At the A1 level, the word '演繹' (En'eki) is too advanced. It is not something you would learn in your first year of Japanese. However, you can think of it as a very special way of 'thinking.' Imagine you have a big rule, like 'All cats like fish.' You see a cat named Tama. You think, 'Tama must like fish.' This 'top-down' thinking is what 演繹 means. You start with a big rule and find a small answer. Beginners should focus on simple words like '考える' (kangaeru - to think) or 'わかる' (wakaru - to understand). You won't need to use '演繹' in basic conversation, but it's cool to know it's a 'smart' word for logic.
At the A2 level, you might start seeing more complex kanji, but '演繹' is still very rare. It's a 'Level C2' word, which means it's for experts. If you want to talk about logical thinking at this level, you might use '理由' (riyuu - reason) or 'だから' (dakara - therefore). The word '演繹' is used when people talk about science or philosophy. It means 'taking a general rule and applying it to one thing.' For example, 'All students study. You are a student. So, you study.' This is 演繹. Just remember: it's a very formal way to say 'using a rule to find an answer.'
At the B1 level, you are becoming more comfortable with formal Japanese. While '演繹' might not appear in your textbooks, it might show up in reading materials about Japanese culture or education. It's important to distinguish it from '帰納' (induction). 演繹 (En'eki) is like a detective using a rule to solve a crime. If the rule is 'The thief always leaves a red flower,' and you find a red flower, you deduce who the thief is. At this level, you should start recognizing the kanji 演 (as in 'enshuu' - practice) and 繹 (which is rare). It's a noun, often used as '演繹する' (to deduce).
At the B2 level, you are expected to understand academic and abstract concepts. '演繹' is a key term in logical writing. You might encounter it in JLPT N1 reading passages or in 'Shinsho' books. You should understand that 演繹 (deduction) is the opposite of 帰納 (induction). When writing essays, you might use '演繹的な方法' (deductive method) to describe how you reached a conclusion. It sounds much more professional than just saying 'thought about it.' You should also be aware that this word is strictly for logic—not for 'deducting' money from a bank account.
At the C1 level, you should be able to use '演繹' (En'eki) fluently in academic or professional discussions. You understand its nuance: it implies a necessary conclusion derived from established premises. You can use phrases like '演繹的に導き出す' (to derive deductively) or '演繹的推理' (deductive reasoning) with ease. At this level, you are also aware of the historical context—how this word was created to translate Western philosophy. You can participate in debates about whether a specific argument is truly '演繹的' or if it contains a logical leap (論理的飛躍).
At the C2 level, '演繹' (En'eki) is a tool for precise intellectual expression. You understand the philosophical implications of deductive systems (演繹体系), such as those in Euclidean geometry or Spinoza's ethics. You can distinguish between 'validity' and 'truth' in a deductive argument in Japanese. You are comfortable using the word in high-level research, legal analysis, or philosophical critique. You also know related terms like '三段論法' (syllogism) and can explain the '演繹的-帰納的' dichotomy in detail. Your usage of the word is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker.

演繹 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • 演繹 (En'eki) means 'deduction'—reasoning from general rules to specific facts.
  • It is a highly formal, academic word used in philosophy, law, and mathematics.
  • It is the direct antonym of 帰納 (Kinō), which means 'induction' (specific to general).
  • Commonly used as a noun, a 'suru' verb, or an adjective with '的な' (teki-na).

The Japanese word 演繹 (えんえき - En'eki) is a sophisticated term primarily used in the realms of philosophy, logic, mathematics, and high-level academic discourse. At its core, it refers to the process of deduction—a method of reasoning where a specific conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises or universal laws. If you have ever encountered the classic syllogism 'All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal,' you have witnessed 演繹 in action. In Japanese intellectual circles, this word is the bread and butter of formal argumentation.

Logical Direction
演繹 moves from the 'general' (一般) to the 'particular' (特殊). It is the opposite of 帰納 (きのう - induction), which moves from specific observations to a general rule.

The term was popularized during the Meiji era when Japanese scholars were translating Western philosophical texts. The character 演 (en) means 'to expand' or 'to perform,' while 繹 (eki) means 'to pull out' or 'to unravel.' Together, they represent the act of 'unraveling' a specific truth that is already contained within a broader principle. You won't hear this word while buying groceries or chatting about the weather; instead, you'll find it in university lectures, legal briefs, scientific papers, and deep philosophical debates.

数学の証明は、公理から出発する演繹的なプロセスである。(Mathematical proofs are a deductive process starting from axioms.)

