هذه الصفحة بلغتك
English فارسی Deutsch Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português 中文 हिन्दी
A2 preposition 15 دقيقة للقراءة

contro

أمثلة
الشرح contro in your Level:
At the A1 level, you will encounter 'contro' primarily in very simple, physical contexts. It is used to describe where objects are located in relation to each other. For example, if you are learning how to describe a room, you might say that a chair is 'contro il muro' (against the wall). This implies that the chair is touching the wall. You will also see 'contro' in basic sports contexts, such as 'Italia contro Inghilterra' (Italy vs England). At this stage, the focus is on the literal meaning of 'against' as physical contact or a simple match between two sides. You should also learn that when you want to say 'against me' or 'against you', you need to add a small word: 'contro di me' and 'contro di te'. This is a basic rule that will help you avoid mistakes early on. Don't worry about the abstract uses yet; just focus on physical contact and simple competitions. You will often see it in short sentences like 'L'auto va contro l'albero' (The car goes against the tree/hits the tree). It is a short, easy-to-pronounce word that will quickly become a part of your basic vocabulary for describing the world around you.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the A2 level, you start to use 'contro' in more varied and slightly more abstract ways. You will move beyond just physical contact to expressing opinions and preferences. For instance, you might say 'Sono contro questa idea' (I am against this idea) or 'Voto contro' (I vote against). This level also introduces more common phrases and collocations. You will learn to use 'contro' with health-related terms, such as 'un medicinale contro il raffreddore' (a medicine against the cold). You will also become more comfortable with the 'contro di + pronoun' structure, using it in sentences like 'Perché ce l'hai con me? Non ho nulla contro di te' (Why are you annoyed with me? I have nothing against you). At A2, you should also recognize 'contro' in the phrase 'i pro e i contro' (the pros and cons), which is very useful for simple discussions and decision-making. You will start to see 'contro' in news headlines about protests or sports matches, helping you understand the general topic of a conversation or article even if you don't know every other word. It's a key word for expressing basic opposition and for describing solutions to common problems like illnesses or household issues.
By the B1 level, you should be able to use 'contro' with confidence in a wide range of situations, including more complex metaphorical contexts. You will use it to describe struggles, such as 'lottare contro il tempo' (to fight against time) or 'andare controcorrente' (to go against the current/be unconventional). Your understanding of the word will deepen as you see it used in more idiomatic expressions and compound words like 'controsenso' (contradiction) or 'contropiede' (counter-attack in sports). At B1, you are expected to handle the grammar perfectly, never forgetting the 'di' before personal pronouns. You will also start to distinguish 'contro' from more formal alternatives like 'contrario' or 'opposto'. You might use it in social and political discussions to explain why you are 'contro la guerra' (against war) or 'contro l'inquinamento' (against pollution). This level is about nuance; you understand that 'contro' can signal not just physical contact but also a moral or intellectual stance. You will encounter it in literature and more detailed news reports, where it might describe legal actions or complex social dynamics. It becomes a tool for persuasion and for describing the complexities of life where forces are often in conflict.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B2 level, your use of 'contro' should be sophisticated and precise. You will encounter it in formal writing, legal documents, and academic texts. For example, you might read about a 'ricorso contro una sentenza' (an appeal against a sentence) or 'misure contro la disoccupazione' (measures against unemployment). You will understand the subtle difference between 'contro' and more literary terms like 'avverso' or 'ostile'. At this stage, you can use 'contro' to construct complex arguments, weighing 'i pro e i contro' of various strategies in a professional setting. You will also be familiar with technical uses, such as 'controspinta' (counter-thrust) in engineering or 'contromisura' (countermeasure) in security. Your listening skills will allow you to pick up 'contro' in fast-paced debates where speakers use it to pivot their arguments or challenge their opponents. You will also appreciate its use in more elevated literature, where 'contro' might describe a character's internal struggle against their own nature or fate. Your mastery of the word includes knowing exactly when it is the most effective choice compared to its synonyms, and you can use it to add impact and clarity to both your spoken and written Italian.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
By C1, 'contro' is a word you use with complete naturalness, including in its most subtle and idiomatic forms. You are aware of its historical roots and how it functions in classical Italian literature. You can use it in highly formal contexts, such as 'procedere contro qualcuno' (to take legal action against someone), and you understand the specific legal connotations it carries. Your vocabulary includes a wide array of compound words starting with 'contro-', and you can use them to describe complex concepts like 'controdichiarazione' (counter-declaration) or 'controindicazione' (contraindication). At this level, you can engage in deep philosophical or political debates where 'contro' is used to define entire ideologies or movements. You might analyze a text that discusses the 'lotta dell'uomo contro la natura' (man's struggle against nature) or the 'rivolta contro il modernismo' (revolt against modernism). You are also sensitive to the rhythmic and stylistic functions of the word in poetry or oratory. Your use of 'contro' is no longer just about communication; it's about precision, tone, and rhetorical effect. You can effortlessly switch between the common, everyday uses of the word and its more specialized, high-register applications.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C2 level, you have a near-native command of 'contro', understanding every possible nuance and historical variation. You are comfortable with archaic or literary uses that might appear in Dante or Machiavelli, where 'contro' might be used in ways that differ slightly from modern standard Italian. You can use the word in the most demanding professional or academic environments, such as drafting legal briefs or writing philosophical treatises. Your understanding of the word's etymology from the Latin 'contra' allows you to see the connections between 'contro' and a vast family of words across the Romance languages. You can use 'contro' in highly idiomatic or regional ways if the situation calls for it, and you have a perfect ear for its use in all registers of speech, from street slang to the most elevated formal discourse. At this stage, 'contro' is not just a preposition you know; it is a versatile instrument that you use to shape your expression with total precision and cultural awareness. You can play with the word, using it in puns or sophisticated wordplay, and you fully grasp its role in the architectural structure of the Italian language. Your mastery is such that you can explain the finest points of its usage to others, including the historical evolution that led to its current roles.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
أمثلة
The Italian preposition contro is a versatile and essential word that primarily translates to the English word against. At its most basic level, it describes a physical relationship where one object is in contact with or moving toward another in a way that suggests resistance or support. For example, when you lean a ladder against a wall, or when the wind blows against your face, contro is the word you need. However, its utility extends far beyond the physical realm. It is the go-to term for expressing opposition, disagreement, and competition. Whether you are talking about a football match where one team plays against another, or a political debate where one person argues against a specific policy, contro captures that sense of conflict or contrast perfectly. In the Italian language, prepositions are often the most difficult part for English speakers to master because their usage does not always map one-to-one, but contro is relatively straightforward, making it an excellent addition to an A2 learner's vocabulary.
Physical Resistance
This refers to an object leaning or pushing against another surface. It implies contact and pressure.

