B1 · متوسط فصل 9

افعال سببی: کاراتو راه بنداز!

4 مجموع قواعد
35 مثال‌ها
6 دقیقه

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of delegation and influence by transforming simple actions into causative powers.

  • Apply the 'ne' particle correctly with transitive causative verbs.
  • Construct First Causative verbs to show direct influence over others.
  • Utilize Second Causative verbs to describe delegating tasks to third parties.
Don't just do it—get it done!

چی یاد می‌گیری

سلام رفیق! آماده‌ای مثل یه آدم با نفوذ حرف بزنی؟ این فصل قراره بهت یاد بده چطوری دیگه فقط «کارها رو انجام بدی» نه، بلکه «کارها رو با کمک دیگران انجام بدی» یا حتی «بسپری بقیه برات انجام بدن». فکر کن می‌خوای موهاتو کوتاه کنی. خودت که نمی‌بری، می‌گی: «آرایشگر موهامو کوتاه می‌کنه.» یا می‌خوای یه لباس جدید، به خیاط می‌گی: «برام می‌دوزه.» اینجاست که افعال سببی هندی میان وسط! اینجا یاد می‌گیری چطوری هر فعل ساده‌ای رو (مثل خوردن، خواندن) تبدیل کنی به فعلی که نشون بده تو باعث انجام اون کار شدی. دو نوع اصلی داریم: «اولین سببی» که تو مستقیماً کسی رو وادار به کاری می‌کنی (مثلاً با پسوندهای «-ā» یا «-ānā»). اینجوری می‌تونی بگی «من اونو وادار به خوردن کردم». «دومین سببی» که باحال‌تره! یعنی تو کارو به یه نفر دیگه می‌سپری تا اون کارو به شخص ثالثی انجام بده (با پسوندهای «-vā» یا -vanā). مثلاً به یه دوست می‌گی «غذامو ببر به فلانی برسون». وقتی این فصل رو تموم کنی، حرف زدنت خیلی طبیعی‌تر و دقیق‌تر می‌شه. می‌تونی راحت‌تر درخواست بدی، کاراتو به بقیه بسپری و حتی داستان‌هایی رو تعریف کنی که خودت توش فاعل اصلی نیستی ولی تأثیرگذار بودی. بیا شروع کنیم و قدرت کلامتو بیشتر کنیم!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to conjugate any standard verb into its first and second causative forms.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to correctly use the 'ne' particle in past tense sentences involving causative actions.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to explain the difference between doing a task yourself versus having it done by someone else.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Hey friend! Welcome to the
Power of Influence: Causative Verbs
chapter, a crucial step in mastering Hindi grammar B1. This section is all about transforming your ability to express actions from merely doing to getting things done or
making others do them.
As you advance in B1 Hindi, you'll find that native speakers frequently use these structures to describe situations where they influence outcomes without directly performing the action themselves.
Think about everyday scenarios: you don't cut your own hair; you get the barber to cut it. You don't always cook a meal; you might have someone else prepare it.
This chapter unlocks a new level of fluency, helping you sound more natural and precise. We'll delve into the fascinating world of Hindi causative verbs, which allow you to indicate that you *caused* an action to happen. This skill is vital for making requests, delegating tasks, and narrating events where your influence is key.
By the end, you'll be confidently using these powerful verbs, making your Hindi conversations much richer and more authentic. Get ready to boost your linguistic power and truly get things done in Hindi!

