A1 · مبتدی فصل 9

مجهول اسپانیایی: تمرکز رو عوض کن!

1 مجموع قواعد
10 مثال‌ها
6 دقیقه
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Chapter in 30 Seconds

Give credit where it's due by identifying the agent behind the action using 'por'.

  • Identify the 'agent' or the person performing an action in a passive sentence.
  • Distinguish between 'por' and 'para' in the context of passive constructions.
  • Master gender and number agreement for participles when an agent is introduced.
Master the 'By' rule and give credit where it's due!

چی یاد می‌گیری

آماده‌ای اسپانیایی‌ت مثل خود اسپانیایی‌زبان‌ها بشه؟ تو این درس خیلی باحال، می‌خوایم شیرجه بزنیم تو دنیای فعل مجهول! نترس، اسمش شاید یکم قلمبه‌سلمبه باشه ولی در واقع یه ترفند خیلی باحاله که تمرکز جمله رو عوض می‌کنه. دو تا راه اصلی یاد می‌گیریم: اولیش با اون 'se' جادوییه (مثلاً 'Se vende' یعنی 'اینجا فروخته میشه'). این برای وقتایی عالیه که می‌خوای در مورد کارهای کلی حرف بزنی یا بگی یه چیزی انجام شده ولی نمی‌خوای بگی *کی* انجامش داده. فرض کن تو خیابونای مادرید راه میری و یه تابلوی 'Se alquila' می‌بینی – بلافاصله می‌فهمی یعنی 'اجاره داده می‌شود'! بعدش میریم سراغ مجهول 'واقعی' با 'ser' به اضافه صفت مفعولی (مثلاً 'The window was opened' میشه 'پنجره باز شد'). این واقعاً به دردت می‌خوره وقتی می‌خوای روی نتیجه یه کار تاکید کنی، یا حتی اگه بدونی کی انجامش داده ولی دلت می‌خواد تمرکز رو جای دیگه‌ای بذاری. حتی یاد می‌گیریم چطوری با 'por' بگی 'توسط کی' انجام شده. آخر این درس، تو می‌تونی خیلی راحت بگی 'غذا هر روز آماده میشه' یا 'کنسرت دیروز اعلام شد'، و این اسپانیایی‌ت رو خیلی حرفه‌ای‌تر و طبیعی‌تر نشون میده. از چیزی که فکر می‌کنی آسون‌تره، و باورت نمیشه چقدر این ساختارها رو می‌شنوی و استفاده می‌کنی!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to correctly identify the person performing an action in a passive sentence using the preposition 'por'.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to construct full passive sentences that include an agent while maintaining participle agreement.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Welcome to an exciting chapter in your A1 Spanish grammar journey! Have you ever wanted to shift the focus of your sentences, perhaps to talk about an action without mentioning who performed it, or to highlight the result of an event? That's exactly what the passive voice allows you to do in Spanish, and it's a fantastic tool to make your communication more flexible and natural.
Don't worry, it's not as complicated as it sounds – in fact, it’s one of the coolest Spanish grammar tricks you’ll learn at this level!
This chapter will introduce you to two main ways to construct the passive voice in Spanish. First, we’ll explore the super common and incredibly useful General Passive 'Se', often seen on signs or in general statements, like Se vende (It’s sold here). This structure is perfect for talking about actions where the doer isn't important or is unknown.
You'll hear it everywhere, from shops to news reports!
Then, we'll dive into The True Passive Voice (ser + participio), which is very similar to how the passive voice works in English. This pattern, like La ventana fue abierta (The window was opened), emphasizes the action itself or its outcome. You'll even learn how to add por to specify *who* did the action if you need to.
By mastering these structures, your A1 Spanish will sound much more sophisticated, allowing you to express a wider range of ideas with ease. Let's make your Spanish sound truly authentic!

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

In Spanish, there are two primary ways to form the passive voice, each with its own nuances and uses. Let's break them down.
First up is the General Passive 'Se'. This is incredibly common and useful for expressing actions where the agent (the person or thing doing the action) is either unknown, unimportant, or intentionally left unstated. Think of it as saying it is done or things are done in a general sense.
The structure is simple: se + a third-person singular or plural verb. The verb agrees with the *thing* being acted upon.
For example:
* Se habla español aquí. (Spanish is spoken here.) – Here, español is singular, so the verb hablar is singular.
* Se venden coches. (Cars are sold.) – Here, coches is plural, so the verb vender is plural.
This pattern covers the Using the Passive Se and General Passive 'Se': 'It is done' rules.
Next, we have The True Passive Voice (ser + participio). This is very similar to the English passive voice (e.g.,
The house *was built*
). It uses the verb ser (to be) followed by a past participle (a verb form ending in -ado or -ido, like hablado or comido).
This structure, which covers Spanish Passive Voice: Action Focus and Spanish Passive Voice: Something was done (Ser + Participle), emphasizes the action itself or the result of the action. The past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the sentence.
For example:
* La carta fue escrita. (The letter was written.) – carta is feminine singular, so escrita is feminine singular.
* Los libros fueron leídos. (The books were read.) – libros is masculine plural, so leídos is masculine plural.
This is also known as Spanish Passive Voice: The 'Was Done' Pattern.
If you want to mention *who* performed the action, you can add por (by) followed by the agent. This is the Talking About Who Did It: The 'By' Rule (por).
* El cuadro fue pintado por un artista famoso. (The painting was painted by a famous artist.)

