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A1 noun #2,780 پرکاربردترین 10 دقیقه مطالعه

飢饉

kikin
تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 飢饉 در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح 飢饉 in your Level:
At the A1 level, the word 飢饉 (kikin) is generally considered too advanced and specific for everyday basic communication. A1 learners focus on immediate needs, basic greetings, and simple descriptions. However, if an A1 learner encounters this word, it is usually in a simplified context, perhaps when looking at a history book or watching a basic news program with visual aids. The explanation for an A1 learner should be straightforward: 飢饉 means 'famine' or 'a very big food shortage.' It is important to emphasize that this is not the word to use when they are simply hungry. For expressing personal hunger, A1 learners should stick to the phrase お腹が空きました (onaka ga sukimashita - I am hungry). If they need to understand 飢饉, they should associate it with pictures of dry land, empty fields, or historical events. The kanji are too complex for A1 writing, so recognizing the sound 'kikin' or the hiragana ききん is sufficient. In a classroom setting, a teacher might introduce this word when discussing basic world geography or history, explaining that sometimes, in some countries, there is no rain, and plants do not grow, leading to a 'kikin'. The focus at this level is purely on passive recognition rather than active usage. Learners should not worry about the complex grammatical structures surrounding the word, but merely link the vocabulary item to the concept of a severe lack of food on a large scale. This foundational understanding will prepare them for more complex discussions in later stages of their language learning journey.
For an A2 learner, the understanding of 飢饉 (kikin) deepens slightly, though it remains a word primarily for passive recognition. At this level, learners are beginning to read short, simple texts and understand basic news headlines. They might encounter 飢饉 in a simplified news article about international aid or a basic text about Japanese history. The explanation should build on the A1 foundation: 飢饉 is a major disaster where many people have no food. A2 learners can begin to associate it with related basic vocabulary they are learning, such as 食べ物 (tabemono - food), ない (nai - not exist/have), 雨 (ame - rain), and 死ぬ (shinu - to die). They can understand simple sentences like 雨が降らないから、飢饉になりました (Because it didn't rain, a famine occurred). While they are still not expected to use the word in daily conversation, they should be able to answer simple reading comprehension questions about a text containing the word. For example, if a text says a country is experiencing a kikin, the learner should know that sending food is the appropriate response. The kanji 飢饉 are still too difficult for active writing, but recognizing the first character 飢 (hungry) can be a useful visual cue. Teachers should ensure A2 learners distinguish 飢饉 from everyday hunger, reinforcing that it is a serious, large-scale problem. This helps build their vocabulary for discussing broader world issues, moving beyond just personal experiences.
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At the B1 level, learners are expected to handle a wider range of topics, including current events, basic history, and social issues. 飢饉 (kikin) becomes a more active part of their vocabulary. They should be able to read and understand news articles, watch standard news broadcasts, and follow historical documentaries where this word is used. The explanation at this level focuses on the causes and effects of famine. B1 learners should know that 飢饉 is caused by 異常気象 (ijou kishou - extreme weather), 干ばつ (kanbatsu - drought), or 戦争 (sensou - war). They should also learn to use it with appropriate verbs, such as 飢饉が起こる (kikin ga okoru - a famine occurs) or 飢饉が発生する (kikin ga hassei suru - a famine breaks out). Furthermore, they should understand the difference between 飢饉 (the event) and 飢餓 (kiga - the physical state of starvation). In writing or speaking, a B1 learner might use this word to summarize a news story or describe a historical event they studied. For instance, they could write a short essay saying, 'In the past, many people died because of famines' (昔、飢饉が原因で多くの人が亡くなりました). They should also begin to recognize the kanji, at least for reading purposes, as it frequently appears in print media. The focus shifts from mere recognition to contextual understanding and basic application in discussions about global or historical challenges.
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At the B2 level, learners are achieving a degree of fluency and can engage in detailed discussions on complex topics. 飢饉 (kikin) is fully integrated into their active vocabulary for academic, historical, and journalistic contexts. The explanation for B2 learners emphasizes nuance, collocation, and advanced grammatical integration. They should comfortably use phrases like 飢饉に見舞われる (kikin ni mimawareru - to be struck by famine) or 飢饉に苦しむ (kikin ni kurushimu - to suffer from famine). They are expected to read unadapted historical texts or detailed news reports and fully comprehend the socio-economic impacts of a famine. At this stage, learners should also be introduced to the metaphorical use of the word, such as 人材飢饉 (jinzai kikin - talent famine) in business contexts, understanding how the severity of the literal meaning transfers to emphasize a critical shortage in other areas. In debates or essays, a B2 learner can articulate complex ideas, such as 'Climate change is exacerbating the risk of global famines' (気候変動は世界的な飢饉のリスクを悪化させている). They should be able to write the kanji accurately and understand its etymology (the combination of 'starve' and 'crop shortage'). The distinction between related terms like 食糧難 (shokuryounan - food shortage) and 凶作 (kyousaku - bad harvest) should be clear, allowing them to choose the most precise word for their intended meaning. Mastery at this level means using the word naturally and accurately in formal registers.
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For C1 learners, proficiency approaches that of a well-educated native speaker. The understanding and usage of 飢饉 (kikin) must be sophisticated and highly nuanced. At this level, the explanation focuses on the word's role in advanced literature, academic research, and high-level socio-political discourse. C1 learners engage with complex historical analyses, such as the specific political and economic failures that exacerbated the Edo period famines (e.g., 天明の飢饉 - Tenmei Famine). They read academic papers on food security and international relations where 飢饉 is a central theme. They are expected to use advanced collocations effortlessly, such as 飢饉を回避する (kikin o kaihi suru - to avert a famine) or 飢饉が蔓延する (kikin ga man'en suru - a famine spreads). Furthermore, they can critically analyze texts that use the word metaphorically, understanding the rhetorical impact of describing an economic depression as a 資金飢饉 (funding famine). In spoken Japanese, they can deliver presentations or participate in high-level debates regarding global humanitarian crises, using 飢饉 with the appropriate solemnity and formal register. They understand the subtle emotional and cultural weight the word carries in Japanese society, recognizing its historical trauma. Their writing is precise, employing the word in complex sentence structures with appropriate transitional phrases to discuss cause, effect, and mitigation strategies related to mass starvation events.
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At the C2 level, the learner has achieved near-native mastery of the language. The word 飢饉 (kikin) is utilized with absolute precision, reflecting a deep understanding of its etymological roots, historical significance, and contemporary socio-political implications. The explanation for a C2 learner involves exploring the word in specialized contexts, such as classical Japanese literature, detailed historiography, or advanced economic theory. They can read primary historical documents (with appropriate modern annotations) detailing the horrors of past famines and discuss them using sophisticated academic vocabulary. They understand the subtle differences in connotation between various terms for scarcity and can manipulate these nuances for rhetorical effect in both writing and speech. A C2 learner might write a comprehensive thesis on the impact of agricultural policies on famine prevention, using 飢饉 alongside highly specialized terms like 食料安全保障 (shokuryou anzen hoshou - food security) and 農業インフラ (nougyou infura - agricultural infrastructure). They are also fully adept at creating their own metaphorical extensions of the word in professional or literary writing, doing so in a way that feels natural and impactful to a native reader. At this pinnacle of language learning, 飢饉 is not just a vocabulary word to be translated; it is a profound concept that the learner can explore, analyze, and articulate with the same depth and cultural resonance as a highly educated Japanese scholar.
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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