Ho appoggiato la bicicletta contro il muro del garage.

Beyond physical contact, contro is used to describe moving in the opposite direction of something else, such as 'controcorrente' (against the current). This can be literal, like a salmon swimming up a river, or metaphorical, like a person who goes against social norms or popular trends. In the world of sports and games, contro is indispensable. If you are watching a Serie A match, you might hear that Juventus is playing 'contro' Milan. This usage is identical to the English 'versus'. Furthermore, in legal and formal contexts, the word appears frequently in phrases like 'ricorso contro' (appeal against) or 'testimonianza contro' (testimony against). It is a word that carries weight, often signaling a stance or a position taken in relation to something else.
Opposition of Ideas
Used when one's opinion or vote is in disagreement with a proposal or person.

Molti cittadini hanno protestato contro la nuova legge sulle tasse.

Another important aspect to consider is the use of contro in medicine and health, where it describes remedies or protections. A cream might be 'contro le scottature' (against sunburns), or a medicine might be 'contro la tosse' (against cough). In these cases, it functions similarly to the English 'for' in the sense of 'for treating', but the Italian logic focuses on the opposition to the ailment. This nuanced difference is key to sounding more natural in Italian. You will also find contro in many compound words and idiomatic expressions that enrich your conversational skills. For instance, 'controsenso' means a contradiction or something that makes no sense. By understanding the core meaning of 'against', these more complex words become much easier to decipher and remember.
Competitive Context
This indicates a struggle or a match between two opposing forces or teams.

Domani la nostra squadra giocherà contro i campioni in carica.

