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B1 conjunction #800 الأكثر شيوعاً 9 دقيقة للقراءة

なお

nao الأكثر شيوعاً #800

At the A1 level, you might not use なお (nao) yourself very often, as it is a bit formal. However, you might see it in very simple signs or hear it in announcements. Think of it as a formal way to say 'and' or 'also' when adding a small extra detail. For example, a sign might say 'The park is open. Nao, don't bring dogs.' It helps you know that there is one more thing to remember. At this stage, just recognize that when you see nao at the start of a sentence, it means 'Here is one more piece of information.' It is often used in places like train stations or schools to give extra instructions. You don't need to worry about the 'still' meaning yet; just focus on it as a way to add a 'P.S.' to a message. It is much more polite than just saying 'and' (soshite). When you see it, look for the information that follows it, as it is usually an important rule or detail you need to follow.

At the A2 level, you can start to recognize なお (nao) in emails and formal notices. You are learning how to handle basic daily life in Japan, and nao is a key word for understanding instructions. When you receive an invitation to a party or a notice from your landlord, nao will often introduce the 'fine print' or the extra details. For example, 'The party is on Saturday. Nao, please bring your own drinks.' You can also begin to understand its use as 'still' in simple stories, like 'He is nao (still) sleepy.' However, your main focus should be on its role as a conjunction. Try to notice how it separates the main news from the secondary details. Using nao in your own basic formal writing, like a simple message to a teacher, will make your Japanese sound much more natural and respectful. It shows you understand how to organize information clearly.

At the B1 level, you should be able to use なお (nao) effectively in your own writing, especially in business or formal correspondence. You understand that nao is used to add supplementary information that clarifies or adds a condition to the main statement. You should be able to distinguish it from mata (also) and soshite (and). In a B1 context, you might write an email saying, 'I have attached the report. Nao, if you have any questions, please let me know.' You also start to encounter the 'still' or 'even more' usage in more complex reading materials. You should understand that nao can emphasize the continuation of a state, especially when things are changing. For example, 'Despite the medicine, the fever is nao (still) high.' This level requires you to use nao to create a logical flow in your paragraphs, ensuring that supplementary details don't interrupt the main narrative but are still clearly communicated.

At the B2 level, you should have a nuanced understanding of なお (nao) and its various functions in different registers. You can use it fluently in business presentations and formal reports to provide provisos and additional context. You understand that nao can function as a 'proviso' (tadashi-gaki) in legal or semi-legal contexts, introducing an exception to a rule. You are also comfortable with the compound naosara (all the more) and can use it to add rhetorical weight to your arguments. For instance, 'It's a difficult task, and with the short deadline, it's naosara (all the more) challenging.' You can appreciate the literary use of nao to create atmosphere or emphasize persistent emotions in novels. At this level, you are not just using the word for its meaning, but for its ability to structure complex information and convey a specific professional or literary tone.

At the C1 level, your mastery of なお (nao) extends to its most subtle and sophisticated applications. You can use it in academic writing to bridge complex ideas, using it to introduce secondary but essential evidence or to refine a previous assertion. You understand the historical development of the word from its roots in Old Japanese and how this history informs its modern nuances of 'persistence' and 'addition.' You can use nao to create a sophisticated rhythm in your prose, knowing exactly when to use it versus sara ni or mata to achieve the desired emphasis. You are also sensitive to its use in high-level journalism and political discourse, where it is often used to manage public expectations or provide critical caveats. Your use of nao reflects a deep understanding of Japanese logic and the importance of layering information in a way that is both comprehensive and elegantly structured.

At the C2 level, なお (nao) is a tool you use with native-like precision and stylistic flair. You can navigate the most complex legal documents, classical literature, and philosophical texts where nao might carry archaic nuances or highly specific technical meanings. You understand how nao functions in the 'wa-kan' (Japanese-Chinese) hybrid style of writing and can replicate this in your own high-level compositions. You can use nao to convey subtle irony, deep emotional persistence, or absolute logical necessity. Your mastery allows you to use the word in a way that feels completely natural yet highly refined, whether you are drafting a formal policy, writing a literary critique, or engaging in a high-stakes negotiation. You are fully aware of how nao contributes to the overall 'keigo' (polite language) ecosystem and use it to maintain perfect social and professional distance while ensuring total clarity of communication.

تدرّب عليها أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح

なお في 30 ثانية

A formal conjunction used to add supplementary info or exceptions to a main statement.
Functions as an adverb meaning 'still' or 'even more' in literary or news contexts.
Commonly found in business emails, public announcements, and legal documents.
Distinguished from 'mata' by its focus on secondary, clarifying details rather than new points.