When a Japanese person uses 演繹, they are signaling a high level of education and a commitment to logical rigor. It suggests that the speaker is not just guessing based on experience, but is applying a top-down logical framework to reach an infallible conclusion. In professional settings, using the adjective form 演繹的 (en'ekiteki - deductive) can add a layer of authority to your analysis.

Academic Context
In Japanese universities, students in the humanities and sciences alike are taught the '演繹法' (en'ekihō - deductive method) alongside the '帰納法' (kinōhō - inductive method) as the two pillars of scientific inquiry.

彼はその理論を演繹によって導き出した。(He derived that theory through deduction.)

Furthermore, 演繹 is often associated with the 'top-down' approach in business strategy. A company might start with a general goal (e.g., 'We must reduce carbon emissions') and deductively determine specific actions for each department. This contrasts with a 'bottom-up' approach where individual data points lead to a new strategy. Understanding this word allows you to navigate the intellectual landscape of Japan with greater precision.

シャーロック・ホームズは演繹的推理の達人として知られている。(Sherlock Holmes is known as a master of deductive reasoning.)

Usage Nuance
While 'deduction' in English can sometimes mean 'subtracting' (like a tax deduction), the Japanese word 演繹 is strictly limited to the logical sense. For financial subtractions, the word 控除 (kōjo) is used instead.

Using 演繹 correctly requires understanding its grammatical flexibility. Most commonly, it functions as a noun that can be turned into a verb with する (演繹する - to deduce) or an adjective with 的 (演繹的 - deductive). Because it is a highly formal word, the surrounding grammar should also reflect a formal or 'Desu/Masu' or 'Da/Dearu' register. It is rarely found in casual slang or short, punchy colloquialisms.

As a Noun (Object)
When used as a noun, it often appears with the particle 'による' (by means of) or 'の' (of). Example: '演繹の過程' (the process of deduction).

この結論は、厳密な演繹の結果として得られたものだ。(This conclusion was obtained as a result of strict deduction.)

When you want to describe a person's thinking style, the adjective form 演繹的 (en'ekiteki) is the most natural choice. It modifies nouns like 推理 (reasoning), 思考 (thought), or 手法 (method). For instance, '演繹的なアプローチ' (a deductive approach) is a common phrase in research papers.

哲学者はしばしば演繹的な手法を用いて真理を探究する。(Philosophers often use deductive methods to search for truth.)

As a Suru-Verb
Using 演繹する (en'eki suru) allows you to describe the active process of logical derivation. It usually takes an object marked by 'を'.

一般原則から個別の事象を演繹するのは容易ではない。(It is not easy to deduce individual events from general principles.)

In a debate, you might challenge someone by questioning their deductive link: 'その演繹には論理的な飛躍があります' (There is a logical leap in that deduction). This implies that the step from the premise to the conclusion is not sound. In high-level Japanese, being able to critique the '演繹' of an argument is a sign of critical thinking skills.

彼の主張は、一つの仮定からすべてを演繹しようとしている。(His argument tries to deduce everything from a single assumption.)

Common Collocations
演繹法 (Deductive method), 演繹推理 (Deductive reasoning), 演繹体系 (Deductive system), 演繹的証明 (Deductive proof).

この定理は、既知の法則から演繹的に導かれた。(This theorem was deductively derived from known laws.)

If you are spending your time in Japanese cafes or izakayas, you are unlikely to hear 演繹. It is a 'high-register' word that thrives in environments where precision and logical structure are paramount. The most common place to encounter it is in a **University Lecture Hall**. Professors in philosophy, law, mathematics, and even economics use this term to describe how theories are built. For example, a law professor might explain how a specific court ruling was 'deduced' from the constitution.

Academic Papers
In written Japanese (論文 - ronbun), 演繹 is a staple. It helps researchers clarify their methodology. If a researcher says they used an '演繹的手法' (deductive method), they are telling the reader that they started with a hypothesis and tested it, rather than gathering data first and looking for patterns.

Another place is **High-Level News Commentary or Documentaries**. When NHK broadcasts a program about deep scientific theories (like string theory or quantum mechanics), the narrator will often use 演繹 to describe how physicists predict the existence of particles before they are even observed. It gives the topic a sense of intellectual weight and seriousness.

現代物理学の多くは、数学的な演繹に基づいている。(Much of modern physics is based on mathematical deduction.)

**Legal and Judicial Settings** also rely heavily on this word. Judges do not simply make up rules; they deduce the correct application of the law from general statutes. In a courtroom, a lawyer might argue that the prosecution's '演繹' is flawed because their initial premise about the defendant's motive is incorrect.

Literary Contexts
Detective novels (推理小説 - suiri shōsetsu) often feature protagonists who pride themselves on their '演繹的推理' (deductive reasoning). While Sherlock Holmes is the most famous example, many Japanese detectives like 'Detective Conan' or those in Keigo Higashino's novels engage in this high-level logic.

