 'muṛnā' (intransitive) and 'moṛnā' (transitive). They begin to encounter the verb in more descriptive contexts, such as in literature or news reports. Metaphorical uses might start to appear, like 'zindagi kā muṛnā' (life taking a turn). The use of 'muṛkar dekhnā' (to turn and look) becomes a common part of their narrative vocabulary. They also learn to use it with adverbs to describe how something turns—'tezi se muṛnā' (to turn quickly) or 'dhīre se muṛnā' (to turn slowly).

At the B2 level, 'muṛnā' is used with nuance. Learners understand its use in passive-like constructions and can use it to describe complex physical phenomena. They are comfortable with idiomatic expressions and can use the verb in conditional and hypothetical sentences. For example, 'Agar tum us waqt muṛ jaate, toh durghatna nahi hoti' (If you had turned at that time, the accident wouldn't have happened). They also recognize the difference between 'muṛnā' and more specific verbs like 'bal khānā' (to meander) or 'palaṭnā' (to flip), choosing the most appropriate one for the context.

At the C1 level, the learner uses 'muṛnā' in sophisticated ways, often in academic, professional, or literary settings. They can discuss the 'muṛnā' of a plot in a complex novel or the 'muṛnā' of a political ideology. They understand the subtle connotations the verb carries in different registers. They can use it in complex grammatical structures, including various participial forms. Their vocabulary includes synonyms that offer even more precision, and they can explain the subtle differences between them. The verb becomes a tool for expressive and precise communication.

At the C2 level, 'muṛnā' is used with the mastery of a native speaker. The learner can appreciate and use the verb in archaic or highly poetic contexts. They understand all possible metaphorical extensions and can use the verb to convey deep philosophical meanings. They are aware of regional variations in its usage and can identify its use in various dialects of Hindi. At this stage, the verb is not just a word but a versatile element of the language that can be manipulated for any rhetorical purpose, from technical descriptions to high literature.

开始练习例句笔记与提示

मुड़ना 30秒了解

Muṛnā means to turn or bend.
It is an intransitive verb (no direct object).
Used for directions (left/right) and physical shapes.
Commonly confused with 'moṛnā' (to bend something).

The Hindi verb मुड़ना (muṛnā) is a versatile term primarily used to describe the action of turning, bending, or curving. It is an intransitive verb, meaning the subject itself undergoes the action without necessarily acting upon an object. In its most literal sense, it refers to a change in direction while moving, such as a person walking down a street or a car navigating a corner. However, its utility extends far beyond mere navigation. It also describes the physical deformation of an object, like a piece of wire bending or the pages of a book curling at the edges. Understanding 'muṛnā' requires a grasp of both physical movement and structural change.

Physical Direction: This refers to the act of changing one's course. For example, 'rasta aage se muṛta hai' (the road turns ahead). It implies a natural curve or a deliberate change in path.

वह कोने से दाईं ओर मुड़ना चाहता था। (He wanted to turn right from the corner.)

Structural Bending: When an object loses its straightness or original shape due to pressure or quality. 'Lohe ki chhad muṛ gayi' (The iron rod bent).

In a metaphorical sense, 'muṛnā' can signify a turning point in life or a shift in one's perspective. When we say 'zindagi ne naya mod liya', we are using the noun form 'mod' derived from this verb. The verb itself can describe a story taking a turn or a conversation shifting direction. It captures the essence of fluidity and change, whether that change is forced by external circumstances or is a natural progression of a path. For a learner, mastering 'muṛnā' involves recognizing when the subject is the one changing shape or direction versus when an external force is doing the bending.

किताब के पन्ने नमी से मुड़ गए हैं। (The pages of the book have curled/bent due to moisture.)

Abstract Transitions: Used to describe shifts in narrative, thought, or life phases. It suggests a departure from the previous straight line of events.

हवा के झोंके से पेड़ की टहनियाँ मुड़ने लगीं। (The branches of the tree started to bend with the gust of wind.)

क्या तुम यहाँ से पीछे मुड़ सकते हो? (Can you turn back from here?)

Using मुड़ना (muṛnā) correctly involves understanding its conjugation and its role as an intransitive verb. Since it doesn't take a direct object, the focus is always on the subject that is turning or bending. In the present tense, it follows standard patterns: 'main muṛtā hūñ' (I turn), 'voh muṛtī hai' (she turns). In the past tense, it becomes 'muṛā' (masculine singular), 'muṛī' (feminine singular), or 'muṛe' (plural). Because it is intransitive, it does not use the 'ne' particle in the past tense, which is a common point of confusion for learners.