In summary, contro is a powerhouse preposition. It bridges the gap between physical space and abstract thought, allowing you to describe everything from where you put your umbrella to your deepest political convictions. As you advance from A2 to higher levels, you will see it paired with more complex verbs and used in increasingly sophisticated ways, but the core essence of 'opposition' or 'contact from the opposite side' will always remain the same. Mastering its use with pronouns and recognizing its role in compound words will significantly boost your Italian fluency.
Using contro correctly involves understanding its placement and the small grammatical adjustments required depending on what follows it. In most simple sentences, contro acts as a direct preposition followed by a noun. For example, 'L'auto è andata contro un albero' (The car went against/hit a tree). In this context, there is no need for extra words between the preposition and the noun. However, the most common hurdle for learners is the use of personal pronouns. Unlike English, where you just say 'against me', Italian requires an additional 'di'. So, 'against me' becomes 'contro di me', 'against you' becomes 'contro di te', and so on. This 'di' acts as a buffer and is a mandatory part of standard Italian grammar, although in very informal speech, you might occasionally hear it omitted.
Direct Object Following
When a noun or a definite article follows 'contro', it usually stands alone without 'di'.

Non ho nulla contro la tua decisione, ma sono preoccupato.

Another frequent use case is in the expression of time or deadlines, though this is more advanced. You might hear 'contro il tempo' (against time), which implies a race or a struggle to finish something before a deadline. In everyday conversation, you will often use contro to express your stance on a topic. Phrases like 'Sono contro questa proposta' (I am against this proposal) are vital for expressing opinions. Note how 'contro' does not change its form; it is an invariable preposition, meaning it doesn't have a masculine, feminine, singular, or plural version. This makes it easier to remember than adjectives.
Personal Pronouns
Always remember to insert 'di' when 'contro' is followed by pronouns like me, te, lui, lei, noi, voi, loro.

Tutti sembrano essere contro di noi oggi.

When describing movements, contro often pairs with verbs of motion like 'andare' (to go), 'correre' (to run), or 'urtare' (to bump). 'Ho urtato contro lo spigolo del tavolo' (I bumped against/into the corner of the table). It provides the directional component of the action. In more abstract sentences, it can be used with 'combattere' (to fight) or 'lottare' (to struggle). 'Lottiamo contro le ingiustizie' (We struggle against injustices). This breadth of use makes it one of the most functional prepositions in the Italian language.
Abstract Opposition
Used to describe fighting for a cause or opposing a non-physical concept.

Dobbiamo agire contro il riscaldamento globale immediatamente.

Finally, consider the placement of contro in questions. 'Contro chi giochi?' (Against whom are you playing?). The preposition stays at the beginning of the phrase, just like in formal English, but in Italian, this is the standard way to speak. You cannot end a sentence with a preposition in Italian as you sometimes can in English. Understanding these structural rules will help you build complex and accurate sentences as you continue your journey toward Italian proficiency.
You will encounter contro in almost every facet of Italian life, from the mundane to the highly formal. In a typical Italian household, you might hear a parent telling a child, 'Non appoggiarti contro la porta!' (Don't lean against the door!). In the streets, you'll see signs for products that are 'efficace contro le formiche' (effective against ants) or advertisements for insurance policies that protect you 'contro i furti' (against thefts). It is a word that permeates the physical environment. However, if you turn on the television to watch the news, you will hear contro used in a much more abstract and often confrontational way. News anchors frequently discuss 'manifestazioni contro il governo' (protests against the government) or 'sanzioni contro un altro paese' (sanctions against another country). In these contexts, the word carries the weight of political and social struggle.
News and Media
Frequently used to describe conflicts, legal battles, and social movements reported in the press.

Il telegiornale ha parlato della rivolta contro la dittatura.

In the world of Italian cinema and literature, contro is often used to set up the central conflict of a story. Think of a classic film where a lone hero stands 'contro tutti' (against everyone). This phrase is iconic and captures the dramatic essence of the underdog. You will also hear it in music; many famous Italian songs use contro to describe the pain of going against fate or the struggle of a broken heart. It is a word that resonates with emotion. In a more casual setting, such as a cafe or a bar, Italians love to debate. You might hear someone say, 'Io non ho nulla contro di lui, ma il suo progetto è assurdo' (I have nothing against him, but his project is absurd). This is a common way to soften a criticism by first stating that there is no personal animosity.
Social Debates
Used in everyday conversations to express disagreement or to clarify one's position in a debate.