名探偵は、わずかな証拠から犯人を演繹した。(The master detective deduced the culprit from slight evidence.)

Finally, you will find it in **Self-Help books for intellectuals** or 'Shinsho' (pocket-sized non-fiction books). These books often teach readers how to improve their logical thinking by mastering both 演繹 and 帰納. In these contexts, it's presented as a tool for better decision-making in life and work.

The most frequent mistake learners make with 演繹 is confusing it with its logical twin, 帰納 (Kinō). While they are related, they move in opposite directions. Using 演繹 when you mean induction will completely reverse the meaning of your argument. If you say you 'deduced' a rule from many examples, you are actually 'inducing' it. In Japanese, 演繹 is always top-down (General → Specific).

Mistake 1: Confusion with Induction
Correct: 普遍的な法則から結論を演繹する (Deduce a conclusion from a universal law). Incorrect: たくさんの実例から法則を演繹する (Deduce a law from many examples — this should be 帰納する).

Another mistake is using 演繹 in a casual context. Telling your friend 'I deduced (演繹した) that you were at the gym because your bag is wet' sounds incredibly stiff and almost robotic. In daily life, Japanese people use words like **推測する (suisoku suru - to guess/infer)** or **察する (sassuru - to sense/guess)**. 演繹 should be reserved for formal logic or when you are intentionally trying to sound like a philosopher or a detective.

❌ 昨日の夕食を演繹した。(I deduced last night's dinner - Sounds very strange.)

A third common error is misapplying the kanji or pronunciation. The second kanji, 繹 (eki), is quite rare and often confused with similar-looking characters like 択 (taku - choose) or 訳 (yaku - translate). Make sure to remember the 'thread' radical (糸) on the left of 繹, which symbolizes the 'pulling out' of a conclusion. Pronunciation-wise, ensure you don't confuse it with 'en'yaku' (which isn't a word) or 'en'eki' (the same sound as 'malaria' in some older contexts, though that's rare now).

Mistake 4: Over-reliance on the English word 'Deduction'
In English, we often say 'I deduced that...' to mean 'I figured out...'. In Japanese, 演繹 is much stricter. Use it only when there is a clear logical 'premise → conclusion' structure.

✅ 数学的な前提から答えを演繹する。(Deduce the answer from mathematical premises - Correct usage.)

Lastly, learners sometimes forget to use the proper particles. Remember: **[Source]から [Conclusion]を 演繹する**. Don't use 'に' for the source of the deduction.

While 演繹 is the precise term for formal deduction, several other words in Japanese cover the territory of 'inferring' or 'reasoning.' Choosing the right one depends on the level of formality and the logical direction you are describing.

演繹 (En'eki) vs. 帰納 (Kinō)
These are opposites. 演繹: General → Specific. 帰納: Specific → General. You cannot have a discussion about one without knowing the other.
演繹 (En'eki) vs. 推論 (Suiron)
推論 (Inference/Reasoning) is the broad umbrella term. Both 演繹 and 帰納 are types of 推論. Use 推論 when you want to talk about 'reasoning' in general without specifying the direction.

彼の推論は非常に論理的だ。(His reasoning is very logical - More common than using 演繹 in general conversation.)

演繹 (En'eki) vs. 推測 (Suisoku)
推測 (Guess/Conjecture) is used when you don't have all the facts. 演繹 implies a necessary, certain conclusion based on rules. 推測 is more of an educated guess.

Other related words include **類推 (Ruisui - Analogy)**, which is reasoning based on similarities between two things, and **導出 (Dōshutsu - Derivation)**, which is often used in technical or mathematical contexts to mean 'pulling out' a formula or result.

この公式を基本原理から導出する。(Derive this formula from basic principles - 'Dōshutsu' is more common for formulas than 'En'eki'.)

In summary, use 演繹 when you want to sound strictly logical and top-down. Use 推論 for general logic, and 推測 for everyday guessing. Knowing these distinctions will help you sound more like a native speaker who understands the nuances of Japanese thought and language.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

The kanji 繹 is very rare and is almost exclusively used in this word in modern Japanese. It originally referred to pulling silk from a cocoon.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK en'eki
US en'eki
Japanese doesn't have stress like English, but the pitch is flat (Type 0).
هم‌قافیه با
免疫 (Men'eki - Immunity) 戦役 (Sen'eki - War/Campaign) 現役 (Gen'eki - Active service) 便益 (Ben'eki - Benefit) 収益 (Shūeki - Profit) 公益 (Kōeki - Public interest) 利益 (Rieki - Profit) 貿易 (Bōeki - Trade)
خطاهای رایج
  • Pronouncing 'en' as 'en-nu' (adding an extra vowel).
  • Confusing 'eki' with 'yaku' (en'yaku is not a word).
  • Stressing the 'en' syllable too heavily.
  • Mumbling the 'eki' part.
  • Pronouncing it as 'en-eki' with a long 'e' (like 'een').

