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무성하다

A2 adjective 5分钟阅读

무성하다

museonghada

开始练习例句笔记与提示 무성하다 30秒了解

解析 무성하다 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you can think of '무성하다' as a special way to say 'many leaves' or 'lots of grass'. Instead of just saying '풀이 많아요' (There is a lot of grass), you can say '풀이 무성해요' to sound more descriptive. It's like saying the grass is very thick and long. You might use it to talk about a park or a garden in the summer. Just remember: it's for plants and hair, not for people or toys.

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At the A2 level, you should learn that '무성하다' describes something that grows very thickly and covers an area. It is an adjective. You can use it to describe a forest (숲) or a mountain (산). For example, '산에 나무가 무성해요' (The trees on the mountain are thick). You can also start to use it to describe hair or a beard. If someone hasn't shaved for a long time, their beard might be '무성하다'.

At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using '무성하다' in its modifying form: '무성한'. For example, '무성한 숲' (a dense forest). You should also learn the common figurative use: '소문이 무성하다'. This means rumors are spreading everywhere, like weeds in a garden. If people are talking a lot about a new movie or a celebrity's private life, you can say '소문이 무성해요'. This shows you understand how Korean uses nature metaphors for social situations.

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At the B2 level, you can use '무성하다' to add literary flair to your writing and speaking. You can use it to describe abstract things like '추측' (speculations) or '의혹' (suspicions). For instance, '그 사건에 대해 의혹이 무성하다' (Suspicions regarding that incident are rife). You should also distinguish it from similar words like '우거지다' (used mostly for greenery) and '풍성하다' (which has a more positive, 'plentiful' nuance).

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At the C1 level, you should appreciate the nuance of '무성하다' in classical literature and formal journalism. It often implies a sense of wildness, lack of maintenance, or an overwhelming volume of information. You might see it in historical novels describing an abandoned palace where '잡초만 무성하다' (only weeds are luxuriant/overgrown). It conveys a sense of time passing and nature taking back control. You can also use the adverbial form '무성하게' to describe how something grows or spreads.

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At the C2 level, '무성하다' becomes a tool for philosophical or highly nuanced descriptions. You might use it to describe a '무성한 생각' (thick/tangled thoughts) or the '무성한 말들' (profusion of words) that hide the truth. It represents the complexity and sometimes the chaos of abundance. You can use it in academic contexts to describe the proliferation of certain theories or the dense growth of a specific ecosystem in scientific reports.

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开始练习例句笔记与提示

무성하다 30秒了解

Used for thick plants, hair, or rife rumors.
Commonly paired with '숲' (forest), '풀' (grass), or '소문' (rumor).
Implies a sense of healthy but potentially wild overgrowth.
An adjective (descriptive verb) that changes to '무성한' before nouns.

The Korean word 무성하다 (museong-hada) is a descriptive verb (adjective) that primarily conveys the sense of being luxuriant, thick, or dense. Derived from the Hanja 茂 (무 - lush) and 盛 (성 - prosperous/abundant), it paints a vivid picture of biological or abstract proliferation. When you walk through a forest in the peak of summer and the leaves are so thick that the sunlight barely touches the ground, that is the essence of being '무성하다'. It is not just about quantity; it is about the vitality and the crowded nature of growth.

Primary Physical Use: Used to describe plants, trees, grass, or hair that is growing thickly and healthily. It implies a state of being overgrown or very full.

여름이 되니 정원에 잡초가 무성하다.
"As summer arrived, the weeds in the garden became luxuriant (overgrown)."

Secondary Abstract Use: Commonly used to describe rumors, gossip, or theories that are spreading rapidly and in great volume. Just as weeds spread in a garden, rumors 'grow' thickly in society.

그 배우에 대한 소문이 무성하다.
"Rumors about that actor are rife (thick/abundant)."

In everyday conversation, you might use this word when visiting a park after a rainy season, commenting on a friend's surprisingly thick hair, or discussing the latest celebrity scandal. It carries a slightly more literary or descriptive tone than simple words like '빽빽하다' (dense) or '풍성하다' (plentiful), often suggesting a lack of control or a wild, natural state of abundance.

Using 무성하다 correctly requires understanding its role as an adjective (descriptive verb). In Korean, adjectives function like verbs, meaning they can end a sentence or modify a noun directly. To modify a noun, you use the form 무성한.