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

Hindi causative verbs are formed by modifying a simple verb (like खाना - khānā, to eat) to show that someone is causing the action. There are generally two types, often distinguished by the degree of directness in the causation.
The First Causative: Making Someone Do
This form is used when you directly make someone perform an action. It's like saying
I make him eat.
The rule topics
Hindi First Causative: Making Someone Do (-aa)
and
Hindi First Causative Verbs: Making Things Happen (-ānā)
refer to this.
Often, the root of the simple verb changes by adding an sound, and then the infinitive suffix -nā is added.
* Simple Verb: पढ़ना (paṛhnā - to read)
* First Causative: पढ़ाना (paṛhānā - to teach, to make someone read).
* Example: मैं बच्चे को पढ़ाता हूँ। (Main bacche ko paṛhātā hū̃. - I make the child read/I teach the child.)
* Simple Verb: उठना (uṭhnā - to get up)
* First Causative: उठाना (uṭhānā - to make someone get up).
* Example: माँ बच्चे को उठाती है। (Mā̃ bacche ko uṭhātī hai. - Mother makes the child get up.)
The Second Causative: Getting Things Done
This form is used when you arrange for someone else to perform an action, often implying a third party or a more indirect cause. It's like saying
I get someone to make him eat
or
I get it done.
The rule topics
Getting Things Done: Second Causative Verbs (-vana)
and "The 'Get It Done' Verbs (Second Causative)
describe this. The prompt also highlights
Hindi Causative Verbs: Making Things Happen (karānā, karvānā)", with करवाना being a prime example of the second causative.
Here, the root of the First Causative verb often changes by adding a -vā sound, then the infinitive suffix -nā is added.
* Simple Verb: पढ़ना (paṛhnā - to read)
* First Causative: पढ़ाना (paṛhānā - to teach)
* Second Causative: पढ़वाना (paṛhvānā - to get someone to teach).
* Example: मैंने बच्चे को शिक्षक से पढ़वाया। (Maine bacche ko shikshak se paṛhvāyā. - I got the child taught by the teacher.)
* Simple Verb: करना (karnā - to do)
* First Causative: कराना (karānā - to make someone do)
* Second Causative: करवाना (karvānā - to get something done by someone else).
* Example: मैं अपना घर नौकर से साफ़ करवाता हूँ। (Main apnā ghar naukar se sāf karvātā hū̃. - I get my house cleaned by the servant.)
By understanding the suffixes -ānā (for First Causative) and -vanā (for Second Causative), you'll be able to transform simple verbs and express a broader range of actions, a key skill for B1 Hindi learners.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1Wrong: मैं खाना खाता हूँ। (Main khānā khātā hū̃. - I eat food.)
Correct: मैं बच्चे को खाना खिलाता हूँ। (Main bacche ko khānā khilātā hū̃. - I make the child eat food.)
*Explanation:* The first sentence implies *you* are eating. If you want to say you are *feeding* someone (making them eat), you need the First Causative form खिलाना (khilānā), not the simple verb खाना (khānā).
  1. 1Wrong: मैंने अपना पत्र लिखा। (Maine apnā patra likhā. - I wrote my letter.)
Correct: मैंने अपना पत्र उससे लिखवाया। (Maine apnā patra usse likhvāyā. - I got my letter written by him/her.)
*Explanation:* The wrong sentence implies you wrote the letter yourself. If you arranged for someone else to write it for you, the Second Causative लिखवाना (likhvānā - to get something written) is necessary. This shows indirect causation.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

तुम्हारी कार कब ठीक होगी? (Tumhārī kār kab ṭhīk hogī? - When will your car be fixed?)
B

B

मैं उसे आज मैकेनिक से ठीक करवा रहा हूँ। (Main use āj mechanic se ṭhīk karvā rahā hū̃. - I am getting it fixed by the mechanic today.)
A

A

तुमने बच्चों को यह कहानी क्यों पढ़ाई? (Tumne bachchoṅ ko yah kahānī kyoṅ paṛhāī? - Why did you teach the children this story?)
B

B

यह उनके पाठ्यक्रम में है। (Yah unke pāṭhyakram meṅ hai. - It's in their syllabus.)
A

A

क्या तुम यह काम खुद करोगे? (Kyā tum yah kām khud karoge? - Will you do this work yourself?)
B

B

नहीं, मैं अपने सहायक से करवाऊँगा। (Nahīṅ, main apne sahāyak se karvāūṅgā. - No, I will get it done by my assistant.)