سطح دشواری

خواندن 9/5

Kanji are rare and the concept is abstract.

نوشتن 10/5

The second kanji 繹 is very difficult to write from memory.

صحبت کردن 8/5

Pronunciation is easy, but context is hard to get right.

گوش دادن 7/5

Clear sound, but requires high-level vocabulary knowledge.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

論理 (Logic) 推論 (Inference) 前提 (Premise) 結論 (Conclusion) 一般的 (General)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

帰納 (Induction) 三段論法 (Syllogism) 公理 (Axiom) 命題 (Proposition) 妥当性 (Validity)

پیشرفته

超越論的 (Transcendental) 認識論 (Epistemology) 還元主義 (Reductionism)

گرامر لازم

〜に基づく (Based on)

演繹に基づいた推論。

〜によって (By means of)

演繹によって導き出す。

〜から (From)

前提から結論を演繹する。

〜的な (Adjective former)

演繹的なアプローチ。

〜こそが (Emphatic)

演繹こそが論理の核だ。

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

これはむずかしい考え方です。

This is a difficult way of thinking.

A1 level avoids '演繹' but explains the concept.

2

ルールを使って答えを出します。

Use a rule to find the answer.

Concept of deduction in simple words.

3

ぜんぶの人はいつか死ぬ。

All people die someday (premise).

First part of a syllogism.

4

ソクラテスは人です。

Socrates is a person.

Second part of a syllogism.

5

だからソクラテスは死ぬ。

Therefore, Socrates dies.

Conclusion of a syllogism.

6

この考え方を演繹といいます。

This way of thinking is called En'eki.

Introducing the term.

7

大学で勉強します。

I study it at university.

Context of where the word is used.

8

むずかしい言葉ですね。

It's a difficult word, isn't it?

Register awareness.

1

演繹は、論理的な考え方の一つです。

Deduction is one of the logical ways of thinking.

Using 'no hitotsu' (one of).

2

一般的なルールから答えを見つけます。

Find the answer from a general rule.

Using 'kara' (from).

3

学問の世界でよく使われる言葉です。

It is a word often used in the world of academia.

Passive form 'tsukawareru'.

4

数学の証明は演繹を使います。

Mathematical proofs use deduction.

Subject-Object-Verb.

5

反対の言葉は帰納です。

The opposite word is induction.

Introducing the antonym.

6

シャーロック・ホームズは演繹が得意です。

Sherlock Holmes is good at deduction.

Using 'ga tokui' (good at).

7

この本には演繹の方法が書いてあります。

The method of deduction is written in this book.

Using 'te arimasu' (is written).

8

演繹的に考えるのは難しいです。

Thinking deductively is difficult.

Adverbial form 'teki ni'.

1

演繹法を用いて、この問題を解決しましょう。

Let's solve this problem using the deductive method.

Using 'wo mochiite' (using/utilizing).

2

彼の推論は演繹に基づいています。

His reasoning is based on deduction.

Using 'ni motozuite' (based on).

3

前提が正しければ、演繹の結果も正しいはずだ。

If the premise is correct, the result of the deduction should also be correct.

Conditional 'ba' and 'hazu' (should).

4

演繹と帰納の違いを説明してください。

Please explain the difference between deduction and induction.

Imperative 'te kudasai'.

5

科学的な議論には、演繹的な思考が欠かせない。

Deductive thinking is indispensable for scientific discussion.

Using 'kasenai' (indispensable).

6

哲学の授業で演繹について学びました。

I learned about deduction in philosophy class.

Topic marker 'ni tsuite'.

7

その結論を演繹するのはまだ早すぎる。

It is still too early to deduce that conclusion.

Using 'hayasugiru' (too early).

8

演繹的なアプローチで新製品を開発する。

Develop a new product with a deductive approach.

Modifying a noun with 'teki na'.

1

演繹的な推論において、前提の真偽は極めて重要である。

In deductive reasoning, the truth or falsehood of the premises is extremely important.

Formal language 'kiwamete' (extremely).

2

デカルトは演繹を重視した哲学者として知られる。

Descartes is known as a philosopher who emphasized deduction.

Relative clause modifying 'tetsugakusha'.

3

データから法則を導くのは帰納だが、法則から予測するのは演繹だ。

Deriving laws from data is induction, but predicting from laws is deduction.