The Japanese word なお (nao) is a versatile conjunction and adverb that primarily functions as a bridge to supplementary information. In its most common modern usage, especially within formal writing and announcements, it translates to "furthermore," "in addition," or "moreover." However, its linguistic roots and secondary meanings also encompass the concept of "still," "yet," or "even more," indicating a continuation of a state or an increase in intensity. Understanding nao requires recognizing its role as a signpost in Japanese discourse. When a speaker or writer uses nao, they are signaling to the audience that the primary message has been delivered, but there is an additional, often procedural or clarifying, detail that must be noted. This is why you will frequently encounter it at the end of business emails, public announcements, and instructional manuals. It acts much like a formal "P.S." or an "additional note" section in English documentation.

Primary Function: To add supplementary information that is related to but distinct from the main point of the preceding sentence.

本日の会議は終了しました。なお、議事録は明日配布します。(Today's meeting has concluded. Furthermore, the minutes will be distributed tomorrow.)

Beyond its additive function, nao also serves to emphasize a persistent state. In this context, it is often paired with particles like mo (なおも) to mean "still" or "even now." This usage is more common in literature or news reporting to describe an ongoing situation that might have been expected to change. For example, describing a storm that "still" maintains its strength or a person who "still" continues to work despite challenges. In formal settings, using nao demonstrates a high level of linguistic competence and politeness. It shows that the speaker is organized and considerate of the listener's need for complete information. It is less common in casual, everyday speech among friends, where words like ato (あと) or soshite (そして) might be preferred. However, in any professional or official Japanese context, nao is an indispensable tool for clear communication.

Register: Formal and Written. Common in business, legal, and academic contexts.

彼はなおも研究を続けている。(He is still continuing his research.)

Nuance Note: Unlike 'soshite' (and), 'nao' does not necessarily imply a chronological sequence. It implies a logical addition of detail.

詳細はウェブサイトをご覧ください。なお、電話でのお問い合わせは受け付けておりません。(Please see the website for details. Furthermore, we do not accept inquiries by phone.)

雨はなお激しくなった。(The rain became even more intense.)

事件の真相はなお不明だ。(The truth of the incident is still unknown.)

Using なお (nao) correctly involves understanding its placement and the relationship between the sentences it connects. Most commonly, nao appears at the very beginning of a new sentence to add information to the previous one. This structure is: [Main Information Sentence]。なお、[Supplementary Information Sentence]。 The comma after nao is standard in written Japanese to provide a rhythmic pause and clarity. This supplementary information often covers exceptions, additional requirements, or related logistical details. For instance, if you are announcing an event, the first sentence might state the date and time, while the nao sentence specifies the dress code or parking situation.

Sentence Structure 1: [Statement A]。なお、[Statement B] (Statement A. Furthermore, Statement B).

入場は無料です。なお、事前予約が必要です。(Admission is free. Furthermore, advance reservation is required.)

When nao is used to mean "still" or "even more," its placement changes. In these cases, it often functions as an adverb modifying a verb or an adjective. It typically precedes the word it modifies. For example, in the phrase nao furu (still falling), nao emphasizes the persistence of the rain. When used with comparative adjectives, it means "even more," such as nao yoi (even better). This usage is particularly powerful in literary descriptions where the author wants to convey a sense of continuity or escalation.

Sentence Structure 2: [Subject] はなお [Adjective/Verb] (Subject is still/even more [Adjective/Verb]).

状況はなお厳しい。(The situation is still difficult.)

Another common pattern is naosara (なおさら), which means "all the more" or "even more so." This is used when a new fact makes a previous statement even more true or relevant. For example, "It's already cold, and with the wind, it's naosara cold." This compound form is very common in spoken Japanese as well.

Compound Form: なおさら (naosara) - All the more; even more so.

彼が来ないなら、なおさら行くべきだ。(If he isn't coming, then we should go all the more.)

この規則は来月から適用されます。なお、例外もあります。(This rule applies from next month. Furthermore, there are exceptions.)

夜になっても、暑さはなお続いた。(Even at night, the heat still continued.)

If you live in Japan or consume Japanese media, you will hear なお (nao) in several specific environments. The most prominent is in public transport announcements. When a train is delayed or a platform is changed, the announcer will provide the main news first, then use nao to add details about ticket refunds or alternative routes. This creates a clear hierarchy of information that helps passengers process the most important news first. Similarly, in department stores, nao is used in closing announcements to inform customers about the last order time at the cafe or the location of the night exit.