Navigation and Directions: When giving or following directions, use 'muṛnā' with postpositions like 'ko' or 'par'. Example: 'Agle chaurāhe par bāyeñ muṛiye' (Turn left at the next intersection).

गाड़ी धीरे से मुड़ी। (The car turned slowly.)

Describing Physical States: It is often used to describe damage or the flexible nature of materials. 'Yeh taar aasāni se muṛ jātā hai' (This wire bends easily).

In imperative forms, 'muṛo' (informal) or 'muṛiye' (formal) are used to tell someone to turn. When combined with 'vapas' (back), 'vapas muṛnā' means to turn back or return. It's also important to note the difference between 'muṛnā' and 'ghūmnā'. While 'ghūmnā' can mean to spin or to roam, 'muṛnā' specifically denotes a change in the angle or direction of the path. If you are describing a road that winds, you might say 'sadak baar-baar muṛtī hai'. In the context of body movements, like in yoga, you might hear 'apnī kamar se muṛiye' (bend from your waist), though 'jhuknā' (to lean/bend down) is also common there.

क्या यह कागज़ मुड़ सकता है? (Can this paper bend?)

Grammar Note: No 'Ne': Remember: 'Voh muṛā' (He turned), NOT 'Usne muṛā'. Intransitive verbs never take 'ne'.

रास्ता अचानक बाईं तरफ मुड़ गया। (The path suddenly turned left.)

You will encounter मुड़ना (muṛnā) in a variety of daily scenarios, from the mundane to the dramatic. One of the most common places is in transit. If you are using a GPS in Hindi or taking a rickshaw, the instructions will constantly involve this verb. 'Aage se dāyeñ muṛnā' (Turn right ahead) is a staple phrase. In the bustling streets of India, drivers often shout to each other about where they are turning or where the road leads. It's an essential word for survival in any Hindi-speaking city.

In the Kitchen and Workshop: When working with materials, a craftsman might say 'Yeh loha garam hone par muṛtā hai' (This iron bends when hot). In the kitchen, you might hear it regarding the edges of a paratha or a spoon that has accidentally bent.

सावधान! यहाँ से रास्ता बहुत तीखा मुड़ता है। (Careful! The road turns very sharply here.)

In literature and storytelling, 'muṛnā' is used to describe the physical movement of characters as they react to their environment. A character might 'muṛkar dekhnā' (turn and look) to see who is following them. It adds a layer of physical action to the narrative. In news reports, you might hear it in the context of a parade or a political rally changing its route. Even in sports, like cricket or football, commentators might describe the ball 'muṛnā' (spinning or curving) in the air, although 'swing' or 'spin' are also used as loanwords.

उसने मुड़कर मेरी तरफ देखा और मुस्कुराया। (He turned back, looked at me, and smiled.)

Daily Chores: When folding clothes or fixing a bent hanger, you might use 'muṛnā' to describe the state of the object. 'Hanger muṛ gaya hai' (The hanger is bent).

नदी पहाड़ों के बीच से मुड़ती हुई बहती है। (The river flows, turning through the mountains.)

The most frequent mistake learners make with मुड़ना (muṛnā) is confusing it with its transitive counterpart, मोड़ना (moṛnā). Remember: 'muṛnā' is something that happens *to* the subject (the subject turns or bends), while 'moṛnā' is an action the subject performs *on* something else (the subject bends the wire). If you say 'Maine rasta muṛā', it sounds like you physically bent the road, which is impossible! The correct way to say 'I turned the car' is 'Maine gaadi moṛī', but 'The car turned' is 'Gaadi muṛī'.

The 'Ne' Particle Error: As an intransitive verb, 'muṛnā' never takes 'ne' in the past tense. Say 'Voh muṛā', not 'Usne muṛā'. This is a hallmark of an intermediate learner's progress.

Incorrect: उसने दाईं तरफ मुड़ा।
Correct: वह दाईं तरफ मुड़ा।

Another mistake is using the wrong postposition for direction. In English, we say 'turn to the left'. In Hindi, you can say 'bāyeñ muṛnā' or 'bāyeñ taraf muṛnā'. Using 'ko' (bāyeñ ko muṛnā) is also acceptable, but 'mein' (in) is incorrect. Additionally, learners sometimes use 'muṛnā' when they mean 'palaṭnā' (to flip or turn over). If a pancake needs to be flipped, you use 'palaṭnā'. If you are turning a corner, you use 'muṛnā'. Lastly, ensure you use the correct gender agreement in the past tense. Since 'muṛnā' is intransitive, it agrees with the subject: 'Ladki muṛī' (The girl turned), 'Ladka muṛā' (The boy turned).