سؤالات رایج

Q

What's the main difference between First and Second Causative verbs in Hindi grammar for a B1 Hindi learner?

The First Causative (e.g., पढ़ाना - paṛhānā) means you directly make someone do an action. The Second Causative (e.g., पढ़वाना - paṛhvānā) means you arrange for someone else to perform the action, often involving a third party, implying more indirect involvement.

Q

Can all Hindi verbs be made causative?

While many verbs can be made causative, not all can. Intransitive verbs (verbs without a direct object, like सोना - sonā, to sleep) are often made causative. Transitive verbs (verbs with a direct object, like खाना - khānā, to eat) can also form causatives, but the resulting causative verb will have an additional object or agent.

Q

Are causative verbs common in everyday B1 Hindi conversations?

Absolutely! Causative verbs are very common and essential for expressing a wide range of actions, particularly when delegating tasks, giving instructions, or describing situations where you influence others. Mastering them will significantly improve your fluency and naturalness in Hindi conversations.

بافت فرهنگی

In Hindi-speaking cultures, using causative verbs often reflects a polite way of delegating or requesting tasks, especially in formal or hierarchical settings. It's common to hear phrases like
मैंने अपना काम नौकर से करवाया
(I got my work done by the servant) rather than always stating one

مثال‌های کلیدی (4)

1

मैं बाल कटवा रहा हूँ।

دارم موهامو کوتاه می‌کنم (دادم کوتاه کنن).

افعال سببی هندی: انجام کار توسط دیگران (-ā & -vā)
2

क्या तुम मेरी फोटो खिंचवा दोगे؟

میشه بدی ازم عکس بگیرن؟ (یعنی برام عکس می‌گیری؟)

افعال سببی هندی: انجام کار توسط دیگران (-ā & -vā)
3

मैं हर महीने बाल कटवाता हूँ।

من هر ماه موهامو (می‌دم) کوتاه می‌کنن.

انجام کارها توسط دیگران: افعال سببی دوم (-vana)
4

मैंने मैकेनिक से कार ठीक करवायी।

دادم مکانیک ماشین رو تعمیر کرد.

انجام کارها توسط دیگران: افعال سببی دوم (-vana)

نکات و ترفندها (3)

💡

کوتاه کردن صداها

وقتی -ā یا -vā اضافه می‌کنی، صداهای بلند ریشه فعل معمولاً کوتاه میشن. مثلاً 'Jīt' (برنده شدن) میشه jitānā (برنده کردن).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: افعال سببی هندی: انجام کار توسط دیگران (-ā & -vā)
⚠️

داستان حرف اضافه 'Ne'

افعال سببی همیشه متعدی هستن. پس توی زمان گذشته حتماً از 'ne' برای فاعل استفاده کن: Maine use dikhaaya.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: اولین فعل سببی هندی: واداشتن کسی به انجام کار (-aa)
🎯

صدای V کلید ماجراست

اگه قبل از آخر فعل صدای 'V' شنیدی (مثل Kar-Va-na)، یعنی یکی داره مدیریت می‌کنه و کار رو سپرده به بقیه. Maine kaam karvaya.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: انجام کارها توسط دیگران: افعال سببی دوم (-vana)

واژگان کلیدی (7)

करना (karna) to do कराना (karana) to cause to do / to make happen करवाना (karvana) to have (something) done by someone बनाना (banana) to make / to build बनवाना (banvana) to have (something) built सिखाना (sikhaana) to teach (causative of 'to learn') दर्जी (darzi) tailor

Real-World Preview

scissors

At the Tailor Shop

book-open

Teaching a Friend

Review Summary

  • [Subject] + ने + [Object] + [Verb agreeing with Object]
  • Root + आ (aa) / आना (aana)
  • Root + वा (vaa) / वाना (vaana)

اشتباهات رایج

Because 'khilana' is a causative (transitive) verb, the subject must take 'ne' in the past tense.