Sentence Ending (Predicate): Subject + 이/가 + 무성하다. (The subject is dense/luxuriant.)

이 숲은 나무가 정말 무성하네요.
"The trees in this forest are truly dense."

Noun Modification: 무성한 + Noun. (Luxuriant [Noun])

무성한 숲속에서 길을 잃었어요.
"I got lost inside the dense forest."

When describing rumors, the structure is almost always '소문이 무성하다'. This is a fixed collocation. You can also use it to describe facial hair (수염이 무성하다) or the leaves on a single branch (잎이 무성하다). It is rarely used for people (e.g., you wouldn't say a crowd of people is '무성하다', you would use '빽빽하다' or '북적이다' instead).

You will encounter 무성하다 in several specific contexts in South Korea. Understanding these will help you sound more like a native speaker.

1. Nature & Travel: In travel documentaries or hiking blogs. '여름의 무성한 녹음' (The thick green shade of summer) is a very common poetic expression.

비가 온 뒤 풀이 무성하게 자랐다.
"After the rain, the grass grew luxuriantly."

2. Entertainment News: Headlines about celebrities often use this word when scandals break out. '결별설이 무성하다' (Rumors of a breakup are rife).

추측만 무성할 뿐, 사실은 밝혀지지 않았다.
"Speculations are rife, but the truth has not been revealed."

3. Literature and Period Dramas (Sageuk): Used to describe the untamed wildness of old mountains or a character's unkempt beard after years in exile.

While 무성하다 is a useful word, learners often confuse it with other adjectives that describe 'many' or 'thick'.

Mistake 1: Using it for people: Incorrect: '지하철에 사람이 무성해요.' (The subway is luxuriant with people.)
Correct: '지하철에 사람이 빽빽해요' or '많아요'.
Reason: '무성하다' is for biological growth (plants, hair) or abstract entities (rumors).

Mistake 2: Confusing with 풍성하다 (Pungseong-hada): '풍성하다' means 'abundant' or 'plentiful' in a positive, generous way (like a harvest or a feast). '무성하다' is more about density and often implies a bit of wildness or overgrowth.

식탁 위에 음식이 풍성하다 (O) / 무성하다 (X)

Mistake 3: Pronunciation: Be careful not to confuse it with '무서워하다' (to be scared). They sound somewhat similar but have entirely different meanings.

Depending on the context, you might want to use a more specific word than 무성하다. Here are the most common alternatives.

우거지다 (Ugeojida): Very similar to 무성하다 but specifically used for plants and trees. It emphasizes the 'overgrown' and 'thickly shaded' aspect. '숲이 우거지다' is a standard phrase.

빽빽하다 (Ppaekppaek-hada): Means 'dense' or 'tightly packed'. Can be used for buildings, people, or objects in a space where there is no room left. It is more mechanical than the organic feel of 무성하다.

창궐하다 (Changgwol-hada): Used for things that spread destructively, like diseases or pests. While rumors are '무성하다', a virus '창궐하다'.

Comparison: 잎이 무성한 나무 (A tree with thick leaves) vs. 건물이 빽빽한 도시 (A city packed with buildings).

If you are a beginner, '많다' (many) is always a safe fallback, but using '무성하다' when describing a wild garden or a lot of rumors will make your Korean sound much more advanced and descriptive.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

The character 茂 (무) is also used in the name of Muju (무주), a famous mountainous region in Korea known for its thick forests.

发音指南

UK /mu.sʌŋ.ɦa.da/

US /mu.sʌŋ.ɦa.da/

The stress is even across syllables, typical of Korean, but a slight emphasis may fall on the second syllable '성'.

押韵词

성하다 (seong-hada) 풍성하다 (pungseong-hada) 정성하다 (jeongseong-hada) 형성하다 (hyeongseong-hada) 달성하다 (dalseong-hada) 왕성하다 (wangseong-hada) 정정하다 (jeongjeong-hada) 공정하다 (gongjeong-hada)

常见错误

Pronouncing '성' like 'song' (English). It should be 'eo' (like 'up').
Confusing with '무서워하다' (mu-seo-wo-ha-da).
Dropping the 'h' in 'hada' too much.
Making the 'u' in 'mu' too short.
Over-nasalizing the 'ng'.

难度评级

阅读 3/5

Common in news and literature, requires knowing Hanja context.

写作 4/5

Spelling is easy, but using it naturally in metaphors is harder.

口语 3/5

Pronunciation is straightforward.