Incorrect: मैं रास्ता मुड़ गया।
Correct: मैं रास्ते पर मुड़ गया।

Bending vs. Folding: While 'muṛnā' covers bending, 'tah karnā' is specifically for folding clothes or paper neatly. 'Muṛnā' often implies an unintentional or structural bend.

To truly master मुड़ना (muṛnā), it helps to compare it with related verbs that describe movement and shape. Hindi has a rich vocabulary for these actions, and choosing the right one depends on the nuance you wish to convey. The most direct comparison is with 'moṛnā', 'ghūmnā', and 'palaṭnā'. Each has a specific context where it is preferred over 'muṛnā'.

मुड़ना (Muṛnā) vs. मोड़ना (Moṛnā): Muṛnā is intransitive (the subject turns). Moṛnā is transitive (the subject turns something else).
Example: 'Taar muṛā' (The wire bent) vs. 'Usne taar moṛā' (He bent the wire).

मुड़ना (Muṛnā) vs. घूमना (Ghūmnā): Muṛnā is a change in direction or angle. Ghūmnā is to spin around, rotate, or roam around a place.
Example: 'Gaadi bāyeñ muṛī' (The car turned left) vs. 'Pankha ghūm rahā hai' (The fan is spinning).

वह अपनी जगह पर घूमा (He spun in his place) vs वह गली में मुड़ा (He turned into the lane).

मुड़ना (Muṛnā) vs. पलटना (Palaṭnā): Palaṭnā means to flip over, turn upside down, or turn back completely. Muṛnā is usually just a change in angle.
Example: 'Pannā palaṭnā' (To turn/flip the page) vs. 'Pannā muṛnā' (The page got bent/dog-eared).

Other related words include 'lapaṭnā' (to wrap around) and 'bal khānā' (to twist/meander). When describing a river, 'bal khātī huī nadī' sounds more poetic than 'muṛtī huī nadī', though both are correct. In technical contexts, 'vakra' (curve) might be used as a noun. Understanding these distinctions helps in achieving a more native-like fluency in Hindi, allowing you to describe physical actions with precision and flair.

How Formal Is It?

正式

非正式

俚语

难度评级

需要掌握的语法

按水平分级的例句

यहाँ से बाएँ मुड़ो।

Turn left from here.

Imperative form (informal).

गाड़ी दाईं ओर मुड़ती है।

The car turns right.

Present simple tense.

क्या मैं यहाँ से मुड़ सकता हूँ?

Can I turn from here?

Use of 'saknā' (can).

बच्चा पीछे मुड़ा।

The child turned back.

Past simple tense.

रास्ता आगे से मुड़ता है।

The road turns ahead.

Present simple tense.

वह धीरे से मुड़ी।

She turned slowly.

Feminine past tense.

बस बाएँ मुड़ रही है।

The bus is turning left.

Present continuous tense.

तुम कब मुड़ोगे?

When will you turn?

Future tense.

मेरा चश्मा मुड़ गया है।

My glasses have bent.

Compound verb 'muṛ jānā'.

वह अचानक पीछे मुड़ा।

He suddenly turned back.

Use of adverb 'achānak'.

कागज़ के कोने मुड़ गए हैं।

The corners of the paper have curled.

Plural past tense.

क्या यह लोहा मुड़ सकता है?

Can this iron bend?

Interrogative with 'saknā'.

साइकिल का पहिया मुड़ गया।

The bicycle wheel got bent.

Past tense 'muṛ gayā'.

हम अगले मोड़ से मुड़ेंगे।

We will turn at the next turn.

Future tense with noun 'moṛ'.

हवा से पेड़ मुड़ रहे थे।

The trees were bending with the wind.

Past continuous tense.

वह बिना मुड़े चलता रहा।

He kept walking without turning.

Use of 'binā' (without).

उसने मुड़कर मेरी बात सुनी।

He turned and listened to me.

Conjunctive participle 'muṛkar'.

नदी यहाँ से बहुत तेज़ी से मुड़ती है।

The river turns very sharply here.

Use of adverb 'tezi se'.

ज़िंदगी कभी भी मुड़ सकती है।

Life can take a turn anytime.

Metaphorical usage.

क्या तुम इस तार को बिना तोड़े मोड़ सकते हो? (Wait, this is moṛnā, use muṛnā)

This wire bends easily.

Present simple habitual.

भीड़ को देखकर वह वापस मुड़ गया।

Seeing the crowd, he turned back.

Participle 'dekhkar'.

कहानी अब एक नए रास्ते पर मुड़ रही है।

The story is now turning in a new direction.