Context: Public Announcements: Used to add logistical details after a primary announcement.

まもなく1番線に列車が参ります。なお、足元にご注意ください。(A train will arrive shortly on Track 1. Furthermore, please watch your step.)

In the corporate world, nao is a staple of email communication. It is almost expected in formal internal memos or external notices. If a manager sends an email about a company trip, they will describe the destination and time, then use nao to mention the deadline for the participation survey. In this way, nao helps maintain a professional tone by keeping the main message concise while ensuring all necessary information is included. News broadcasts also utilize nao frequently. When reporting on a natural disaster or a political event, the anchor might say, "The rescue operations are ongoing. Nao, the number of casualties is still being confirmed." Here, it serves to bridge the current action with the remaining uncertainties. In literary readings or audiobooks, nao is used to evoke a sense of timelessness or persistent emotion, often in its "still" sense.

Context: News & Media: Used to update information or emphasize that a situation has not changed.

台風は北上を続けています。なお、警戒が必要です。(The typhoon continues to move north. Furthermore, caution is necessary.)

彼はなおも若々しい。(He is still youthful.)

試験の結果は後日郵送します。なお、電話での照会はできません。(Test results will be mailed later. Furthermore, inquiries by phone are not possible.)

One of the most common mistakes learners make with なお (nao) is using it in overly casual situations. Because nao has a stiff, formal nuance, using it while chatting with friends can sound unnaturally robotic or overly serious. In casual speech, people usually use soshite (and), ato (also/after), or soreni (besides). Another mistake is confusing nao with mata (また). While both can mean "also" or "furthermore," mata is used to add a new point of equal importance, whereas nao is specifically for supplementary or secondary information that clarifies the first point.

Mistake: Wrong Register: Using 'nao' in casual conversation with friends. Correct: Use 'ato' or 'soshite'.

❌ 遊びに行こう。なお、お金持ってきてね。(Let's go play. Furthermore, bring money.) -> Sounds like a legal document.

Another nuance to master is the difference between nao and mada (まだ). Both can be translated as "still," but they are not interchangeable. Mada is used for things that haven't happened yet or states that are continuing as expected. Nao (especially as nao mo) is used for states that persist despite a change in circumstances or to emphasize the degree of the state. For example, "It is mada raining" is a simple fact. "The rain is nao intense" suggests it is even more intense than before or unexpectedly still intense. Learners also sometimes forget the comma after nao when using it as a conjunction. In written Japanese, this comma is crucial for separating the supplementary information from the main clause. Without it, the sentence can feel rushed and the logical transition becomes less clear. Finally, be careful not to use nao to start a completely unrelated topic. It must always relate back to the sentence immediately preceding it.

Mistake: Logical Disconnect: Using 'nao' to introduce a brand new, unrelated topic. 'Nao' should only add to what was just said.

❌ 宿題をしました。なお、昨日はカレーを食べました。(I did my homework. Furthermore, I ate curry yesterday.) -> No logical connection.

彼は失敗したが、なおも諦めなかった。(He failed, but he still did not give up.)

To truly master なお (nao), it is helpful to compare it with other Japanese conjunctions that mean "furthermore" or "also." The most common alternatives are mata (また), soshite (そして), sara ni (さらに), and tsuide ni (ついでに). Each has a distinct nuance and register.

Comparison: なお vs. また (Mata): 'Mata' adds a new point of equal importance. 'Nao' adds a supplementary point or an exception to the main point.

野菜を買い、また果物も買った。(I bought vegetables, and also bought fruit.) vs. 詳細は別紙の通りです。なお、費用は自己負担です。(Details are as per the attached sheet. Furthermore, costs are at your own expense.)

Sara ni (さらに) is another close synonym. While nao adds supplementary information, sara ni emphasizes an increase in degree or a progression to the next level. It translates better as "even more" or "on top of that." For example, "It rained, and sara ni the wind got stronger." Nao is more static and procedural, while sara ni is more dynamic.

Comparison: なお vs. さらに (Sara ni): 'Sara ni' implies an escalation or an additional step in a process. 'Nao' implies a side-note or clarification.

Tsuide ni (ついでに) means "while you're at it" or "incidentally." This is much more casual and implies that the second action is being done because the first action made it convenient. Nao never implies convenience; it implies necessity for completeness.

Comparison: なお vs. ついでに (Tsuide ni): 'Tsuide ni' is casual and means 'incidentally/while you're at it.' 'Nao' is formal and means 'furthermore/as a supplementary note.'