Wrong: मैं दोस्त को खाना खिलाया (main dost ko khana khilaya)
صحیح: मैंने दोस्त को खाना खिलाया (maine dost ko khana khilaya)

Use the -vaa form when you are the instigator but someone else (like a cleaner) is the actual doer.

Wrong: मैंने घर साफ़ कराया (maine ghar saaf karaya) [when meaning a professional did it]
صحیح: मैंने घर साफ़ करवाया (maine ghar saaf karvaya)

Pronouns change form when 'ne' is added (voh + ne = usne).

Wrong: वह मुझको सिखाया (vah mujhko sikhaya)
صحیح: उसने मुझे सिखाया (usne mujhe sikhaya)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a major level of Hindi fluency. Being able to delegate and influence is a key B1 skill. Keep practicing those suffixes!

Look at objects around your room and say who you 'had them made' by (tailor, carpenter, etc.)

تمرین سریع (9)

جای خالی رو با شکل درست فعل سببی پر کن.

Maine dhobi se kapde ___ (get washed).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dhulvaya
چون از 'dhobi' (رخت‌شور) استفاده کردی، یعنی کار رو به اون سپردی. پس باید از 'dhulvaya' استفاده کنی.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: انجام کارها توسط دیگران: افعال سببی دوم (-vana)

Correct the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Maine gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main gaya
Gaya is intransitive.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Ergative ने in Depth: Agreement Rules in Perfective Tenses

Fill in the blank.

Maine roti ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khayi
Roti is feminine.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Ergative ने in Depth: Agreement Rules in Perfective Tenses

Choose the correct sentence.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Maine khaya
Maine is the correct form.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Ergative ने in Depth: Agreement Rules in Perfective Tenses

Correct the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Usne kitaabein khayi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Usne kitaabein khayin
Plural feminine agreement.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Ergative ने in Depth: Agreement Rules in Perfective Tenses

کدوم جمله یعنی 'دادم خونه رو رنگ کنن'؟

ترجمه درست رو انتخاب کن:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Maine ghar paint karvaya.
'Kiya' یعنی خودت رنگ کردی. 'Karvaya' یعنی دادی برات انجام دادن که برای خدمات حرفه‌ای رایج‌تره.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: انجام کارها توسط دیگران: افعال سببی دوم (-vana)

Fill in the blank.

Humne ____ dekhi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: film
Film is feminine.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Ergative ने in Depth: Agreement Rules in Perfective Tenses

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن.

Main barber ko baal katvata hoon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main barber se baal katvata hoon.
کسی که کار رو انجام می‌ده (عامل) همیشه با حرف اضافه 'se' میاد، نه 'ko'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: انجام کارها توسط دیگران: افعال سببی دوم (-vana)

Choose the correct verb.

Maine usko ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dekha
Ko-marked object.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Ergative ने in Depth: Agreement Rules in Perfective Tenses

Score: /9

سوالات رایج (6)

It marks the subject of a transitive verb in the past.
It changes the subject pronoun (e.g., Main -> Maine).
karnā یعنی خودت انجام میدی. karānā یعنی به کسی کمک می‌کنی یا مستقیماً وادارش می‌کنی. karvānā یعنی کار رو کاملاً به یه نفر سوم می‌سپاری. مثلاً:
Main kaam karvata hoon.
بعضی فعل‌ها بی‌قاعده هستن. حرف 'ā' به 'i' تبدیل میشه و یه 'l' اضافه می‌گیره. مثل pilānā که از pīnā میاد.
خیلی ساده‌ست! توی سببی اول (aa-) خودت مستقیم درگیر کاری. توی سببی دوم (vaa-) میدی یه نفر سوم کار رو انجام بده. مثلاً karaanaa در مقابل karvaanaa.
توی هندی وقتی ریشه فعل به مصوت ختم میشه، از حرف 'l' به عنوان پل استفاده می‌کنیم تا تلفظش راحت بشه. مثلاً: pilaanaa.