Abstract usage.

वह अपनी पुरानी यादों की तरफ मुड़ा।

He turned towards his old memories.

Figurative turn.

जैसे ही मैं मुड़ा, वह गायब हो गया।

As soon as I turned, he disappeared.

Use of 'jaise hi'.

परिस्थितियाँ अचानक मुड़ गईं और सब कुछ बदल गया।

Circumstances suddenly turned and everything changed.

Abstract subject 'paristhitiyān'.

वह मुड़-मुड़कर पीछे देख रहा था।

He was repeatedly turning and looking back.

Reduplication 'muṛ-muṛkar'.

प्लास्टिक की बोतल गर्मी से मुड़ गई।

The plastic bottle warped/bent due to heat.

Causal 'se'.

अगर तुम समय पर मुड़ जाते, तो हम रास्ता न भटकते।

If you had turned on time, we wouldn't have lost our way.

Conditional mood.

उसका झुकाव अब आध्यात्म की ओर मुड़ रहा है।

His inclination is now turning towards spirituality.

Abstract 'jhukāv'.

बिना मुड़े सीधे चलते रहना ही सफलता है।

To keep walking straight without turning is success.

Gerundial use.

पहाड़ी रास्ता इतना मुड़ता है कि चक्कर आने लगते हैं।

The mountain road turns so much that one feels dizzy.

Result clause 'itnā... ki'.

वह अपनी बात से मुड़ गया।

He went back on his word (idiomatic).

Idiomatic usage.

इतिहास की धारा अक्सर अप्रत्याशित रूप से मुड़ जाती है।

The course of history often turns unexpectedly.

Formal/Academic register.

उसकी विचारधारा अब उदारवाद की ओर मुड़ रही है।

His ideology is now turning towards liberalism.

Abstract ideological shift.

लेखक ने कहानी को एक ऐसे बिंदु पर मोड़ा जहाँ से नायक का जीवन मुड़ गया।

The author turned the story at a point where the hero's life turned.

Contrast between 'moṛnā' and 'muṛnā'.

नदी का मुड़ना उसकी प्राकृतिक सुंदरता को बढ़ाता है।

The turning of the river enhances its natural beauty.

Infinitiv as a noun.

वह अपने कर्तव्यों से मुड़ने की कोशिश कर रहा है।

He is trying to turn away from his duties.

Figurative avoidance.

समाज की सोच अब धीरे-धीरे मुड़ रही है।

Society's thinking is now slowly turning/shifting.

Collective subject.

बिना किसी चेतावनी के, मौसम का मिजाज मुड़ गया।

Without any warning, the mood of the weather turned.

Poetic expression 'mausam kā mizāj'.

उसका ध्यान अचानक खिड़की की ओर मुड़ गया।

His attention suddenly turned towards the window.

Abstract subject 'dhyān'.

नियति का पहिया जब मुड़ता है, तो राजा भी रंक बन जाता है।

When the wheel of destiny turns, even a king becomes a pauper.

Philosophical/Proverbial.

दार्शनिक विमर्श अब अस्तित्ववाद की जटिलताओं की ओर मुड़ गया है।

Philosophical discourse has now turned towards the complexities of existentialism.

High academic register.

उसकी आँखों में एक चमक थी, जैसे कोई पुराना सपना फिर से मुड़ आया हो।

There was a glint in his eyes, as if an old dream had turned back/returned.

Highly poetic.

राजनीतिक समीकरणों का इस तरह मुड़ना किसी ने सोचा न था।

No one had thought the political equations would turn this way.

Complex abstract noun phrase.

समय की धारा कभी पीछे नहीं मुड़ती।

The flow of time never turns back.

Universal truth.

उसका व्यक्तित्व अंतर्मुखी से बहिर्मुखी की ओर मुड़ गया।

His personality turned from introverted to extroverted.

Psychological context.

सभ्यता का विकास अब विनाश की ओर मुड़ता प्रतीत होता है।

The development of civilization now seems to be turning towards destruction.

Speculative/Formal.

काव्य की सूक्ष्मता उस बिंदु पर है जहाँ शब्द अपने अर्थ से मुड़ जाते हैं।

The subtlety of poetry lies at the point where words turn away from their literal meaning.

Literary criticism.