Contrastive 'ga' (but).

4

この論文の論理構成は、厳密な演繹に基づいている。

The logical structure of this paper is based on strict deduction.

Formal noun 'ronri kōsei' (logical structure).

5

演繹によって導き出された結論には、必然性がある。

Conclusions derived through deduction have necessity.

Concept of 'hitsuzensei' (necessity).

6

彼は自分の理論を演繹的に証明しようと試みた。

He attempted to prove his theory deductively.

Using 'to kokoro mita' (attempted to).

7

演繹法は、未知の事象を予測するのに役立つ。

The deductive method is useful for predicting unknown events.

Using 'no ni yakudatsu' (useful for).

8

その議論には演繹の過程で論理的な飛躍が見られる。

A logical leap is seen in the process of deduction in that argument.

Passive 'mi rareru' (can be seen).

1

公理系から諸定理を演繹することこそが、数学の本質である。

Deducing various theorems from an axiomatic system is the very essence of mathematics.

Emphatic particle 'koso'.

2

この法解釈は、憲法の基本理念から演繹されたものである。

This legal interpretation was deduced from the basic principles of the Constitution.

Passive form 'en'eki sareta'.

3

演繹的体系の整合性を保つためには、公理の選択が鍵となる。

In order to maintain the consistency of a deductive system, the choice of axioms is key.

Compound noun 'en'ekiteki taikei'.

4

スピノザは『エチカ』において、幾何学的な演繹法を採用した。

Spinoza adopted a geometric deductive method in his 'Ethics'.

Historical reference.

5

演繹の妥当性と結論の真実性は、論理学上区別されるべきだ。

The validity of a deduction and the truth of its conclusion should be distinguished in logic.

Using 'beki da' (should).

6

複雑な事象を単一の原理から演繹しようとする試みは、しばしば還元主義に陥る。

Attempts to deduce complex phenomena from a single principle often fall into reductionism.

Using 'ni ochiru' (to fall into/succumb to).

7

演繹的な推論は、前提に含まれていない新しい情報を生み出すわけではない。

Deductive reasoning does not produce new information that is not contained in the premises.

Explanatory 'wake de wa nai'.

8

AIの推論エンジンにおいて、演繹的なアプローチはルールベースのシステムで多用される。

In AI inference engines, the deductive approach is frequently used in rule-based systems.

Technical context.

1

カントの『純粋理性批判』における超越論的演繹は、認識論の金字塔である。

The transcendental deduction in Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason' is a monumental achievement in epistemology.

Specific philosophical term 'chōetsu ronteki en'eki'.

2

形式論理学における演繹の厳密さは、自然言語の曖昧さを排除する。

The rigor of deduction in formal logic eliminates the ambiguity of natural language.

Abstract noun 'genmitsusa' (rigor).

3

演繹的推論の妥当性は、形式的な構造のみに依存し、内容には依存しない。

The validity of deductive reasoning depends only on formal structure, not on content.

Contrastive 'nomi ni izon shi'.

4

ポパーの批判的合理主義は、帰納を否定し、演繹的な仮説検証を重視する。

Popper's critical rationalism rejects induction and emphasizes deductive hypothesis testing.

Advanced philosophical theory.

5

演繹的な論証が健全であるためには、妥当な形式と真なる前提の双方が必要だ。

For a deductive argument to be sound, both a valid form and true premises are necessary.

Concept of 'kenzen' (soundness) in logic.

6

数学的帰納法という名称だが、その本質は演繹的な証明手法である。

Despite the name 'mathematical induction,' its essence is a deductive proof method.

Clarifying a common terminology confusion.

7

演繹的推論の限界は、その前提となる公理自体の正当性を自ら証明できない点にある。

The limitation of deductive reasoning lies in the fact that it cannot prove the validity of its own underlying axioms.

Using 'ten ni aru' (lies in the fact that).

8

法的三段論法は、法規範を大前提とし、事実関係を小前提として結論を演繹する。

Legal syllogism takes legal norms as the major premise and facts as the minor premise to deduce a conclusion.

Legal terminology 'hōteki sandan ronpō'.

ترکیب‌های رایج

演繹法
演繹的推理
演繹的に導く
演繹体系
演繹的証明
演繹的思考
三段論法と演繹
厳密な演繹
演繹の過程
演繹的論理

عبارات رایج

前提から演繹する

— To deduce from a premise. This is the standard way to describe the logical flow.

正しい前提から正しい結論を演繹する。

演繹的なアプローチ

— A deductive approach. Often used in research to describe top-down testing.

本研究では演繹的なアプローチを採用した。

演繹と帰納

— Deduction and induction. These are almost always mentioned together in logic lessons.

