Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Causatives allow you to express that someone else is performing an action for you, using -ā (direct) or -vā (indirect) suffixes.
- Add -ā to the root for direct causation (e.g., 'karnā' -> 'karānā' - to make someone do).
- Add -vā to the root for indirect causation (e.g., 'karvānā' - to get someone to do something).
- Causatives change intransitive verbs to transitive and transitive verbs to double-transitive.
Overview
khilānā 就包含了“喂食”的意思。这种结构非常高效，但也要求我们记忆动词的变形规则。掌握使役动词能让你在描述日常生活时更加地道，比如在餐厅点餐、在学校请老师教课，或者在生活琐事中委托他人帮忙。理解这一点，你就能从“我做”升级到“我让别人做”，这是B1级别语言能力的显著标志。- 1基准动词（Base Verb）：表示动作本身，或者是主语自己进行的动作。例如
paṛhnā（读书）。 - 2第一使役（First Causative）：表示“直接使役”。主语直接参与，或者亲自指导、协助他人完成动作。这对应中文里的“教”、“喂”、“使……做”。例如
paṛhānā（教书，即“使人读书”）。 - 3第二使役（Second Causative）：表示“间接使役”或“委托”。主语并不直接参与动作的执行，而是通过中介人（Intermediary）去完成。这对应中文里的“找人做”、“让别人帮忙做”。例如
paṛhvānā（找人教书，或安排别人去读书）。
kharīdnā（买）在第一使役变为 kharīdānā（使人买），在第二使役变为 kharīdvānā（让人代买）。这种变化让印地语的叙述极其紧凑，但也要求我们像记忆单词一样记忆这些变形。nā。kar | karānā | karvānā |sīkh | sikhānā | sikhvānā |- 1提取词根：去掉不定式词尾
nā。 - 2元音缩短（Vowel Shortening）：如果词根含有长元音（如
ā,ī,ū,e,o），在加使役后缀前通常要缩短。例如sīkhnā（学习）的词根sīkh变成sikh，再加ānā变成sikhānā（教）。 - 3第一使役加
ā，第二使役加vā。
- 第一使役 (-ā)：当你直接参与时使用。比如你在教孩子写字
main bachche ko likhātā hūn（我教孩子写字），这是直接互动。 - 第二使役 (-vā)：当你作为发起者，但动作由第三方完成时使用。比如你没空修车，找人修车
main gāṛī banvātā hūn（我找人修车）。
mainne notes likhvāe（我找人抄了笔记），这里你没抄，是别人抄的。这种区分在中文里有时会模糊（都说“我让人抄了”），但在印地语中，使用 likhvānā 能明确传达“委托”这一含义。- 1乱用元音缩短：很多同学忘记缩短长元音，直接说
sīkhānā而不是sikhānā。这是因为中文里没有元音长度变化，大脑习惯了字音固定。 - 2混淆第一和第二使役：分不清何时用
-ā何时用-vā。原因在于中文母语者习惯用“让”字解决一切。记住：ā是“亲自教/带”，vā是“花钱/托人办”。 - 3忽略人称标记：使用使役动词时，受动者通常需要加
ko或se。中文里我们直接说“我让他去”，印地语要说mainne usko/usse...。漏掉这个助词是L1干扰（母语迁移）的典型表现。
kām karvānā（找人做工）是主动找人；kām kiyā gayā（工作被做了）是描述状态。中文里我们有时混用，但在印地语中，语义非常严格。- 1问：所有动词都有使役形式吗？答：绝大多数及物动词都有，但部分不及物动词没有第二使役。
- 2问：如果词根以元音结尾怎么办？答：通常会插入辅音（如
v或y）来连接，这属于进阶规则。 - 3问：为什么我听到的使役动词有时会有
e到i的变化？答：这是印地语的语音和谐规律，为了发音顺滑，e在加长后缀前常变为i，如dekhnā->dikhānā。
Causative Formation Table
| Root Verb | Direct Causative (-ā) | Indirect Causative (-vā) |
|---|---|---|
|
karnā (to do)
|
karānā
|
karvānā
|
|
dekhnā (to see)
|
dikhānā
|
dikhvānā
|
|
padhnā (to read)
|
padhānā
|
padhvānā
|
|
likhnā (to write)
|
likhānā
|
likhvānā
|
|
khānā (to eat)
|
khilānā
|
khilvānā
|
|
sonā (to sleep)
|
sulānā
|
sulvānā
|
Meanings
Causative verbs indicate that the subject causes another person to perform an action rather than doing it themselves.