飢饉 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • Means 'famine' or 'severe food shortage'.
  • Used for large-scale historical or global disasters.
  • Often caused by drought, war, or crop failure.
  • Can be used metaphorically (e.g., talent famine).

The Japanese word 飢饉 (kikin) translates directly to 'famine' in English. It refers to a severe and widespread shortage of food in a specific region, which is typically caused by catastrophic events such as crop failure, prolonged drought, devastating war, or other natural disasters. This shortage inevitably leads to widespread hunger, malnutrition, starvation, and often a significant increase in mortality rates within the affected population. Understanding the depth of this word requires looking at its kanji components. The first kanji, 飢 (ki), means 'hungry' or 'starve,' and is also found in words like 飢餓 (kiga - starvation). The second kanji, 饉 (kin), specifically means 'shortage of crops' or 'famine.' Together, they emphasize not just the physical sensation of hunger, but the systemic agricultural failure that causes it. In historical contexts, Japan has experienced several devastating famines, most notably the Four Great Famines of the Edo period, such as the Tenmei Famine (天明の飢饉). These historical events have deeply ingrained the concept of 飢饉 into the cultural and historical consciousness of the nation. When you encounter this word, it is almost always in a serious, formal, or historical context. It is not used to describe simply being hungry before lunch; it is reserved for societal catastrophes. In modern times, while physical famines are rare in developed nations, the word is sometimes used metaphorically to describe a severe lack of something essential, such as a 'talent famine' (人材飢饉) in a specific industry. However, its primary and most impactful meaning remains tied to agricultural and humanitarian crises. To fully grasp its usage, learners must appreciate the gravity it carries. It is a noun, and it frequently pairs with verbs like 起こる (okoru - to occur) or 発生する (hassei suru - to break out). Furthermore, it is often modified by adjectives describing severity, such as 深刻な (shinkokuna - serious) or 大 (dai - great, as in 大飢饉 - great famine). The implications of a 飢饉 extend beyond mere food scarcity; they encompass economic collapse, social unrest, and profound human suffering, making it a powerful term in journalism, history, and sociology.