演繹と帰納は思考の二大柱である。

演繹的に導き出す

— To derive deductively. Focuses on the output of the logical process.

理論から予測を演繹的に導き出す。

演繹的推論の妥当性

— The validity of deductive reasoning. A common topic in formal logic.

演繹的推論の妥当性を検証する。

演繹的体系の構築

— Constructing a deductive system. Used in math and philosophy.

論理学者は演繹的体系の構築を目指した。

超越論的演繹

— Transcendental deduction. A specific term from Kantian philosophy.

カントの超越論的演繹を理解するのは難しい。

数学的演繹

— Mathematical deduction. Using math rules to prove something.

数学的演繹によって答えを求める。

論理的演繹

— Logical deduction. Emphasizes the logic part of the process.

彼の主張には論理的演繹が欠けている。

演繹的な証明

— A deductive proof. A proof where each step follows logically.

この定理は演繹的な証明が必要だ。

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

演繹 vs 帰納 (Kinō)

The most common confusion. Remember: En'eki = Top-down, Kinō = Bottom-up.

演繹 vs 推測 (Suisoku)

Suisoku is a guess; En'eki is a logical necessity.

演繹 vs 翻訳 (Hon'yaku)

The kanji 訳 (yaku) looks like 繹 (eki), but they are unrelated.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"演繹に訴える"

— To appeal to deduction. To rely solely on logical derivation rather than experience.

彼は経験を無視し、演繹に訴える傾向がある。

Formal
"演繹の罠"

— The trap of deduction. Over-relying on logic while ignoring reality or false premises.

演繹の罠に嵌まって、現実離れした結論を出した。

Academic/Critical
"机上の演繹"

— Desk-side deduction. Logic that works on paper but may not work in the real world.

それは机上の演繹に過ぎず、実地では通用しない。

Critical
"演繹の鎖"

— Chain of deduction. A series of logical steps linked together.

演繹の鎖が一つでも切れれば、結論は崩れる。

Literary
"演繹の刃"

— The blade of deduction. Used to describe sharp, precise logical analysis.

彼は演繹の刃で相手の矛盾を切り裂いた。

Literary/Dramatic
"演繹の森"

— The forest of deduction. Getting lost in complex logical systems.

複雑な演繹の森に迷い込んでしまった。

Literary
"演繹の果てに"

— At the end of deduction. The final result after long logical reasoning.

長い演繹の果てに、彼は真理に到達した。

Literary
"演繹の美学"

— The aesthetics of deduction. The beauty found in perfect logical systems.

数学者たちは演繹の美学を追求している。

Intellectual
"演繹の鉄則"

— The iron rule of deduction. The fundamental laws that cannot be broken.

演繹の鉄則に従えば、この答え以外はありえない。

Formal
"演繹の極み"

— The height of deduction. The most perfect or extreme example of logical reasoning.

彼の論文は、演繹の極みとも言える完成度だ。

Formal/Praising

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

演繹 vs 帰納

They are logical opposites often taught together.

En'eki moves from rules to facts; Kinō moves from facts to rules.

演繹で予測し、帰納で法則を作る。

演繹 vs 推論

They both mean reasoning.

Suiron is general; En'eki is a specific type of Suiron.

推論には演繹と帰納がある。

演繹 vs 導出

Both involve getting a result from something else.

Dōshutsu is more common for math formulas; En'eki is for logical propositions.

公式の導出過程を演繹的に説明する。

演繹 vs 類推

Both are ways to reach a conclusion.

Ruisui is based on similarity; En'eki is based on universal rules.

類推は不確実だが、演繹は確実だ。

演繹 vs 憶測

People sometimes use 'deduce' loosely in English for 'guess'.

Okusoku has no logical basis; En'eki is strictly logical.

それは演繹ではなく、ただの憶測だ。

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

B2

AからBを演繹する。

基本法則から個別の現象を演繹する。

C1

演繹的な手法を用いて〜。

演繹的な手法を用いて仮説を検証する。

C1

〜は演繹の必然的帰結だ。

その失敗は演繹の必然的帰結だ。

C2

〜を演繹体系として構築する。

幾何学を演繹体系として構築する。

B2

演繹と帰納を組み合わせる。

演繹と帰納を組み合わせて真理を探る。

C1

前提の真偽が演繹を左右する。

前提の真偽が演繹の価値を左右する。

C1

演繹的に証明された事実。

それは演繹的に証明された事実だ。

B2

演繹はトップダウンの思考だ。

演繹は典型的なトップダウンの思考だ。

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

演繹 (Deduction)
演繹法 (Deductive method)
演繹的推理 (Deductive reasoning)

فعل‌ها

演繹する (To deduce)

صفت‌ها

演繹的 (Deductive)

مرتبط

帰納 (Induction)
推論 (Inference)
論理 (Logic)
前提 (Premise)
結論 (Conclusion)

نحوه استفاده

frequency

Rare in daily life, High in academia.