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Se vende casas en esta calle.
✓ Correct: Se venden casas en esta calle.
*Explanation:* When using the passive 'se', the verb must agree in number with the noun that is being acted upon. Since casas (houses) is plural, the verb vender (to sell) must also be plural (venden).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: La puerta fue abierto ayer.
✓ Correct: La puerta fue abierta ayer.
*Explanation:* In The True Passive Voice (ser + participio), the past participle (abierto in this case) must agree in gender and number with the subject of the sentence (la puerta). Since la puerta (the door) is feminine singular, the participle must also be feminine singular (abierta).

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

¡Mira! Se alquila un apartamento aquí. (Look! An apartment is for rent here.)
B

B

¡Qué bien! Necesito uno. (How good! I need one.)
A

A

¿Qué pasó con tu coche? (What happened to your car?)
B

B

Fue reparado por un amigo mío. (It was repaired by a friend of mine.)

سؤالات رایج

Q

How do I use 'se' to say 'it is done' in Spanish?

You use se followed by a third-person singular or plural verb, depending on whether the object of the action is singular or plural. For example, Se dice (It is said) or Se venden libros (Books are sold).

Q

What's the easiest way to form the passive voice in A1 Spanish grammar?

For A1 learners, the General Passive 'Se' is often the easiest to grasp and most frequently used for general statements where the doer is unknown or unimportant.

Q

When should I use 'ser' + past participle in Spanish?

Use ser + past participle when you want to emphasize the action itself or its result, similar to the English passive voice. The participle must agree with the subject in gender and number.

Q

Can I always say who did the action in Spanish passive voice?

Yes, with The True Passive Voice (ser + participio), you can specify the agent using por (by) followed by the person or thing that performed the action.

بافت فرهنگی

Both forms of the passive voice are incredibly common in everyday Spanish. You'll see the passive 'se' everywhere – on signs (Se prohíbe fumar - Smoking is prohibited), in public announcements, and in general statements where the agent is irrelevant. The ser + participio structure is often found in news reports, formal writing, and when discussing historical events, much like in English.
Mastering these patterns will not only improve your A1 Spanish but also help you understand many subtle nuances in native conversations and texts.

مثال‌های کلیدی (2)

1

El libro fue escrito por mi abuelo.

کتاب توسط پدربزرگم نوشته شد.

صحبت در مورد اینکه چه کسی آن را انجام داده است: قانون 'توسط' (por)
2

La pizza fue preparada por el chef.

پیتزا توسط سرآشپز آماده شد.

صحبت در مورد اینکه چه کسی آن را انجام داده است: قانون 'توسط' (por)

نکات و ترفندها (1)

💡

ترفند «تیتراژ فیلم»

اگه مطمئن نیستی 'por' درسته یا نه، فکر کن مثل تیتراژ فیلمه: 'کارگردان: فلان'. اگه می‌تونی جاش 'por' بذاری، کار درسته. مثلاً: Fue dirigido por.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: صحبت در مورد اینکه چه کسی آن را انجام داده است: قانون 'توسط' (por)

واژگان کلیدی (6)

por by (in passive voice contexts) escrito written (irregular stem: escribir) autor author hecho made/done (irregular stem: hacer) anunciado announced noticia news

Real-World Preview

palette

At a Museum

Review Summary

  • [Subject] + [Ser] + [Past Participle] + por + [Agent]

اشتباهات رایج

Using 'para' implies the letter was for Juan, not written by him. Use 'por' to identify the author/agent.

Wrong: La carta fue escrita para Juan.
صحیح: La carta fue escrita por Juan.

The participle must agree with the subject (las casas). Since 'casas' is feminine and plural, 'construido' must become 'construidas'.

Wrong: Las casas fueron construido por el hombre.
صحیح: Las casas fueron construidas por el hombre.

Many common verbs have irregular participles. 'Hacer' becomes 'hecho/a', not 'hacido'.

Wrong: La comida fue hacida por mi madre.
صحیح: La comida fue hecha por mi madre.

Next Steps

Fantastic work! You've moved beyond simple 'I do this' sentences and can now describe the world with more nuance. Keep practicing those irregular participles and you'll be a pro in no time!

Look at 5 items around your room and say who they were made or bought by in Spanish.

Continue to: وصل کردن حرف‌هات

تمرین سریع (2)

جای خالی رو با نشانه عامل درست پر کن.

El post fue escrito ___ Lucía.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: por
ما از 'por' برای نشون دادن کسی استفاده می‌کنیم که عمل رو در یک جمله مجهول انجام داده.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: صحبت در مورد اینکه چه کسی آن را انجام داده است: قانون 'توسط' (por)

اشتباه مطابقت جنسیتی رو پیدا کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

La cena fue preparado por mi padre.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La cena fue preparada por mi padre.
اسم مفعول 'preparada' باید با اسم مونث 'la cena' همخوانی داشته باشه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: صحبت در مورد اینکه چه کسی آن را انجام داده است: قانون 'توسط' (por)

Score: /2

سوالات رایج (2)

وقتی چیزی که انجام شده مهم‌تر از کسیه که انجامش داده، ازش استفاده می‌کنیم. مثلاً تو تیتر اخبار، «The bank was robbed» فوری‌تر از «Someone robbed the bank» هست.
در بعضی موارد خیلی خاص و ادبی مثل 'conocido de todos'، ولی برای ۹۹٪ اسپانیایی سطح A1/A2، همیشه به 'por' بچسب.
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