Kanji Breakdown
飢 (ki) - starve, hungry. 饉 (kin) - shortage of crops.
Nuance
Reserved for large-scale societal crises, not individual hunger.
Metaphorical Use
Can denote a severe lack of non-food resources, like talent.

歴史上、多くの国が深刻な飢饉を経験してきました。

干ばつが原因で大飢饉が発生した。

その地域は長引く戦争により飢饉に陥った。

天明の飢饉は江戸時代に起きた悲劇です。

IT業界では深刻な人材飢饉が続いている。

Using the word 飢饉 (kikin) correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical function and the specific contexts in which it is appropriate. As a noun, it integrates into Japanese sentences using standard particles. The most common particle associated with 飢饉 is が (ga) when describing its occurrence, as in 飢饉が起こる (kikin ga okoru - a famine occurs) or 飢饉が発生する (kikin ga hassei suru - a famine breaks out). When describing the cause of a famine, you will often see the particle で (de) or によって (ni yotte), for example, 干ばつで飢饉になる (kanbatsu de kikin ni naru - to result in a famine due to drought). If a population is suffering from a famine, the phrase 飢饉に苦しむ (kikin ni kurushimu - to suffer from famine) is highly standard. Furthermore, when discussing historical events, it is often preceded by the name of the era or region, connected by the particle の (no), such as アイルランドのジャガイモ飢饉 (Airurando no jagaimo kikin - the Irish Potato Famine). It is crucial to note the register of this word. 飢饉 is inherently formal and academic. You will not hear it in casual, everyday conversation unless the topic is specifically history, global news, or a serious documentary. In written Japanese, it appears frequently in textbooks, historical novels, and journalistic reports concerning humanitarian crises. When used metaphorically to describe a lack of resources, such as 人材飢饉 (jinzai kikin - talent famine) or 資金飢饉 (shikin kikin - funding famine), it adds a dramatic flair to business or economic discussions, emphasizing the severity of the shortage. However, this metaphorical usage should be employed sparingly to maintain its impact. Learners should practice combining 飢饉 with appropriate formal verbs and adjectives to sound natural. Adjectives like 深刻な (shinkokuna - serious), 悲惨な (hisanna - disastrous), and 大規模な (daikibona - large-scale) are excellent collocations. By mastering these combinations, learners can effectively communicate complex historical and social concepts in Japanese, demonstrating a high level of vocabulary proficiency and cultural awareness.

Subject Marker
飢饉が (kikin ga) - used when famine is the subject of the action (e.g., occurs).
Target/Cause Marker
飢饉に (kikin ni) - used with verbs like suffer (苦しむ) or fall into (陥る).
Modifier
大飢饉 (daikikin) - adding the prefix 'dai' means 'great famine'.

異常気象により、世界各地で飢饉が発生するリスクが高まっている。

政府は飢饉に苦しむ国々へ食糧援助を行った。

その村は過去に何度も恐ろしい飢饉に見舞われた。

農作物の不作が続けば、飢饉を免れないだろう。

エンジニアの不足は、まさにIT業界の飢饉と言える。

The contexts in which you will encounter the word 飢饉 (kikin) are highly specific, given its weighty meaning. The most prominent domain is history. Japanese history education places significant emphasis on the famines of the Edo period, as they were major catalysts for social and political change. Therefore, you will frequently hear or read this word in history classrooms, documentaries, museums, and historical literature. Phrases like 江戸四大飢饉 (Edo shidai kikin - the Four Great Famines of Edo) are standard curriculum terms. Another major context is international news and journalism. When reporting on global crises, particularly in developing nations facing drought, war, or economic collapse, news anchors and journalists will use 飢饉 to describe the severe food shortages. Organizations like the United Nations or NGOs involved in humanitarian aid frequently use this term in their reports and appeals for assistance. You will see it in headlines and hear it in formal broadcasts. Additionally, the word appears in academic discussions spanning sociology, economics, and environmental science, especially when discussing the impacts of climate change on global food security. In literature, both fiction and non-fiction, 飢饉 is used to set a grim, desperate tone, often driving the plot of stories set in harsh environments or historical eras. While less common, you might also hear it in high-level business or economic analysis as a metaphor. For instance, an analyst might describe a severe lack of investment capital as a 資金飢饉 (shikin kikin). It is important to recognize that because of its association with mass suffering and death, the word carries a somber and serious tone. You will not hear it in lighthearted entertainment, comedy, or casual daily banter. Recognizing the environments where 飢饉 is used helps learners understand not just the definition, but the cultural and emotional weight the word carries in Japanese society.