Direct Causative (-ā)
The subject directly influences the agent to perform the action.
“वह मुझे हँसाता है (He makes me laugh).”
“माँ बच्चे को खिलाती है (Mother feeds the child).”
Indirect Causative (-vā)
The subject arranges for an action to be done by a third party.
“मैंने घर बनवाया (I got the house built).”
“उसने पत्र लिखवाया (He got the letter written).”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Subject + Object + Causative Verb
|
Maine kapṛe silvāe
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + Nahīn + Object + Causative Verb
|
Maine kapṛe nahīn silvāe
|
|
Interrogative
|
Kya + Subject + Object + Causative Verb?
|
Kya aapne kapṛe silvāe?
|
|
Direct
|
Root + ā
|
Maine use hansāyā
|
|
Indirect
|
Root + vā
|
Maine kaam karvāyā
|
正式程度
Maine yah kārya pūrṇ karvāyā. (Work)
Maine yah kaam karvāyā. (Work)
Maine kaam karvā diyā. (Work)
Kaam ho gayā. (Work)
Causative Flow
Direct
- Hansānā To make laugh
Indirect
- Karvānā To get done
按水平分级的例句
माँ बच्चे को हँसाती है।
Mother makes the child laugh.
उसने मुझे जगाया।
He woke me up.
वह खाना खिलाती है।
She feeds the food.
मैंने उसे बुलाया।
I called him.
मैंने बाल कटवाए।
I got my hair cut.
उसने घर बनवाया।
He got the house built.
क्या आपने पत्र लिखवाया?
Did you get the letter written?
मैंने गाड़ी ठीक करवाई।
I got the car fixed.
शिक्षक ने छात्रों को पाठ पढ़ाया।
The teacher taught the lesson to the students.
मैंने दर्ज़ी से सूट सिलवाया।
I got a suit stitched by the tailor.
उसने मुझे यह काम करने को कहा।
He told me to do this work.
क्या आप यह काम करवा सकते हैं?
Can you get this work done?
सरकार ने नए नियम लागू करवाए।
The government got the new rules implemented.
उसने अपनी बात मनवाई।
He got his point accepted.
मैंने उससे माफ़ी मंगवाई।
I made him apologize.
उसने मुझे बहुत रुलाया।
He made me cry a lot.
लेखक ने पाठकों को सोचने पर मजबूर किया।
The author forced the readers to think.
उसने अपने प्रभाव का इस्तेमाल करके काम निकलवाया।
He got the work done by using his influence.
उसने मुझे अपनी बातों में फँसाया।
He trapped me in his words.
मैंने उससे अपनी गलती स्वीकार करवाई।
I made him admit his mistake.
उसने अपनी कूटनीति से शांति स्थापित करवाई।
He got peace established through his diplomacy.
उसने अपने अनुयायियों से विद्रोह करवाया।
He incited his followers to revolt.
उसने अपनी कला के माध्यम से लोगों को प्रेरित किया।
He inspired people through his art.
उसने अपनी वसीयत में बदलाव करवाए।
He got changes made in his will.
容易混淆
Both involve someone else.
Looks like causative.
Suffix confusion.
常见错误
Maine kapṛe silā.
Maine kapṛe silvāe.
Woh hansā.
Woh hansāyā.
Maine khāyā.
Maine khilāyā.
Woh jagā.
Woh jagāyā.
Maine ghar banāyā.
Maine ghar banvāyā.
Maine patr likhā.
Maine patr likhvāyā.
Maine baal katā.
Maine baal katvāe.