コンビニに行くなら、ついでに牛乳買ってきて。(If you're going to the convenience store, buy some milk while you're at it.)

状況はなお好転している。(The situation is still improving.)

明日は雨でしょう。なお、風も強まる見込みです。(It will likely rain tomorrow. Furthermore, the wind is also expected to strengthen.)

How Formal Is It?

رسمي

"本日はご来場ありがとうございます。なお、館内での撮影は禁止です。"

محايد

"明日は雨が降るでしょう。なお、風も強くなりそうです。"

غير رسمي

"明日行くね。なお、お菓子も持っていくよ。"

Child friendly

"みんなで遊びましょう。なお、おもちゃは片付けてね。"

عامية

"N/A"

حقيقة ممتعة

The kanji sometimes associated with 'nao' (though it is usually written in hiragana) is '尚' or '猶'. '猶' originally depicted a type of monkey known for being suspicious or hesitant, which led to the meaning of 'still' or 'yet' (as in 'still hesitating').

دليل النطق

UK na-o

US na-o

Flat pitch accent (Heiban). Both syllables are pronounced with relatively equal stress, often starting low and staying level.

يتقافى مع

Kao (face) Sao (pole) Tao (path/way) Mao (name) Nao (name) Hao (good in Chinese/loanword) Yao (name) Rao (pipe stem)

أخطاء شائعة

Pronouncing it like 'now' in English. It is two distinct syllables: na-o.
Elongating the 'o' into 'naoo'. Keep it short.
Adding a 'w' sound between 'na' and 'o' (na-wo).
Using a rising intonation like a question.
Confusing it with 'no' (the particle).

مستوى الصعوبة

القراءة 3/5

Easy to recognize in text, but requires understanding context to know if it means 'still' or 'furthermore.'

الكتابة 4/5

Requires knowledge of formal sentence structure and appropriate register.

التحدث 3/5

Simple to pronounce, but using it naturally in speech requires practice with formal registers.

الاستماع 2/5

Very common in announcements; easy to hear once you know what to listen for.

ماذا تتعلّم بعد ذلك

المتطلبات الأساسية

そして (Soshite) また (Mata) さらに (Sara ni) まだ (Mada) しかし (Shikashi)

تعلّم لاحقاً

ただし (Tadashi) ゆえに (Yueni) したがって (Shitagatte) および (Oyobi) ならびに (Narabini)

متقدم

およそ (Oyoso) さもなければ (Samonakereba) ひいては (Hiite wa) あえて (Aete) いわんや (Iwanya)

قواعد يجب معرفتها

Connecting Sentences with Conjunctions

A。なお、B。

Adverbial Modification of Verbs

なおも走り続ける。

Comparative Intensification

なおさら良くなる。

Formal Provisos (Tadashi-gaki)

～です。なお、～の場合は除きます。

Polite Instructions in Announcements

～です。なお、～にご注意ください。

أمثلة حسب المستوى

あしたは休みです。なお、学校はあいています。

Tomorrow is a holiday. Furthermore, the school is open.

Simple additive use of 'nao' in a formal notice.

ここは禁煙です。なお、外に喫煙所があります。

This area is non-smoking. Furthermore, there is a smoking area outside.

Using 'nao' to provide an alternative or exception.

テストは10時からです。なお、えんぴつを持ってきてください。

The test starts at 10. Furthermore, please bring a pencil.

Adding a logistical instruction.

バスはもうすぐ来ます。なお、お金を準備してください。

The bus is coming soon. Furthermore, please prepare your money.

Adding a preparatory step.

彼はなおも寝ています。

He is still sleeping.

Simple use of 'nao' meaning 'still'.

入り口はこちらです。なお、出口はあちらです。

The entrance is here. Furthermore, the exit is over there.

Adding directional information.

今日は暑いです。なお、明日はもっと暑くなります。

Today is hot. Furthermore, it will be even hotter tomorrow.

Adding a future prediction.

名前を書いてください。なお、漢字で書いてください。

Please write your name. Furthermore, please write it in Kanji.

Adding a specific requirement.

会議室は3階です。なお、飲み物は持ち込めません。

The meeting room is on the 3rd floor. Furthermore, drinks cannot be brought in.

Standard business supplementary information.

レポートは月曜日までです。なお、遅れた場合は受け付けません。

The report is due by Monday. Furthermore, late submissions will not be accepted.

Adding a strict condition.

イベントは雨天決行です。なお、傘を持ってきてください。

The event will be held even if it rains. Furthermore, please bring an umbrella.

Adding a practical instruction for a specific scenario.