Historical Contexts
Textbooks, museums, and documentaries discussing past agricultural failures.
News & Journalism
Reports on global humanitarian crises, droughts, and international aid.
Academic & NGO
Research papers and charity appeals regarding food security.

今日のニュースで、アフリカの飢饉についての特集が放送された。

歴史の授業で、江戸時代の飢饉が農民に与えた影響を学んだ。

国連は、その地域で飢饉が宣言される可能性があると警告した。

気候変動が将来の飢饉を引き起こす最大の要因となるかもしれない。

その小説は、大飢饉を生き抜こうとする家族の姿を描いている。

When learning the word 飢饉 (kikin), students often make a few predictable mistakes, primarily stemming from confusion with similar-sounding or similar-meaning words, as well as inappropriate register usage. The most frequent error is confusing 飢饉 (kikin - famine) with 飢餓 (kiga - starvation/hunger). While they are closely related and share the first kanji (飢), their usage is distinct. 飢饉 refers to the broad, societal event or phenomenon of a food shortage (e.g., 'The famine lasted three years'). 飢餓, on the other hand, refers to the physical state of extreme hunger or the biological condition of starvation experienced by individuals (e.g., 'He died of starvation'). Saying 'He died of famine' (彼は飢饉で死んだ) is less precise than saying 'He died of starvation due to the famine' (彼は飢饉による飢餓で死んだ). Another common mistake is using 飢饉 to describe personal, temporary hunger. A learner might jokingly say 'I am experiencing a famine' when they skip breakfast, but translating this directly as 私は飢饉を経験している sounds absurdly dramatic and incorrect in Japanese. For personal hunger, words like 空腹 (kuufuku) or the phrase お腹が空いた (onaka ga suita) must be used. Additionally, learners sometimes mispronounce the word due to the complex kanji. The reading 'kikin' must have a sharp, short 'ki' and 'kin'. Elongating the vowels or misreading the second kanji (which is rare) can lead to confusion. Grammatically, mistakes often occur with particle usage. Using を (wo) instead of が (ga) with intransitive verbs like 発生する (hassei suru) is a common beginner error (e.g., incorrect: 飢饉を発生する; correct: 飢饉が発生する). Finally, overusing the metaphorical sense (like 人材飢饉) in casual conversation can make the speaker sound overly theatrical or unnatural. It is best reserved for formal writing or professional business contexts. By understanding these nuances and distinctions, learners can avoid these common pitfalls and use 飢饉 with the precision and respect the word demands.

飢饉 vs 飢餓
飢饉 is the event (famine). 飢餓 is the physical state (starvation).
Personal Hunger
Never use 飢饉 for missing a meal. Use 空腹 (kuufuku) instead.
Particle Errors
Use が (ga) with occurrence verbs, not を (wo).