听力 3/5

Easily recognized in context of nature or news.

接下来学什么

前置知识

많다 나무 숲 소문 자라다

接下来学习

우거지다 풍성하다 빽빽하다 창궐하다 번성하다

高级

울창하다 성기다 황폐하다 녹음

需要掌握的语法

Adjective to Noun Modifying Form (-ㄴ/은)

무성하다 -> 무성한 숲

Adjective to Adverb Form (-게)

무성하게 자라다

Resultative Form (-아/어지다)

무성해지다 (to become dense)

Exclamatory Ending (-네요)

정말 무성하네요!

Reason Ending (-아서/어서)

풀이 무성해서 힘들어요.

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按水平分级的例句

풀이 무성해요.

The grass is thick.

Simple present tense polite form.

나무가 무성해요.

The trees are dense.

Subject + Adjective.

머리카락이 무성해요.

The hair is thick.

Used for natural growth.

정원이 무성해요.

The garden is overgrown.

Describing a place.

잎이 무성해요.

The leaves are luxuriant.

Focusing on a specific part.

여름에는 풀이 무성해요.

In summer, the grass is thick.

Time expression + Subject.

숲이 아주 무성해요.

The forest is very dense.

Adverb '아주' (very) used.

여기는 나무가 무성하네요!

The trees are so dense here!

-네요 ending for surprise.

무성한 숲에서 놀았어요.

I played in the dense forest.

Noun modifying form '무성한'.

비가 와서 잡초가 무성해졌어요.

Because it rained, the weeds became thick.

-아/어지다 (to become).

수염이 무성하게 자랐네요.

Your beard has grown quite thick.

Adverbial form '무성하게'.

공원에 나무가 무성해서 시원해요.

The trees in the park are dense, so it's cool.

-아서/어서 (reason).

무성한 나뭇잎 사이로 해가 보여요.

The sun is visible through the thick leaves.

Prepositional phrase '사이로'.

길가에 꽃과 풀이 무성합니다.

Flowers and grass are luxuriant along the road.

Formal polite ending -습니다.

할아버지 댁 마당은 풀이 무성해요.

My grandfather's yard is overgrown with grass.

Possessive '댁'.

무성한 풀밭에 앉지 마세요.

Don't sit in the thick grass.

-지 마세요 (prohibition).

그 사건에 대해 소문이 무성해요.

Rumors about that incident are rife.

Figurative use for rumors.

마을 입구에 무성한 느티나무가 있어요.

There is a luxuriant zelkova tree at the village entrance.

Specific tree name used.

가을이 되었지만 여전히 잎이 무성합니다.

Autumn has come, but the leaves are still thick.

-지만 (but).

무성하게 자란 가지를 좀 잘라야겠어요.

I should trim the branches that have grown thickly.

-아야겠다 (intention).

그 배우의 열애설이 무성하게 퍼졌어요.

The dating rumors of that actor spread widely.

Adverb modifying 'spread'.

산길이 무성한 풀 때문에 잘 안 보여요.

The mountain path isn't visible because of the thick grass.

- 때문에 (because of).

무성한 숲은 많은 동물의 집이 됩니다.

A dense forest becomes a home for many animals.

Noun + 이/가 되다.

머리숱이 무성한 사람이 부러워요.

I envy people with thick hair.

Specific term '머리숱' (amount of hair).

근거 없는 추측만 무성할 뿐입니다.

There are only rife, groundless speculations.

-ㄹ 뿐이다 (nothing but).

무성한 소문에도 불구하고 그는 침묵했다.

Despite the rife rumors, he remained silent.

-에도 불구하고 (despite).

버려진 집에는 잡초만 무성하게 남아 있었다.

In the abandoned house, only weeds remained luxuriantly.

Past progressive feel.

그의 무성한 수염이 야성적인 느낌을 준다.

His thick beard gives off a wild feeling.

Descriptive noun phrase.

잎이 너무 무성해서 햇빛이 들지 않아요.

The leaves are so thick that sunlight doesn't come in.

Resultative -아서/어서.

신제품에 대한 기대감이 무성하게 피어올랐다.

Expectations for the new product rose up thickly.

Metaphorical use of '피어오르다'.

무성한 숲의 고요함이 마음을 편안하게 해요.

The silence of the dense forest makes my mind comfortable.

Causative -게 하다.

비난의 목소리가 무성하게 쏟아졌다.