彼はなおも走り続けた。

He still continued to run.

Using 'nao' to show persistence.

詳細はメールで送ります。なお、返信は不要です。

I will send the details by email. Furthermore, a reply is not necessary.

Common business email phrase.

この本は面白い。なお、続きは来月発売される。

This book is interesting. Furthermore, the sequel will be released next month.

Adding information about a future release.

窓を閉めてください。なお、鍵もかけてください。

Please close the window. Furthermore, please lock it as well.

Adding a secondary security step.

彼はなおも怒っているようだ。

He seems to still be angry.

Using 'nao' to describe a persistent emotion.

本サービスは無料で利用可能です。なお、一部の機能は有料となります。

This service is available for free. Furthermore, some functions require payment.

Using 'nao' to introduce a significant exception.

申し込みは締め切りました。なお、キャンセル待ちは受け付けています。

Applications are closed. Furthermore, we are accepting waitlist requests.

Providing an alternative option after a negative statement.

彼は病気だが、なおも仕事をしている。

He is sick, but he is still working.

Emphasizing persistence despite poor health.

資料を添付いたしました。なお、パスワードは別途お送りします。

I have attached the documents. Furthermore, I will send the password separately.

Standard professional security procedure.

景気はなおも不透明な状況が続いている。

The economy still continues to be in an uncertain state.

Formal news/economic register.

この薬は食後に飲んでください。なお、お酒と一緒に飲まないでください。

Please take this medicine after meals. Furthermore, do not take it with alcohol.

Adding a medical warning.

彼は有名な作家だが、なおも謙虚だ。

He is a famous author, but he is still humble.

Contrasting status with persistent personality traits.

明日の出発は8時です。なお、遅刻した場合は置いていきます。

Tomorrow's departure is at 8:00. Furthermore, if you are late, we will leave you behind.

Adding a strict warning to a schedule.

この契約は5年間有効です。なお、更新の手続きは半年前に行ってください。

This contract is valid for five years. Furthermore, please complete the renewal process six months in advance.

Legal/Business procedural addition.

失敗を恐れてはいけない。なおさら、挑戦することが大切だ。

You must not fear failure. All the more, it is important to take on challenges.

Using 'naosara' for rhetorical emphasis.

被害の全容はなおも判明していない。

The full extent of the damage has still not been clarified.

High-level news reporting on an ongoing situation.

本件に関する調査を継続します。なお、結果の公表時期は未定です。

We will continue the investigation into this matter. Furthermore, the timing of the results' publication is undecided.

Official corporate/government statement.

彼が反対するなら、なおさら私はやりたい。

If he opposes it, then I want to do it all the more.

Using 'naosara' to show increased motivation due to opposition.

伝統を守ることは難しいが、なおもその価値はある。

Protecting tradition is difficult, but it is still worth it.

Abstract philosophical/cultural discussion.

本規定は全社員に適用される。なお、管理職については例外を認める場合がある。

This regulation applies to all employees. Furthermore, exceptions may be granted for management.

Introducing a specific exception in a formal policy.

夜が明けても、霧はなお深く立ち込めていた。

Even after dawn, the fog was still heavily settled.

Literary description of a persistent natural state.

本論文では先行研究を概観する。なお、詳細な分析は次章に譲る。

This paper provides an overview of previous research. Furthermore, detailed analysis will be deferred to the next chapter.

Academic writing structure to manage information flow.

経済政策の効果は限定的であった。なお、構造改革の必要性はなおも高い。

The effects of the economic policy were limited. Furthermore, the need for structural reform remains high.

Using 'nao' as both a conjunction and an adverb in the same context.

彼は多忙を極めているが、なおも創作意欲は衰えていない。

He is extremely busy, but his creative drive has still not diminished.

Describing persistent internal motivation despite external pressure.

この制度は暫定的なものである。なお、恒久的な措置については検討中である。

This system is a provisional one. Furthermore, permanent measures are currently under consideration.

Formal administrative language regarding policy transitions.

真実は藪の中であるが、なおも追求を止めるわけにはいかない。

The truth is shrouded in mystery, but we still cannot stop the pursuit.

Idiomatic and formal expression of persistent effort.

環境破壊が進む中、自然保護の重要性はなおさら強調されるべきだ。

As environmental destruction progresses, the importance of nature conservation should be emphasized all the more.

Using 'naosara' in a persuasive or argumentative context.

古都の風情は、近代化の波に洗われながらもなお色褪せていない。

The atmosphere of the ancient capital, while washed by the waves of modernization, has still not faded.

Highly literary and poetic use of 'nao'.