❌ 私は朝ごはんを食べていないので、飢饉です。
⭕ 私は朝ごはんを食べていないので、空腹です。

❌ その地域では飢饉を発生した。
⭕ その地域では飢饉が発生した。

❌ 彼は飢饉で倒れた。（Unnatural focus）
⭕ 彼は飢餓で倒れた。（Focus on physical state）

❌ 今日のスーパーは野菜が飢饉だ。
⭕ 今日のスーパーは野菜が品薄だ。

❌ 飢饉を解決するためにご飯を食べよう。
⭕ 空腹を満たすためにご飯を食べよう。

To build a robust Japanese vocabulary, it is essential to understand words that are similar to 飢饉 (kikin) and how they differ in nuance and usage. The most closely related word is 飢餓 (kiga), which translates to 'starvation' or 'extreme hunger.' As discussed, while 飢饉 refers to the large-scale event of food scarcity, 飢餓 refers to the resulting physical condition of the people affected. Another related term is 食糧難 (shokuryounan), which means 'food shortage' or 'food crisis.' 食糧難 is a slightly broader and sometimes less severe term than 飢饉. A country might experience a 食糧難 due to supply chain issues without it escalating into a full-blown, deadly 飢饉. In agricultural contexts, you will frequently encounter 凶作 (kyousaku) and 不作 (fusaku), both meaning 'bad harvest' or 'crop failure.' These are the direct causes of a famine. 凶作 implies a disastrously poor yield, while 不作 is a more general term for a poor harvest. Conversely, 豊作 (housaku) means a 'bumper crop' or 'abundant harvest,' serving as an antonym. When discussing the lack of specific items, 品薄 (shinausu) means 'shortage of goods' or 'scarcity,' typically used in retail or economic contexts, not for life-threatening situations. Another useful word is 貧困 (hinkon), meaning 'poverty.' While poverty and famine often go hand-in-hand, they describe different aspects of societal struggle. Understanding this web of related vocabulary allows learners to describe complex socio-economic and historical situations with great accuracy. For example, one could explain that a 凶作 (bad harvest) led to a 食糧難 (food shortage), which eventually escalated into a devastating 飢饉 (famine), causing widespread 飢餓 (starvation) among those living in 貧困 (poverty). This level of descriptive capability marks a significant step towards advanced Japanese fluency.

飢餓 (kiga)
Starvation. Focuses on the biological condition of extreme hunger.
食糧難 (shokuryounan)
Food shortage. A broader term for food supply issues, less severe than famine.
凶作 (kyousaku)
Bad harvest. The agricultural failure that often causes a famine.

飢饉と飢餓は密接に関連しているが、意味は異なる。

今年の米は不作だが、飢饉になるほどではない。

戦争により深刻な食糧難が発生し、やがて飢饉へと発展した。

凶作が続いた結果、村は恐ろしい飢饉に見舞われた。

貧困層は飢饉の影響を最も強く受ける。

چقدر رسمی است؟

سطح دشواری

گرامر لازم

N + が発生する (Occurrence of an event)

N + に見舞われる (To be struck by a disaster)

N + に苦しむ (To suffer from N)

V-る + リスクが高まる (The risk of doing V increases)

N + のせいで (Because of N - negative outcome)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

ききん で ひと が しにます。

People die because of famine.

で indicates cause.

2

むかし、ききん が ありました。

Long ago, there was a famine.

ありました is the past tense of to be/exist.

3

ききん は こわい です。

Famine is scary.

こわい is an i-adjective meaning scary.

4

アフリカ で ききん が あります。

There is a famine in Africa.

で indicates location of occurrence.

5

ききん の とき、たべもの が ない です。

During a famine, there is no food.

とき means 'time' or 'when'.

6

ききん は おおきな もんだい です。

Famine is a big problem.

おおきな modifies the noun もんだい.

7

ききん で ごはん が ありません。

Because of the famine, there is no rice/meal.

ありません is the negative of あります.

8

ニュース で ききん を みました。

I saw (news about) famine on the news.

を marks the object of the verb みました.

1

雨が降らないので、飢饉になりました。

Because it didn't rain, a famine occurred.

ので indicates reason.

2

その国は飢饉で困っています。

That country is troubled by famine.

困っています means 'is troubled/in trouble'.

3

飢饉のせいで、多くの動物が死にました。

Because of the famine, many animals died.

せいで means 'because of' (negative connotation).

4

私たちは飢饉の人々を助けたいです。

We want to help the people in the famine.

たい expresses desire (want to help).

5

昔の日本でも飢饉がありました。

There were famines in old Japan too.

でも means 'also in'.

6

飢饉が終わって、みんな喜びました。

The famine ended, and everyone rejoiced.

て form connects sequential actions.

7

テレビで飢饉のニュースを聞きました。

I heard news about the famine on TV.

で indicates the medium (on TV).

8

飢饉の時は、水も少なくなります。

During a famine, water also becomes scarce.

くなります indicates a change in state (becomes scarce).

1

深刻な干ばつが原因で、その地域に飢饉が発生した。

A famine broke out in that region due to a severe drought.

が原因で indicates the specific cause.

2

政府は飢饉の被害を防ぐために、食糧を備蓄している。

The government is stockpiling food to prevent famine damage.

ために indicates purpose (in order to).

3

歴史の授業で、江戸時代の四大飢饉について学んだ。

I learned about the four great famines of the Edo period in history class.

について means 'about' or 'concerning'.

4

飢饉から生き延びるために、人々は草や木の根を食べた。

To survive the famine, people ate grass and tree roots.

生き延びる means 'to survive'.

5

国際社会は飢饉に苦しむ国へ援助を送るべきだ。

The international community should send aid to countries suffering from famine.

べきだ expresses strong recommendation or obligation.

6

今年の不作が続けば、来年は飢饉になるかもしれない。

If this year's poor harvest continues, there might be a famine next year.

かもしれない means 'might' or 'may'.

7

飢饉の影響で、多くの農民が村を離れました。

Due to the effects of the famine, many farmers left the village.