Voices of criticism poured out abundantly.

Abstract abundance.

역사의 뒤안길에는 무성한 이야기들이 숨어 있다.

Many stories (luxuriant with detail) are hidden in the back alleys of history.

Literary metaphor.

무성한 녹음 아래에서 잠시 쉬어 갑시다.

Let's rest for a while under the thick green shade.

Poetic term '녹음'.

정치권에서는 개헌에 대한 논의가 무성하다.

Discussions about constitutional amendment are rife in political circles.

Formal context.

그의 문체는 수식어가 무성하여 읽기 힘들다.

His writing style is hard to read because it's luxuriant with modifiers.

Describing writing style.

무성하게 자란 담쟁이덩굴이 벽을 덮었다.

The thickly grown ivy covered the wall.

Compound noun '담쟁이덩굴'.

도시의 무성한 빌딩 숲 사이로 바람이 분다.

Wind blows through the dense forest of city buildings.

Metaphor '빌딩 숲'.

무성한 소문의 진위를 파악하는 것이 급선무다.

The priority is to determine the truth of the rife rumors.

Formal noun '급선무'.

무성한 가지를 쳐내야 나무가 건강하게 자란다.

You must prune the thick branches for the tree to grow healthily.

Conditional -어야.

무성한 언어의 숲에서 본질을 찾기란 쉽지 않다.

It is not easy to find the essence in a dense forest of language.

Philosophical abstraction.

시대의 불확실성 속에 온갖 억측이 무성하다.

All sorts of conjectures are rife amidst the uncertainty of the times.

High-level vocabulary '억측'.

무성한 숲이 탄소를 흡수하는 중요한 역할을 한다.

Dense forests play a crucial role in absorbing carbon.

Scientific context.

무성한 잎사귀들이 바람에 부딪히며 내는 소리.

The sound of luxuriant leaves clashing in the wind.

Sensory description.

그의 무성한 업적 뒤에는 수많은 노력이 있었다.

Behind his abundant achievements were countless efforts.

Metaphorical 'abundance'.

무성하게 우거진 수풀이 시야를 가로막았다.

The thickly overgrown bushes blocked the view.

Redundant use for emphasis.

무성한 소문은 때로 진실보다 더 힘이 세다.

Rife rumors are sometimes more powerful than the truth.

Proverbial tone.

무성한 잡초를 뽑으며 마음의 번뇌를 씻어냈다.

While pulling out the thick weeds, I washed away the anguish of my heart.

Spiritual metaphor.

常见搭配

소문이 무성하다

풀이 무성하다

잎이 무성하다

머리숱이 무성하다

수염이 무성하다

가지가 무성하다

추측이 무성하다

숲이 무성하다

말들이 무성하다

녹음이 무성하다

常用短语

잡초가 무성하다

— To be overgrown with weeds. Often implies neglect.

오랫동안 비어 있던 집이라 잡초가 무성하다.

의혹이 무성하다

— Suspicions are rife. Used in news and politics.

그의 갑작스러운 사퇴에 의혹이 무성하다.

말만 무성하다

— There is a lot of talk but no action or truth.

계획만 있고 말만 무성할 뿐이다.

무성한 소문

— A rife rumor. A very common noun phrase.

무성한 소문을 믿지 마세요.

무성한 숲

— A dense forest. Used in descriptions.

무성한 숲속으로 들어갔다.

가지가 무성하게 뻗다

— Branches spreading out thickly.

나무 가지가 무성하게 뻗어 있다.

뒷말이 무성하다

— There is a lot of backbiting or gossip.

인사가 끝난 뒤 뒷말이 무성했다.

기대감이 무성하다

— Expectations are high and widespread.

새 영화에 대한 기대감이 무성하다.

비난이 무성하다

— Criticism is abundant.

정부의 정책에 비난이 무성하다.

억측이 무성하다

— Wild conjectures are rife.

사건 현장에는 억측이 무성했다.

容易混淆的词

무성하다 vs 무서워하다

Sounds similar but means 'to be afraid'.

무성하다 vs 풍성하다

Means 'abundant/rich' (positive), whereas '무성하다' is 'dense/overgrown'.

무성하다 vs 빽빽하다

Used for things tightly packed together (like people in a bus), not necessarily growing.

习语与表达

"소문만 무성한 잔치"

— A feast with many rumors but little to eat; something that is much hyped but disappointing.

그 영화는 소문만 무성한 잔치였다.