本件は和解が成立した。なお、和解条項の詳細は非公表とする。

A settlement has been reached in this case. Furthermore, the details of the settlement terms shall remain confidential.

Legal register for settlement announcements.

憲法改正の議論は百家争鳴の感があるが、なおも合意形成への道は遠い。

The debate on constitutional reform feels like a hundred schools of thought contending, yet the road to consensus is still long.

Using 'nao' within a complex idiomatic and political sentence.

古典の美学は、現代の価値観に照らしてもなお、普遍的な輝きを放っている。

Classical aesthetics, even when viewed in the light of modern values, still emit a universal brilliance.

Sophisticated philosophical observation.

被告人の供述には変遷が見られる。なお、客観的証拠との矛盾はなおも解消されていない。

There are shifts in the defendant's testimony. Furthermore, the contradictions with objective evidence have still not been resolved.

Legal analysis using 'nao' for both addition and persistence.

情報の洪水に溺れがちな現代において、思索の時間はなおさら貴重なものとなる。

In the modern age where one tends to drown in a flood of information, time for contemplation becomes all the more precious.

Using 'naosara' to draw a conclusion about modern life.

王朝文学の伝統は、中世、近世を経て、なお現代文学の深層に伏流している。

The tradition of court literature, having passed through the medieval and early modern periods, still flows as an undercurrent in the depths of modern literature.

High-level literary criticism and historical analysis.

科学の進歩は著しいが、生命の神秘はなおも人間の理解を超えた領域にある。

While scientific progress is remarkable, the mystery of life still lies in a realm beyond human understanding.

Philosophical reflection on the limits of science.

本事業は黒字化を達成した。なお、累積赤字の解消にはなお数年を要する見込みである。

This business has achieved profitability. Furthermore, it is expected that several more years will be required to eliminate the accumulated deficit.

Complex corporate financial reporting.

言語の壁は厚いが、対話への意志がある限り、希望はなお潰えてはいない。

The language barrier is thick, but as long as there is a will for dialogue, hope has still not been extinguished.

Poetic and formal expression of resilience.

تلازمات شائعة

なお、詳細は...

なおも続く

なおさら良い

なお、注意事項として...

なお、例外として...

なおも衰えない

なお、不明な点は...

なお、追って...

なお、本件に関しては...

なお、あしからず

العبارات الشائعة

なおかつ

なおさら

なおも

なおのこと

なお、付言すれば

なお、念のため

なお、ちなみに

なお、補足すると

なお、折を見て

なお、幸いなことに

يُخلط عادةً مع

なお vs また (Mata)

'Mata' adds a new point of equal weight. 'Nao' adds a side note or clarification.

なお vs まだ (Mada)

'Mada' means 'not yet' or 'still' in a basic sense. 'Nao' is more formal and emphasizes persistence or degree.

なお vs さらに (Sara ni)

'Sara ni' implies 'even more' in a progressive sense. 'Nao' is more for adding supplementary facts.

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"なおざりにする"

To neglect or treat something lightly. Note: This uses the same sounds but different kanji (等閑).

勉強をなおざりにしてはいけない。

Common

"なおもって"

An archaic or very formal way to say 'all the more' or 'furthermore.'

合格すればなおもって嬉しい。

Formal/Archaic

"なおさら悪い"

To make matters even worse.

嘘をつくのはなおさら悪い。

Common

"なおもっての外"

Completely out of the question; even more unthinkable.

そんなことはなおもっての外だ。

Formal

"なお道遠し"

Still a long way to go (metaphorically).

理想の実現にはなお道遠しだ。

Literary

"なお健在なり"

Still going strong; still in good health.

老兵はなお健在なり。

Formal/Literary

"なお余りある"

To have more than enough; to still have plenty left.

彼の才能はなお余りある。

Literary

"なお色褪せない"

Still not faded; still vivid (usually regarding memories or classics).

あの感動はなお色褪せない。

Literary

"なお止まず"

Still not stopping; continuing relentlessly.

批判の声はなお止まず。

Formal/News

"なお不透明"

Still unclear; still opaque (regarding situations).

先行きはなお不透明だ。

News/Business

سهل الخلط

なお vs ただし (Tadashi)

Both add information at the end of a statement.

'Tadashi' is specifically for restrictions or conditions that limit the main statement. 'Nao' is for any supplementary info.

入場は無料です。ただし、学生に限ります。 (Only students are free - restriction)

なお vs ちなみに (Chinami ni)

Both mean 'by the way' or 'incidentally.'