اشتباهات رایج
  • Using 演繹 for induction. Using 帰納 for induction.

    Induction is finding a rule from examples. Deduction is using a rule to find an answer.

  • Using 演繹 in casual talk. Using 推測 or 予想.

    演繹 is way too formal for telling a friend you 'deduced' they were at the store.

  • Writing 演訳 instead of 演繹. 演繹

    The second kanji is 繹 (eki), not 訳 (yaku/translation). They look similar but are different.

  • Saying '演繹に' for the source. 前提から演繹する。

    Use 'kara' (from) for the premise, and 'ni yotte' (by) for the method.

  • Confusing it with 控除 (tax deduction). 所得控除

    演繹 is only for logic. In finance, use 控除.

نکات

Academic Writing

In Japanese essays, use '演繹的アプローチ' to sound authoritative when discussing your logical framework.

En'eki vs Kinō

Always remember: En'eki (Deduction) is Top-Down. Kinō (Induction) is Bottom-Up.

Writing 繹

The kanji 繹 (eki) is rare. Focus on the 'thread' radical (糸) which means pulling out a conclusion.

The Syllogism

Master the 'Socrates is mortal' example in Japanese to explain En'eki to others.

Formal Settings

Save this word for university, legal contexts, or high-level business strategy meetings.

JLPT N1

This word is a common 'distractor' or key term in N1 reading passages about philosophy.

Not for Money

Don't use 演繹 for 'tax deduction'. Use 控除 (kōjo) for financial subtractions.

Energy Flow

Think: En'eki = Energy flowing from the big rule to the small fact.

Pairing

When you learn En'eki, you MUST learn Kinō (帰納) at the same time. They are a set.

Flat Pitch

Keep your voice steady. En-e-ki. No high peaks, just a smooth, flat pitch (Heiban).

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of 'EN' as 'Entering' a general rule and 'EKI' as 'Exiting' with a specific answer. EN-EKI: Enter General, Exit Specific.

تداعی تصویری

Visualize a large funnel. You pour a 'Big General Rule' into the top, and a 'Small Specific Conclusion' drips out of the bottom. That funnel is 演繹.

شبکه واژگان

Logic Philosophy Aristotle Syllogism Math Proof Top-down Conclusion

چالش

Try to explain one thing you do every day using 演繹. For example: 'Humans need water. I am human. Therefore, I drink water.' Now say it using '演繹的に'.

ریشه کلمه

The word was coined or popularized in the late 19th century (Meiji Era) by Japanese scholars like Nishi Amane to translate Western philosophical terms. 演 (en) means 'to expand/perform' and 繹 (eki) means 'to pull out/unravel'.

معنای اصلی: To unravel or pull out the hidden meaning/consequence from a general principle.

Sino-Japanese (Kango).

بافت فرهنگی

No specific sensitivities, but using it in casual conversation can make you seem arrogant or overly intellectual.

English speakers use 'deduction' both for logic and taxes. Japanese only uses 演繹 for logic.

Aristotle's Syllogism Sherlock Holmes' methods Descartes' 'I think, therefore I am'

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Philosophy Class

  • 三段論法
  • 普遍的原理
  • 必然的帰結
  • 前提の真偽

Mathematics

  • 公理系
  • 証明手法
  • 定理を導く
  • 論理的厳密さ

Legal Debate

  • 法解釈
  • 憲法の理念
  • 個別事案への適用
  • 演繹的判断

Detective Fiction

  • 名探偵の推理
  • 証拠からの演繹
  • 論理の鎖
  • 犯人の特定

Business Strategy

  • トップダウン
  • 仮説検証
  • 戦略の演繹
  • 市場予測

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"演繹と帰納、どちらの思考法をよく使いますか?"

"シャーロック・ホームズの演繹的推理についてどう思いますか?"

"数学の証明における演繹の美しさについて語りましょう。"

"AIは演繹的な推論が得意だと思いますか?"

"あなたの最近の決断は、演繹的なものでしたか?"