Neutral

"무성한 잎에 열매 없다"

— A tree with thick leaves but no fruit; someone who talks a lot but has no results.

그는 말은 잘하지만 무성한 잎에 열매 없는 격이다.

Literary

"잡초 무성하듯"

— Growing rapidly and uncontrollably like weeds.

근심이 잡초 무성하듯 자라났다.

Poetic

"가지 무성한 나무 바람 잘 날 없다"

— A tree with many branches is never without wind; a person with many children or a busy life has no peaceful days.

자식이 많으니 정말 가지 무성한 나무 바람 잘 날 없네요.

Proverb

"소문이 무성하면 진실이 가려진다"

— When rumors are rife, the truth gets hidden.

소문이 무성하면 진실이 가려지기 마련이다.

Neutral

"무성한 숲에 호랑이 산다"

— A dense forest hides a tiger; danger or greatness hides in abundance.

무성한 숲에 호랑이 산다더니 그가 바로 실력자였다.

Old Saying

"입만 무성하다"

— To be all talk and no action (similar to leaves with no fruit).

행동은 없고 입만 무성한 사람이다.

Informal

"무성한 말의 성"

— A castle made of rife words; a situation built on rumors.

그의 명성은 무성한 말의 성일 뿐이었다.

Literary

"풀 무성한 길"

— A path overgrown with grass; a path that people no longer take.

우리는 풀 무성한 길을 헤쳐 나갔다.

Neutral

"머리숱이 무성하면 복이 온다"

— If your hair is thick, good luck will come (superstition).

머리숱이 무성하니 복이 많겠어요.

Folk

容易混淆

무성하다 vs 우거지다

Both mean dense growth.

우거지다 is strictly for plants/forests and implies shade. 무성하다 can also be used for rumors.

숲이 우거지다 (O), 소문이 우거지다 (X).

무성하다 vs 많다

Both indicate a large quantity.

많다 is general. 무성하다 implies they are crowded together and growing.

돈이 많다 (O), 돈이 무성하다 (X).

무성하다 vs 울창하다

Both describe thick forests.

울창하다 is for big, tall trees (grandeur). 무성하다 can be just grass or weeds.

울창한 숲 vs 무성한 잡초.

무성하다 vs 풍부하다

Both mean abundance.

풍부하다 is for resources or qualities (rich in vitamins). 무성하다 is physical density.

자원이 풍부하다 (O), 자원이 무성하다 (X).

무성하다 vs 번성하다

Both relate to growth.

번성하다 is about thriving/prosperity (business/culture). 무성하다 is about physical thickness.

가문이 번성하다 (O), 가문이 무성하다 (X).

句型

N이/가 무성해요.

나무가 무성해요.

무성한 N

무성한 풀밭

N에 대한 소문이 무성하다.

그 일에 대한 소문이 무성하다.

무성하게 자라다

잡초가 무성하게 자랐다.

무성한 N 사이로

무성한 잎들 사이로

무성해지기 시작하다

여름이 되니 숲이 무성해지기 시작했다.

말만 무성할 뿐이다

실천은 없고 말만 무성할 뿐이다.

무성한 녹음 아래

무성한 녹음 아래에서 쉬었다.

词族

名词

무성 (茂盛 - The state of being luxuriant)

动词

무성해지다 (To become luxuriant/dense)

形容词

무성하다 (Luxuriant/Dense)

如何使用

frequency

Common in specific contexts (nature, news).

常见错误

사람이 무성하다 → 사람이 많다 / 빽빽하다
You cannot use this word for people in a crowd.
소문을 무성하다 → 소문이 무성하다
It's an adjective, so use the subject marker '이/가'.
돈이 무성하다 → 돈이 많다 / 풍부하다
'무성하다' is for biological or abstract 'spread', not currency.
무성하는 숲 → 무성한 숲
Adjectives take -ㄴ/은 to modify nouns, not -는.
무성하게 먹다 → 많이 먹다 / 풍성하게 먹다
You don't 'eat' luxuriantly; you eat 'plentifully' (풍성하게).

小贴士

Nature Descriptions

Use it when describing a summer mountain or an untended garden to sound more native.

Gossip Talk

Whenever you hear a lot of people talking about one topic, think '소문이 무성하다'.

Adjective Check

Remember it's an adjective. Don't use '을/를' with it.

Tree vs Grass

It works for both! Any green growth can be '무성하다'.