'Chinami ni' is more casual and adds info that isn't strictly necessary. 'Nao' adds info that is usually important for completeness.

彼は医者です。ちなみに、私の父も医者です。 (Casual side fact)

なお vs それから (Sore kara)

Both connect sentences to add more info.

'Sore kara' implies a chronological sequence (and then). 'Nao' does not imply time order.

宿題をして、それから遊びました。 (Time order)

なお vs および (Oyobi)

Both mean 'and' in formal contexts.

'Oyobi' connects nouns within a sentence. 'Nao' connects entire sentences.

氏名および住所を記入してください。 (Connecting nouns)

なお vs もっと (Motto)

Both can mean 'more.'

'Motto' is a simple adverb for degree. 'Nao' (as an adverb) is formal and emphasizes persistence.

もっと食べてください。 (Simple degree)

أنماط الجُمل

[Statement]。なお、[Supplementary Info]。

明日は定休日です。なお、オンラインショップは営業しています。

[Condition]、なおさら [Result]。

彼が手伝ってくれるなら、なおさら心強い。

[Subject] はなおも [Verb]。

雨はなおも降り続いている。

なお、[Exception] の場合は [Action]。

なお、欠席の場合は事前に連絡してください。

[Fact A]。なお、[Fact B] はなおも [State]。

調査は終了した。なお、原因はなおも不明である。

なお、付言すれば [Additional Point]。

なお、付言すれば、この問題は根が深い。

[Complex Logic]。なお、[Legal/Formal Caveat]。

本契約は即日発効する。なお、特約条項については別途定める。

[Subject] は [Context] にあってもなお [Persistence]。

彼は逆境にあってもなお、希望を捨てなかった。

عائلة الكلمة

مرتبط

كيفية الاستخدام

frequency

High in written and formal spoken Japanese; low in casual conversation.

أخطاء شائعة

Using 'nao' in casual talk with friends. → Use 'ato' (あと) or 'soshite' (そして).
'Nao' is quite formal and sounds like a public announcement. Using it with friends can sound stiff or robotic.
Confusing 'nao' with 'mada' for 'still'. → Use 'mada' for simple states, 'nao' for formal/literary persistence.
'Mada' is the standard word for 'still.' 'Nao' is more about a state continuing despite expectations or in a formal context.
Forgetting the comma in written Japanese. → なお、[Sentence]。
In the conjunction sense, the comma is standard and helps separate the supplementary info from the main point.
Using 'nao' to start a completely new topic. → Use 'sate' (さて) or 'tokorode' (ところで).
'Nao' must relate to the previous sentence. It adds to the topic, it doesn't change it.
Using 'nao' instead of 'tadashi' for a hard restriction. → Use 'tadashi' (ただし) for 'However, [Restriction]'.
While 'nao' can add conditions, 'tadashi' is the specific word for a restriction that might negate the first part for some people.

نصائح

Use for Provisos

When writing rules, use 'nao' to introduce exceptions. It makes your writing look professional and organized.

Announcement Style

If you need to give instructions to a group, using 'nao' for the final details makes you sound authoritative and clear.

Placement Matters

Remember: Conjunction 'nao' starts the sentence. Adverb 'nao' goes before the verb or adjective it modifies.

Naosara for Emphasis

Use 'naosara' when you want to say 'even more so' because of a new reason. It's a great way to sound more fluent.

Spot the Caveat

When reading contracts, always pay close attention to sentences starting with 'nao.' They often contain the most important restrictions.

Email Etiquette

Use 'nao' to add logistical info like 'The map is attached' at the end of an email. It keeps the body of the email focused on the main message.

Listen for Updates

News anchors use 'nao' to transition to the latest updates on a story. It signals that the core story is done and the 'latest' is coming.

Register Awareness

Using 'nao' correctly shows you respect the formal boundaries of Japanese society. It's a 'safe' word for all professional settings.

Still vs. Furthermore

If 'nao' is followed by a comma at the start of a sentence, it's 'furthermore.' If it's in the middle of a phrase, it's usually 'still.'

The P.S. Rule

Just remember: Nao = Formal P.S. This simple rule covers 90% of its modern usage.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Think of 'nao' as 'Now, Also...' It sounds a bit like 'Now' and it adds something 'Also.'

ربط بصري

Imagine a business email with a large 'P.S.' at the bottom. That 'P.S.' is the 'nao' section.

Word Web

Furthermore Still Business Email Announcement Supplementary Exception Formal Naosara

تحدٍّ

Try to write three formal sentences about your daily routine, and use 'nao' to add one extra rule for each (e.g., 'I wake up at 7. Nao, I must drink coffee first.')