影響で indicates 'due to the influence/effect of'.

8

そのNGOは、飢饉の被災地に医療チームを派遣した。

The NGO dispatched a medical team to the famine-stricken area.

被災地 refers to a disaster-stricken area.

1

異常気象が常態化すれば、世界的な飢饉のリスクは避けられない。

If extreme weather becomes the norm, the risk of global famine is unavoidable.

避けられない means 'unavoidable'.

2

天明の飢饉は、当時の幕府の財政に致命的な打撃を与えた。

The Tenmei Famine dealt a fatal blow to the shogunate's finances at the time.

打撃を与える means 'to deal a blow'.

3

IT業界では、高度な技術を持つエンジニアの深刻な人材飢饉が起きている。

In the IT industry, there is a severe talent famine of highly skilled engineers.

Metaphorical use: 人材飢饉 (talent famine).

4

食糧難が飢饉へと発展する前に、迅速な対応が求められる。

Swift action is required before the food shortage develops into a famine.

へと発展する means 'to develop into'.

5

そのドキュメンタリーは、飢饉の背後にある政治的腐敗を鋭く告発している。

The documentary sharply indicts the political corruption behind the famine.

背後にある means 'behind' or 'underlying'.

6

長引く内戦により、物流が途絶え、首都でさえ飢饉の危機に瀕している。

Due to the prolonged civil war, logistics have been cut off, and even the capital is on the verge of famine.

危機に瀕している means 'on the verge of crisis'.

7

過去の飢饉の記録は、現代の食料安全保障を考える上で貴重な教訓となる。

Records of past famines serve as valuable lessons when considering modern food security.

上で means 'when doing...' or 'in the process of'.

8

飢饉による人口減少は、その後の経済復興を著しく遅らせた。

The population decline caused by the famine significantly delayed subsequent economic recovery.

著しく means 'significantly' or 'markedly'.

1

人為的な政策の失敗が、自然災害を未曾有の大飢饉へと増幅させた。

The failure of artificial policies amplified the natural disaster into an unprecedented great famine.

未曾有の means 'unprecedented'.

2

飢饉という極限状態において、人間の倫理観がどのように変容するかをその小説は描破している。

The novel masterfully depicts how human ethics transform in the extreme conditions of a famine.

描破する means 'to describe fully/masterfully'.

3

グローバルサプライチェーンの脆弱性が露呈し、一部の専門家は現代版の飢饉を危惧している。

The vulnerability of the global supply chain has been exposed, and some experts fear a modern-day famine.

危惧する means 'to fear/apprehend'.

4

歴史人口学の観点から見ると、飢饉は単なる食糧不足ではなく、複雑な社会構造の崩壊を意味する。

From the perspective of historical demography, a famine is not merely a food shortage, but signifies the collapse of complex social structures.

観点から見ると means 'from the perspective of'.

5

慢性的な資金飢饉に陥ったそのベンチャー企業は、最終的に買収を受け入れるしかなかった。

Falling into a chronic funding famine, the venture company ultimately had no choice but to accept a buyout.

しかなかった means 'had no choice but to'.

6

飢饉の記憶は世代を超えて語り継がれ、その地域の文化や信仰に深い影を落としている。

The memory of the famine has been passed down through generations, casting a deep shadow over the region's culture and beliefs.

影を落とす means 'to cast a shadow'.

7

食糧の偏在を是正しなければ、局地的な飢饉の発生を根絶することは不可能である。

Unless the uneven distribution of food is corrected, it is impossible to eradicate the occurrence of localized famines.

是正する means 'to correct/rectify'.

8

その報告書は、気候変動緩和策の遅れが、将来的に数億人を飢饉の脅威に晒すと警告している。

The report warns that delays in climate change mitigation measures will expose hundreds of millions of people to the threat of famine in the future.

脅威に晒す means 'to expose to a threat'.

1

マルサスの人口論を引き合いに出すまでもなく、資源の枯渇は常に飢饉というカタストロフィを内包している。

Without even needing to cite Malthus's theory of population, the depletion of resources always inherently contains the catastrophe of famine.

引き合いに出すまでもなく means 'without needing to cite/bring up'.

2

為政者の無策と隠蔽体質が、局地的な凶作を国家規模の飢饉へと悪化させた歴史的責任は免れ得ない。

The historical responsibility cannot be evaded that the policymakers' incompetence and culture of concealment worsened a localized bad harvest into a national-scale famine.

免れ得ない means 'cannot be evaded/inescapable'.