Avoid Repetition

Mix it with '우거지다' if you are writing a long description of a forest.

Compliments

Complimenting someone's '풍성한' hair is better than '무성한' hair, as '풍성' sounds more beautiful.

Headline Reading

Look for this word in entertainment news to practice seeing it in the wild.

Density

Use it to describe the 'canopy' effect where leaves overlap.

Moo-Seong

Imagine a cow (Moo) in a field of 'Seong' (Sun) growing lots of grass.

Abstract Use

Try using it for '추측' (guess) or '의혹' (suspicion) to elevate your B2/C1 Korean.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Mu' as 'Much' and 'Seong' as 'Sun'. When there is 'Much Sun', the plants become '무성하다' (thick/luxuriant).

视觉联想

Imagine a dense jungle canopy where you can't see the sky. That visual is '무성하다'.

Word Web

숲 (Forest) 풀 (Grass) 소문 (Rumor) 머리숱 (Hair volume) 여름 (Summer) 녹음 (Greenery) 빽빽하다 (Dense) 잡초 (Weeds)

挑战

Try to describe your favorite park using '무성하다' and '우거지다' in two different sentences.

词源

Derived from Sino-Korean (Hanja) roots. 茂 (무) meaning 'lush' or 'thick' and 盛 (성) meaning 'prosperous' or 'abundant'.

原始含义： The original meaning referred to the healthy, dense growth of crops or wild plants in fertile soil.

Sino-Korean

文化背景

Be careful when using it for someone's body hair; it can be descriptive but sometimes overly blunt.

In English, we say rumors are 'rife' or 'flying around'. 'Luxuriant' is rarely used for rumors, making this a unique Korean metaphor.

The movie 'The Wailing' (곡성) features scenes of dense, '무성한' mountain forests. Classical Sijo poetry often uses '무성' to describe the passage of time in nature. Modern K-pop news headlines use '무성' almost daily for comeback rumors.

在生活中练习

真实语境

Gardening

잡초를 뽑다
무성한 가지를 치다
비료를 주다
물이 부족하다

Celebrity Gossip

열애설이 나다
결별을 부인하다
사실무근이다
추측이 난무하다

Nature Hiking

산길이 험하다
그늘이 시원하다
공기가 맑다
경치가 좋다

Barbershop/Salon

머리숱이 많다
다듬어 주세요
정리하다
길게 자라다

News/Politics

의혹을 제기하다
논란이 일다
입장을 밝히다
보도되다

对话开场白

"여름이라 그런지 공원에 풀이 정말 무성하네요. 안 그래요?"

"그 연예인 소문 들었어요? 지금 소문이 아주 무성하더라고요."

"머리숱이 정말 무성하신데, 비결이 뭐예요?"

"집 마당에 잡초가 너무 무성해서 주말에 정리해야겠어요."

"이 숲은 나무가 무성해서 낮인데도 어둡네요."

日记主题

오늘 길을 걷다가 본 가장 무성한 것은 무엇이었나요?

최근에 들은 소문 중에 가장 무성했던 이야기에 대해 써 보세요.

무성한 숲속에서 혼자 시간을 보낸다면 어떤 기분이 들까요?

자신의 머리숱이나 수염이 무성해진다면 어떤 스타일을 하고 싶나요?

잡초가 무성한 마음을 정리하는 자신만의 방법이 있나요?

常见问题

10 个问题

No, it is not natural. For a crowd, use '빽빽하다' or '사람이 많다'. '무성하다' is for things that grow organically like plants or hair, or for abstract things like rumors.

It is mostly neutral but depends on the context. '무성한 숲' is positive/beautiful, but '잡초가 무성하다' is negative (neglected). '소문이 무성하다' is usually neutral or slightly negative.

'풍성하다' implies a rich, satisfying abundance (like a full head of healthy hair or a harvest). '무성하다' implies a dense, thick, or even overgrown state.

Yes, it means the person has very thick hair. It's a common way to describe hair volume.

You say '소문이 무성하다'. This is the most common figurative use of the word.

No. For heavy rain, use '폭우' or '비가 많이 오다'. You can't say '비가 무성하다'.

Yes, 茂 (무 - lush) and 盛 (성 - flourish).

'황폐하다' (desolate) or '성기다' (sparse) are good opposites depending on the context.

Yes, '수염이 무성하다' is a very common expression for a thick beard.

Yes, it is common in newspapers and literature.

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