أصل الكلمة

Derived from Old Japanese. It is believed to come from the stem 'na-' (not/non-existence) and the particle 'o.'

المعنى الأصلي: Originally meant 'not yet' or 'still in the same state.' It evolved to mean 'even more' and eventually 'furthermore.'

Japonic

السياق الثقافي

No specific sensitivities. It is a neutral, formal term.

In English, we often use 'Furthermore' or 'Please note that...' in similar contexts. 'Nao' is more common in Japanese announcements than 'Furthermore' is in English ones.

Used frequently in the 'Preamble' of the Japanese Constitution. Commonly heard in NHK News 'Kishou Jouhou' (Weather Reports). Appears in the famous opening lines of many classical Japanese essays to add context.

تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية

سياقات واقعية

Business Emails

なお、ご不明な点がございましたら...
なお、資料は添付の通りです。
なお、返信は不要です。
なお、締め切りは明日です。

Public Announcements

なお、お出口は右側です。
なお、足元にご注意ください。
なお、車内は禁煙です。
なお、次は終点です。

News Reports

なお、怪我人はいませんでした。
なお、警察が詳しく調べています。
なお、交通への影響は続いています。
なお、最新の情報は...

Instruction Manuals

なお、電池は別売りです。
なお、改造はしないでください。
なお、保証期間は1年です。
なお、水濡れに注意してください。

Academic Papers

なお、本稿では省略する。
なお、図1を参照されたい。
なお、先行研究によれば...
なお、今後の課題とする。

بدايات محادثة

"会議の資料は送りました。なお、何か質問はありますか？"

"今日は飲み会ですね。なお、場所は駅前の居酒屋です。"

"明日の旅行、楽しみですね。なお、集合時間は8時です。"

"新しいプロジェクトが始まります。なお、リーダーは田中さんです。"

"このアプリはとても便利ですよ。なお、最初は設定が必要です。"

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

今日学んだことを書いてください。なお、一番難しかったことも付け加えてください。

将来の夢について書いてください。なお、そのために今何をしているかも教えてください。

好きな食べ物について書いてください。なお、嫌いな食べ物とその理由も書いてください。

最近読んだ本について書いてください。なお、その本を友達に勧めたいかどうかも書いてください。

あなたの街について紹介してください。なお、一番おすすめの場所も教えてください。

الأسئلة الشائعة

10 أسئلة

It's generally too formal for text messages with friends. It might make you sound like you're sending an official notice. Use 'ato' (あと) or 'soshite' (そして) instead. However, if you're being jokingly formal, it could be used for comedic effect.

Yes, in modern Japanese, 'nao' is almost always written in hiragana. While kanji like '尚' or '猶' exist, they are rare in daily use and mostly found in names or very old literature. Using hiragana is the standard for business and general writing.

'Naomo' (なおも) is an emphasized version of 'nao' when it means 'still.' It is often used to describe a situation that continues despite something that should have stopped it. For example, 'He failed, but he still (naomo) tried.' 'Nao' by itself is more common as a conjunction meaning 'furthermore.'

When 'nao' is used at the start of a sentence as a conjunction (meaning 'furthermore'), it almost always takes a comma in written Japanese. This helps the reader identify the transition. When used as an adverb (meaning 'still') inside a sentence, it usually does not take a comma.

Yes, it can. If a new paragraph is entirely supplementary to the previous one, starting with 'nao' is a very clear way to signal that relationship. This is common in legal documents and long formal letters.

'Naosara' is very common in spoken Japanese to mean 'all the more.' 'Nao' as a conjunction is more common in written Japanese. They serve different grammatical functions, so one isn't necessarily 'more common' overall—it depends on the context.

In a business email, 'nao' is best translated as 'Furthermore,' 'In addition,' or 'Please also note that...' It introduces a secondary point that the recipient needs to be aware of, often regarding logistics or deadlines.

Yes, in its adverbial sense, 'nao' can mean 'yet' or 'still.' For example, 'The truth is not yet known' can be 'Shinsou wa nao fumei da.' This is a formal way of expressing that a state has not changed.

Etymologically, they share the 'nao' sound which relates to being 'straight' or 'direct.' 'Sunao' (素直) literally means 'natural/plainly straight.' 'Nao' (as in fixing something, 'naosu') also relates to making something 'straight' or 'right' again.

If you are listing items of equal importance, use 'mata.' If you have finished your main list and want to add one extra, slightly different detail (like a rule about the items), use 'nao.' 'Nao' is the 'P.S.' of the list world.