Siamo tutti contro lo spreco alimentare in questo ristorante.

Furthermore, in professional environments, contro is used in project management and strategy. You might discuss 'misure contro la crisi' (measures against the crisis) or 'strategie contro la concorrenza' (strategies against the competition). Even in the scientific field, researchers look for 'vaccini contro i virus' (vaccines against viruses). The word is truly universal. Whether you are reading a legal document, a sports magazine, or a simple grocery list for cleaning supplies ('prodotto contro il calcare' - product against limescale), contro is there. Its frequency in the language is a testament to how often we define ourselves and our actions in relation to what we oppose or what we are physically in contact with.
Technical and Practical Use
Found on product labels and in technical manuals to describe protection or prevention.

Questa vernice speciale protegge contro l'umidità.

Paying attention to these various contexts will not only help you understand the word better but also give you a glimpse into Italian culture and the way Italians perceive conflict, protection, and physical space. It is more than just a preposition; it is a way of framing reality.
Even though contro seems simple, there are several common pitfalls that learners, especially English speakers, often fall into. The most frequent mistake is the omission of 'di' when using personal pronouns. In English, we say 'against me', but in Italian, saying 'contro me' is technically incorrect in standard grammar, although you might hear it in some informal or poetic contexts. The correct form is 'contro di me'. This rule applies to all tonic pronouns (me, te, lui, lei, noi, voi, loro). Forgetting this 'di' is a tell-tale sign of a non-native speaker. Another common error is confusing contro with 'di fronte a' (opposite/in front of). While 'contro' implies opposition or contact, 'di fronte a' simply describes spatial positioning without the element of resistance or conflict. If you say you are 'contro la banca', it sounds like you are protesting the bank, whereas 'di fronte alla banca' means you are physically standing across from it.
The Pronoun Trap
Always use 'di' between 'contro' and a personal pronoun. 'Contro di me' is the gold standard.

Sbagliato: Non dire nulla contro lui. Corretto: Non dire nulla contro di lui.

Another mistake involves the use of 'contro' vs 'verso'. 'Verso' means 'towards', which is the opposite direction of 'contro' in many contexts. For example, 'correre verso qualcuno' (to run towards someone) implies a positive or neutral direction, while 'correre contro qualcuno' (to run against/into someone) implies a collision. Learners sometimes swap these when they are trying to describe movement. Furthermore, some students try to pluralize 'contro' when it's used as a noun in 'i pro e i contro'. While 'pro' and 'contro' remain invariable, the article 'i' tells us they are plural. Don't try to add an 'i' at the end of 'contro'!
Spatial Confusion
Do not confuse 'contro' (against) with 'di fronte a' (facing/opposite). They describe very different relationships.

La sedia è contro il muro (touching), non di fronte al muro (facing but at a distance).

There is also the rare but confusing use of 'contro a'. In some older texts or specific regional dialects, you might see 'contro al muro'. For a modern learner, this is best avoided as it can sound archaic or simply incorrect in a standard conversational setting. Stick to the direct noun. Additionally, when using contro with verbs like 'votare' (to vote), ensure you don't accidentally use 'per' (for) if you mean to oppose something. 'Voto contro la mozione' means you are saying 'no' to it.
Invariable Nature
'Contro' never changes its ending. It is always 'contro', whether you are against one thing or many things.

Abbiamo lottato contro le difficoltà (plural), non 'contri'.

Lastly, be careful with the prefix 'contro-' in compound words. While 'controsenso' is common, you cannot just attach 'contro' to any word to make it mean the opposite. Italian has specific rules for word formation. By keeping these common errors in mind—especially the 'di' before pronouns and the distinction from 'di fronte a'—you will navigate the use of contro with the confidence of a much more advanced speaker. Practice these distinctions regularly to build the correct muscle memory.
While contro is the most common way to say 'against', Italian offers several alternatives and related words that can add nuance to your speech depending on the context. Understanding these will help you choose the most precise term for what you want to convey. For example, if you want to emphasize a strong, formal opposition, you might use the adjective 'avverso'. This word is more literary and is often used in contexts like 'condizioni climatiche avverse' (adverse/against weather conditions). It implies a more hostile or unfavorable state than the simple 'contro'. Another alternative is 'opposto', which means 'opposite'. While 'contro' often implies a struggle, 'opposto' is more about position or nature. You might say 'la direzione opposta' (the opposite direction) or 'opinioni opposte' (opposite opinions).
Contro vs. Avverso
'Contro' is a general-purpose preposition. 'Avverso' is an adjective used for formal opposition or unfavorable conditions.