常见搭配

बाएँ मुड़ना (turn left)

दाएँ मुड़ना (turn right)

पीछे मुड़ना (turn back)

अचानक मुड़ना (turn suddenly)

धीरे मुड़ना (turn slowly)

रास्ता मुड़ना (road turns)

कोने से मुड़ना (turn from the corner)

वापस मुड़ना (turn back/return)

तेज़ी से मुड़ना (turn sharply)

अंदर मुड़ना (turn inside)

常用短语

पीछे मुड़कर देखना (to look back)

बाएँ मुड़िए (please turn left)

रास्ता मुड़ गया (the path turned)

ज़िंदगी का मुड़ना (life taking a turn)

मुड़कर तो देखो (at least look back)

यहाँ से मुड़ना मना है (turning from here is prohibited)

गाड़ी मुड़ रही है (the car is turning)

तार मुड़ गया (the wire bent)

पन्ने मुड़ गए (pages got dog-eared)

सीधे जाकर मुड़ना (go straight and then turn)

容易混淆的词

मुड़ना vs मोड़ना (moṛnā)

मुड़ना vs घूमना (ghūmnā)

मुड़ना vs पलटना (palaṭnā)

习语与表达

容易混淆

मुड़ना vs मोड़ना

Transitive: to bend something.

मुड़ना vs मुड़ना

Intransitive: to bend/turn oneself.

मुड़ना vs मड़ना

To cover/wrap (e.g., a book cover).

मुड़ना vs मरना

To die (different 'r' sound).

मुड़ना vs मुड़

Root of the verb, also used in compound verbs.

句型

如何使用

nuance

Muṛnā implies a change in the existing line or shape.

caution

Do not use for 'turning a page' (use palaṭnā).

常见错误

Using 'ne' in the past tense (e.g., *Usne muṛā).
Confusing 'muṛnā' with 'moṛnā' when describing someone bending an object.
Using 'muṛnā' for 'flipping' a pancake or page (use 'palaṭnā').
Incorrect gender agreement in the past tense (e.g., *Ladki muṛā).
Using 'muṛnā' for 'spinning' (use 'ghūmnā').

小贴士

No 'Ne' Particle

Always remember that 'muṛnā' is intransitive. In the past tense, the subject does not take 'ne'. Example: 'Gaadi muṛī' (The car turned).

The Retroflex Flap

The 'ṛ' in 'muṛnā' is a flap. Curl your tongue back and let it hit the roof of your mouth as it moves forward.

Driving Directions

When giving directions, 'muṛiye' is the polite way to tell someone to turn. Combine it with 'bāyeñ' (left) or 'dāyeñ' (right).

Compound Verbs

Use 'muṛ jānā' to sound more natural when describing a completed action, like 'Rasta muṛ gayā'.

Muṛnā vs Moṛnā

Muṛnā = Subject turns. Moṛnā = Subject turns something else. Don't mix them up!

Life Turns

You can use 'muṛnā' to describe life changes. It adds depth to your Hindi.

Storytelling

Use 'muṛkar dekhnā' to describe a character looking back. It's a very common literary phrase.

Bending Objects

Use 'muṛnā' for objects that have lost their shape, like a bent key or a curled page.

Idiomatic Promises

'Apni baat se muṛnā' means to break a promise. Use it to describe someone's character.

Visualize the Curve

Whenever you see a curve, think 'muṛnā'. This helps build a mental link.

记住它

词源

Sanskrit

文化背景

Hand signals are often used alongside 'muṛnā' in India.

The 'mod' (turn) in a story is a crucial narrative device in Hindi literature.

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"क्या हमें यहाँ से मुड़ना चाहिए? (Should we turn from here?)"

"रास्ता कहाँ मुड़ता है? (Where does the road turn?)"

"क्या यह तार मुड़ जाएगा? (Will this wire bend?)"

"तुम पीछे क्यों मुड़े? (Why did you turn back?)"

"अगला मोड़ कितनी दूर है? (How far is the next turn?)"

日记主题

Write about a time your life took a sudden turn (मोड़).

Describe a winding road you have traveled on.

How do you feel when you have to turn back from a goal?

Describe an object that is bent and how it got that way.

Write a dialogue giving someone directions to your house.

常见问题

10 个问题

It is intransitive. It describes what the subject does, not what is done to an object.

No, because it is intransitive. You say 'Voh muṛā'.

'Muṛnā' is to change direction or bend. 'Ghūmnā' is to spin, rotate, or roam.

Yes, to describe a person turning their body or changing their walking direction.

You use the past participle 'muṛā huā'.

No, 'tah karnā' is better for folding. 'Muṛnā' is for bending or curling.

It means to turn back or return.

Yes, it is very common to describe the curves of a river.

The noun form is 'moṛ', which means 'a turn' or 'a bend'.

You say 'Mat muṛo' (informal) or 'Mat muṛiye' (formal).