3

飢饉のメカニズムを解明するには、気象学的な要因だけでなく、当時の流通システムや市場の投機的行動をも俯瞰する必要がある。

To elucidate the mechanisms of famine, it is necessary to take a bird's-eye view not only of meteorological factors but also of the distribution systems and speculative market behaviors of the time.

俯瞰する means 'to take a bird's-eye view/overview'.

4

飽食の時代にあって、飢饉という言葉はリアリティを喪失しつつあるが、それは極めて危うい忘却である。

In an age of gluttony, the word famine is losing its reality, but that is an extremely dangerous forgetting.

喪失しつつある indicates an ongoing process of losing.

5

その前衛劇は、言葉の飢饉というメタファーを用いて、現代人のコミュニケーション不全を痛烈に風刺した。

The avant-garde play used the metaphor of a 'famine of words' to severely satirize the communication breakdown of modern people.

痛烈に風刺する means 'to severely satirize'.

6

飢饉救済の美名の下に行われた強権的な食糧徴発は、結果として農村部の共同体を完全に破壊した。

The authoritarian requisition of food, carried out under the beautiful name of famine relief, ultimately destroyed the rural communities completely.

美名の下に means 'under the beautiful name of / under the guise of'.

7

飢饉がもたらす極度の栄養失調は、エピジェネティックな変化を引き起こし、次世代の健康にも不可逆的な影響を及ぼす。

The extreme malnutrition brought about by famine causes epigenetic changes, exerting irreversible effects on the health of the next generation.

不可逆的な means 'irreversible'.

8

歴史書に記された「餓死者道に満つ」という凄惨な記述は、飢饉が単なる統計上の悲劇ではなく、個々の尊厳の完全な剥奪であったことを物語っている。

The gruesome description in historical texts that 'those starved to death filled the roads' tells us that famine was not merely a statistical tragedy, but the complete deprivation of individual dignity.

物語っている means 'tells the story of / indicates'.

مترادف‌ها

飢え 飢餓 食糧難 凶作 不作

متضادها

豊作 飽食

ترکیب‌های رایج

飢饉が起こる
飢饉が発生する
飢饉に見舞われる
飢饉に苦しむ
大飢饉
深刻な飢饉
飢饉を免れる
飢饉を生き延びる
飢饉対策
人材飢饉

عبارات رایج

飢饉が発生する (A famine breaks out)
飢饉に苦しむ (To suffer from famine)
大飢饉に見舞われる (To be struck by a great famine)
飢饉から救う (To save from famine)
深刻な飢饉 (A severe famine)
江戸四大飢饉 (The Four Great Famines of Edo)
世界的飢饉 (Global famine)
飢饉の危機 (Crisis of famine)
飢饉を乗り越える (To overcome a famine)
人材飢饉に陥る (To fall into a talent famine)

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

飢饉 vs 飢餓 (kiga - starvation: the physical state, not the event)

飢饉 vs 食糧難 (shokuryounan - food shortage: less severe than famine)

飢饉 vs 凶作 (kyousaku - bad harvest: the cause, not the famine itself)

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"人材飢饉 (talent famine)"
"資金飢饉 (funding famine)"
"愛情飢饉 (famine of affection - rare)"
"活字飢饉 (famine of reading material)"
"水飢饉 (water famine/severe drought)"
"電力飢饉 (power famine/shortage)"
"ニュース飢饉 (slow news day/famine of news)"
"アイデア飢饉 (famine of ideas)"
"笑い飢饉 (famine of laughter)"
"心の飢饉 (famine of the heart/spirit)"

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

飢饉 vs

飢饉 vs

飢饉 vs

飢饉 vs

飢饉 vs

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

برای دیدن همه مثال‌ها رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید

نحوه استفاده

nuance

Implies a catastrophic scale, not a minor shortage.

metaphor

Can be used for extreme shortages of non-food items (talent, funds), but usually in business or journalistic writing.

formality

Highly formal.

اشتباهات رایج
  • Using 飢饉 to mean 'I am hungry' (e.g., 私は飢饉です).
  • Confusing 飢饉 (the event) with 飢餓 (the physical state of starvation).
  • Using the particle を instead of が with occurrence verbs (e.g., 飢饉を発生する).
  • Mispronouncing the word by elongating the vowels (e.g., kiikin).
  • Using it to describe minor shortages at a supermarket (use 品薄 instead).

نکات

Not for Personal Hunger

Never use 飢饉 to say 'I'm starving' before lunch. It is a serious word for a disaster. Use 空腹 (kuufuku) instead.

Particle Choice

When saying a famine happens, use the particle が (ga). Example: 飢饉が発生する (kikin ga hassei suru).