La squadra ha giocato contro un destino avverso.

In the context of sports or competition, you might hear the term 'versus', which is taken directly from Latin and used globally, though 'contro' remains the standard Italian choice. If you are describing a physical position facing something, 'davanti a' or 'di fronte a' are the correct choices. It's important to remember that 'contro' almost always implies some level of contact or active opposition. If you are 'contro il muro', you are touching it. If you are 'di fronte al muro', there is space between you and the wall. This distinction is crucial for spatial accuracy.
Contro vs. Opposto
'Contro' suggests action or pressure; 'opposto' suggests a state of being or a location.

Lui abita nel palazzo opposto al mio, proprio di fronte.

For more abstract uses, consider 'contrario'. As an adjective, it means 'contrary' or 'opposite'. You can say 'Sono di parere contrario' (I am of the opposite/contrary opinion). This is often used interchangeably with 'sono contro', but 'contrario' sounds slightly more formal and precise. There is also 'anti-', a prefix used in many Italian words to mean 'against', such as 'antibiotico' (antibiotic) or 'antifurto' (anti-theft/alarm). While not a standalone word, recognizing this prefix will help you understand a vast number of related terms.
Contro vs. Contrario
'Contro' is a preposition; 'contrario' is an adjective. 'Contro' is usually followed by a noun, while 'contrario' describes a noun.

Il mio voto è contro; il tuo è di segno contrario?

By learning these alternatives, you gain the ability to express the 'flavor' of opposition you intend. Whether it is the physical pressure of 'contro', the unfavorable nature of 'avverso', or the simple spatial positioning of 'di fronte a', having a range of words at your disposal is a hallmark of a proficient speaker. Practice using contro as your base, and then slowly integrate these other terms to make your Italian more descriptive and sophisticated.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Ho messo la sedia contro il muro.

I put the chair against the wall.

A1: Simple physical contact with a noun.

2

Giochiamo contro la tua squadra.

We are playing against your team.

A1: Used for a simple competition.

3

Non correre contro la porta!

Don't run against/into the door!

A1: Directional movement leading to contact.

4

L'albero è appoggiato contro la casa.

The tree is leaning against the house.

A1: Describing a static physical state.

5

Lui è contro di me.

He is against me.

A1: Use of 'di' before the personal pronoun 'me'.

6

Hai qualcosa contro di noi?

Do you have something against us?

A1: Use of 'di' before the personal pronoun 'noi'.

7

Metti il tavolo contro la finestra.

Put the table against the window.

A1: Simple imperative with physical placement.

8

La pioggia batte contro i vetri.

The rain beats against the window panes.

A1: Describing natural elements in contact with a surface.

1

Questa crema è ottima contro le scottature.

This cream is great against sunburns.

A2: Used to describe a remedy or protection.

2

Molti sono contro la nuova regola.

Many are against the new rule.

A2: Expressing a collective opinion or stance.

3

Dobbiamo decidere i pro e i contro.

We need to decide the pros and cons.

A2: Using 'contro' as part of a common noun phrase.

4

Non ho nulla contro la tua amica.

I have nothing against your friend.

A2: Clarifying a personal lack of opposition.

5

Voglio votare contro questa proposta.

I want to vote against this proposal.

A2: Using 'contro' with a verb of choice/action.

6

Il gatto si struscia contro le mie gambe.

The cat rubs against my legs.

A2: Describing a common physical action.

7

Hai un prodotto contro le formiche?

Do you have a product against ants?

A2: Practical everyday usage for solutions.

8

La partita è Italia contro Spagna.

The match is Italy against Spain.

A2: Standard sports terminology.

1

È difficile nuotare controcorrente.

It is difficult to swim against the current.

B1: Metaphorical and literal use of 'contro' in a compound word.

2

Stiamo correndo contro il tempo per finire il progetto.