Maine use kaam karāyā.
Maine use kaam karvāyā.
Woh padhāyā.
Woh padhvāyā.
Maine gāḍī thīk karī.
Maine gāḍī thīk karvāī.
Usne mujhe mārā.
Usne mujhe pitvāyā.
Maine use mānā.
Maine use manvāyā.
Usne mujhe rulāyā.
Usne mujhe rulvāyā.
句型
Maine ___ ___vāyā.
Usne mujhe ___yā.
Kya aapne ___ ___vāyā?
Maine usse ___ ___vāyā.
Real World Usage
Maine baal katvāe.
Maine gāḍī thīk karvāī.
Maine suit silvāyā.
Maine report likhvāī.
Usne mujhe hansāyā!
Maine ticket book karvāyā.
Shorten the Vowel
Politeness Hack
Don't Over-Causative
Smart Tips
Use -vā.
Use -ā.
Use -vā.
Use -ā.
发音
Vowel Length
The -ā and -vā suffixes are long vowels.
Statement
Maine kaam karvāyā ↘
Declarative
记住它
记忆技巧
A is for Action (Direct), V is for Via (Indirect).
视觉联想
Imagine a puppet master. Pulling the string directly is -ā. Hiring a puppet master to pull the string is -vā.
Rhyme
For direct, use the ā, to make them do it today. For indirect, use the vā, to get it done, hip-hurrah!
Story
I wanted a chair. I didn't build it (simple). I made my brother build it (direct -ā). I hired a carpenter to build it (indirect -vā).
Word Web
挑战
Write 3 sentences about things you got done today using -vā.
文化笔记
Causatives are used heavily in service-oriented interactions.
Used in official documents to denote delegated tasks.
Often shortened in speech.
Derived from Sanskrit causative suffixes.
对话开场白
Aapne aaj kya karvāyā?
Kya aapne baal katvāe?
Woh aapko kyun hansā raha hai?
Kya aapne ghar banvāyā hai?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
Maine kapṛe ____ (silvāe/sile).
Usne mujhe ____ (hansāyā/hansa).
Find and fix the mistake:
Maine ghar banāyā (I got it built).
Main kaam karta hoon -> Main kaam ____.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Usne mujhe ____ (rulvāyā/rulāyā).
Maine gāḍī ____ (thīk karvāī/thīk karī).
Woh padhta hai -> Woh ____.
Score: /8
练习题
8 exercisesMaine kapṛe ____ (silvāe/sile).
Usne mujhe ____ (hansāyā/hansa).
Find and fix the mistake:
Maine ghar banāyā (I got it built).
Main kaam karta hoon -> Main kaam ____.
Match: Karnā -> ?
Usne mujhe ____ (rulvāyā/rulāyā).
Maine gāḍī ____ (thīk karvāī/thīk karī).
Woh padhta hai -> Woh ____.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesMummy ne mujhse kamra saaf ___ (kar - caused to do).
He makes me laugh.
se / maine / kapde / dhobi / dhulvāye
Match the pairs
Main apna ghar paint kartā hoon (implied: I hired painters).
Please show me the menu.
Mere liye paani ___ (mang - order/ask for).
Choose the best fit:
Maine usko jāgāyā.
Don't make me run! Mujhe mat ___!
I am drinking water.
Connect the meanings
Score: /12
常见问题 (8)
-ā is direct, -vā is indirect.
Most transitive verbs can.
Historical vowel shifts.
It is used in all registers.
Use the simple verb.
Yes, irregular roots.
Use it for services.
No, it is active.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Hacer + infinitive
Hindi is morphological; Spanish is periphrastic.
Faire + infinitive
Hindi is morphological; French is periphrastic.
Lassen + infinitive
Hindi is morphological; German is periphrastic.
Causative suffix -saseru
Hindi has two levels; Japanese has one.
Form IV/II verbs
Arabic uses prefix/vowel changes; Hindi uses suffixes.
使 (shǐ) / 让 (ràng)
Hindi is morphological; Chinese is periphrastic.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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