موضوعات نگارش

今日、自分が演繹的に考えた場面を一つ思い出して、詳しく書いてください。

「すべての人間は幸せを求める」という前提から、自分の行動を演繹してみましょう。

演繹と帰納のバランスが、仕事や勉強においてなぜ重要なのか考察してください。

理想的な社会のルールを一つ決め、そこから具体的な法律を演繹して作ってみてください。

演繹的な考え方が苦手な人と、どうすれば論理的な議論ができるか考えてください。

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

演繹(えんえき)は「一般的なルールから個別の結論を出す」ことで、帰納(きのう)は「たくさんの実例から一般的なルールを見つけ出す」ことです。例えば、「人は死ぬ。私は人だ。ゆえに私は死ぬ」は演繹です。「AさんもBさんもCさんも死んだ。ゆえに人は死ぬ」は帰納です。

いいえ、日常生活で「演繹」という言葉を使うことはほとんどありません。非常に硬い言葉なので、普通は「推測する」や「論理的に考える」と言います。大学の講義や論文、専門的な議論などで使われます。

厳密に言うと、ホームズの推理の多くは「アブダクション(仮説形成)」や「帰納」に近いものですが、物語の中では「演繹的推理(Deductive reasoning)」と呼ばれています。日本語でもそのまま「演繹」と訳されることが多いです。

数学では、公理(基本的な約束事)から出発して、論理的なステップを踏んで新しい定理を証明することを演繹と言います。数学の証明プロセスそのものが演繹的であると言えます。

前提が正しく、論理が正しければ、必ず正しい結論にたどり着ける点です。100%の確実性を求める学問や法律の世界では非常に強力なツールになります。

最初の前提が間違っていると、どんなに論理が正しくても結論が間違ってしまう点です。また、前提に含まれていない「新しい発見」は演繹からは生まれません。

「演繹的」は形容動詞の語幹で、後ろに名詞が来ます(例:演繹的な思考)。「演繹的に」は副詞で、後ろに動詞が来ます(例:演繹的に導く)。

「糸」へんに「尺」と「目」と「幸」のような形が組み合わさっています。糸をたぐり寄せるイメージで、結論を「引き出す」という意味を覚えると良いでしょう。

三段論法は演繹法の中で最も有名な形の一つです。「大前提・小前提・結論」の三つのステップで構成される演繹の代表的なスタイルです。

「顧客満足度が上がれば売上が上がる」という一般原則(前提)から、「今のサービスを改善すれば売上が上がるはずだ」という具体的な戦略を導く際に役立ちます。

خودت رو بسنج 180 سوال

writing

「演繹」という言葉を使って、短い文章を書いてください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹」と「帰納」の違いを一行で説明してください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹的」という言葉を使って、ビジネスシーンでの文を作ってください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「前提から結論を演繹する」という表現を使い、文を完成させてください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

シャーロック・ホームズについて「演繹」を使って説明してください。

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درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「必然的帰結」と「演繹」を含めた文を書いてください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹法」を英語で何と言うか、またその意味を日本語で書いてください。

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writing

あなたの得意な教科で「演繹」がどう使われているか書いてください。

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writing

「演繹」の漢字を三回書いてください。

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درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹」を否定的な文脈で使ってみてください(例:机上の空論)。

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writing

「演繹体系」という言葉を使って、高度な文を書いてください。

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درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹」の読み方をひらがなで書き、意味を説明してください。

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درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹推理」を主語にした文を書いてください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹」と「証明」を組み合わせた文を書いてください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹的に考える」ことの重要性についてあなたの意見を書いてください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

カントの哲学における「演繹」について知っていることを書いてください。

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writing

「演繹」の「繹」の字を使った他の言葉を一つ挙げてください(難しいですが)。

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writing

「演繹」を「する」の形で使った文を書いてください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹」の対義語である「帰納」を使った対比文を書いてください。

خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹的」な性格の人、とはどんな人か書いてください。

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درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

「演繹」という言葉を、正しいアクセントで発音してください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

「演繹的推理」と言ってみてください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

「演繹と帰納」と言ってみてください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

「前提から演繹します」と言ってみてください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

「必然的な帰結です」と言ってみてください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

演繹の意味を日本語で簡単に説明してください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

三段論法の例を一つ口頭で挙げてください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

「演繹的なアプローチ」と言ってみてください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

「論理的な飛躍があります」と言ってみてください。

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
speaking

「演繹」という言葉をどんな時に使いますか?

این را بلند بخوانید:

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
listening

(音声想定)「演繹」という言葉が聞こえたら、手を挙げてください。

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
listening

(音声想定)「演繹法は、トップダウンの思考です。」何がトップダウンですか?

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
listening

(音声想定)「帰納ではなく、演繹で考えましょう。」どちらで考えますか?

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
listening

(音声想定)「えんえき」という音を聞いて、正しい漢字を選んでください。

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
listening

(音声想定)「前提の真偽が重要です。」何において重要ですか?

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
writing

「演繹」を英語で説明してください(日本語の知識を使って)。

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writing

「演繹」の読み方をローマ字で書いてください。

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