We are racing against time to finish the project.

B1: Abstract use of 'contro' with time/deadlines.

3

Lui ha sempre lottato contro le ingiustizie.

He has always fought against injustices.

B1: Using 'contro' for moral or social causes.

4

Quello che dici è un controsenso.

What you are saying is a contradiction.

B1: Using a compound noun derived from 'contro'.

5

La barca sbatteva violentemente contro gli scogli.

The boat was hitting the rocks violently.

B1: Describing a forceful physical interaction.

6

Non posso fare nulla contro la sua volontà.

I can't do anything against his will.

B1: Abstract opposition to someone's desire.

7

Hanno preso delle misure contro l'inquinamento.

They have taken measures against pollution.

B1: Formal use in the context of problem-solving.

8

Il film parla di un uomo contro tutti.

The movie is about a man against everyone.

B1: Common idiomatic expression for isolation/conflict.

1

L'avvocato ha presentato un ricorso contro la sentenza.

The lawyer filed an appeal against the sentence.

B2: Formal legal terminology.

2

Ci sono molte controindicazioni per questo farmaco.

There are many contraindications for this drug.

B2: Technical medical vocabulary.

3

La sua tesi va contro i principi della fisica moderna.

His thesis goes against the principles of modern physics.

B2: Abstract opposition in an academic context.

4

Hanno agito contro i propri interessi.

They acted against their own interests.

B2: Describing self-defeating behavior.

5

Il vento soffiava forte contro la nostra marcia.

The wind was blowing hard against our march.

B2: Describing physical resistance in a narrative style.

6

Bisogna valutare attentamente ogni pro e contro.

Every pro and con must be carefully evaluated.

B2: Using the noun form in a professional setting.

7

La squadra ha subito un gol in contropiede.

The team conceded a goal on a counter-attack.

B2: Specific sports terminology (compound word).

8

L'indagine è diretta contro ignoti.

The investigation is directed against unknown persons.

B2: Formal judicial phrase.

1

La rivolta contro l'autorità fu sedata rapidamente.

The revolt against authority was suppressed quickly.

C1: Elevated historical and political narrative.

2

È un'azione che stride contro il buon senso.

It is an action that clashes against common sense.

C1: Figurative use with highly descriptive verbs.

3

Il poeta descrive la lotta dell'anima contro il corpo.

The poet describes the soul's struggle against the body.

C1: Philosophical and literary application.

4

Hanno sporto denuncia contro ignoti per il furto.

They filed a complaint against unknown persons for the theft.

C1: Precise legal procedure terminology.

5

La sua condotta è in netto contrasto contro ogni etica.

His conduct is in sharp contrast against all ethics.

C1: Using 'contro' to emphasize moral discrepancy.

6

Si è scagliato con violenza contro i suoi detrattori.

He lashed out violently against his detractors.

C1: Using 'contro' with reflexive verbs of aggression.

7

La flotta navigava contro vento e marea.

The fleet was sailing against wind and tide.

C1: Literary and idiomatic expression for extreme difficulty.

8

Non c'è rimedio contro la stupidità umana.

There is no remedy against human stupidity.

C1: Cynical philosophical observation.

1

L'argomentazione si infrange contro l'evidenza dei fatti.

The argument shatters against the evidence of the facts.

C2: Highly metaphorical and sophisticated prose.

2

Hanno opposto una strenua resistenza contro l'invasore.

They put up a strenuous resistance against the invader.

C2: Formal historical register with advanced adjectives.

3

Il provvedimento agisce in controtendenza rispetto al mercato.

The measure acts in counter-trend relative to the market.

C2: Specialized economic terminology.

4

Si tratta di una contromisura necessaria e improcrastinabile.

It is a necessary and non-delayable countermeasure.

C2: High-level administrative and strategic language.

5

La sua opera è un grido contro l'indifferenza del mondo.

His work is a cry against the world's indifference.

C2: Abstract artistic and social commentary.

6

Hanno agito contro ogni logica e buongusto.

They acted against all logic and good taste.

C

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

محتوى ذو صلة

هل كان هذا مفيداً؟

التعليقات (0)

تسجيل الدخول للتعليق
لا توجد تعليقات بعد. كن أول من يشارك أفكاره!