Learn with 飢餓

Learn 飢饉 (famine - the event) and 飢餓 (starvation - the physical state) together. They share the first kanji and often appear in the same texts.

The Food Radical

Notice that both kanji in 飢饉 have the food radical (食/飠) on the left side. This is a great visual hint for its meaning.

Business Metaphors

Impress your Japanese colleagues by using 人材飢饉 (jinzai kikin) to describe a severe shortage of skilled workers in your industry.

News Contexts

When watching Japanese news, if you hear 'kikin', expect the story to be about international aid, Africa, or climate change.

Edo Period

If you study Japanese history, you will see this word constantly. The Edo period famines are a major topic in Japanese schools.

Pair with 深刻な

To sound natural, describe a famine as 深刻な (shinkokuna - serious/severe). 深刻な飢饉 is a very common phrase.

Short Vowels

Make sure to pronounce both 'ki' sounds short and sharp. Do not say 'kiikin' or 'kikiin'.

Alternative Words

If 飢饉 feels too heavy or formal, 食糧難 (shokuryounan - food shortage) is a slightly softer, broader alternative.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Imagine a KEY (ki) unlocking a KING's (kin) vault, but it's completely empty, causing a FAMINE. Ki-kin = Famine.

ریشه کلمه

Sino-Japanese (On'yomi)

بافت فرهنگی

Today, Japan is highly food-secure, so the word is mostly used for international news or historical education.

The Tenmei Famine (1782-1788) is considered one of the worst in Japanese history, exacerbated by the eruption of Mount Asama.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"江戸時代の飢饉についてどう思いますか？ (What do you think about the famines in the Edo period?)"

"気候変動が将来の飢饉を引き起こすと思いますか？ (Do you think climate change will cause future famines?)"

"現代の世界的な飢饉を解決するには何が必要でしょうか？ (What is needed to solve modern global famines?)"

"あなたの業界で「人材飢饉」を感じることはありますか？ (Do you ever feel a 'talent famine' in your industry?)"

"飢饉のニュースを見たとき、私たちは何ができるでしょうか？ (When we see news of a famine, what can we do?)"

موضوعات نگارش

Write about a historical famine you have learned about and its impacts.

Discuss the difference between a food shortage (食糧難) and a famine (飢饉).

Imagine you are an NGO worker. Write a report on a region facing a famine.

How does climate change increase the risk of global famines?

Write about a 'famine' of something non-physical in your life (e.g., a famine of free time).

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, absolutely not. 飢饉 refers to a large-scale societal disaster where thousands of people have no food. Using it for personal hunger sounds absurd. For personal hunger, use お腹が空いた (onaka ga suita) or 空腹 (kuufuku). Keep 飢饉 for history and news.

飢饉 (kikin) is the event itself, the famine or severe food shortage in a region. 飢餓 (kiga) is the physical condition of starvation that results from the famine. You can say a famine (飢饉) caused widespread starvation (飢餓). They are related but grammatically distinct.

No, it is not common in everyday casual conversation. You will rarely hear it at a cafe or with friends. It is common in specific contexts like history classes, news broadcasts about global crises, and academic reading.

The first kanji is 飢 (ki), meaning starve, which uses the food radical (食) and the phonetic component 几. The second kanji is 饉 (kin), meaning crop shortage, which also uses the food radical and the phonetic component 菫. It is a complex kanji, often tested at higher JLPT levels.

Yes, it can. In business or journalism, it is sometimes used to describe a severe lack of something essential. The most common metaphorical phrase is 人材飢饉 (jinzai kikin), which means a 'talent famine' or severe labor shortage in a specific industry.

Because it is an event, verbs of occurrence are most common. 発生する (hassei suru - to break out) and 起こる (okoru - to occur) are standard. When talking about people affected, use 見舞われる (mimawareru - to be struck by) or 苦しむ (kurushimu - to suffer).

Historical famines in Japan, like the Edo period's Four Great Famines, were usually caused by a combination of extreme weather (like cold summers or droughts), volcanic eruptions (like Mt. Asama), and poor agricultural policies by the shogunate.

No, 飢饉 is strictly a noun. If you want to describe a 'famine-like' situation, you would use a noun phrase like 飢饉のような (kikin no you na). To describe someone as starving, use the verb 飢える (ueru) or its adjective form 飢えた (ueta).

You can say 飢饉を生き延びる (kikin o ikinobiru). 生き延びる means to survive a life-threatening situation. Another way is 飢饉を乗り越える (kikin o norikoeru), which means to overcome the famine.

The pitch accent is Atamadaka (頭高型). The pitch starts high on the first mora 'ki' and drops on the second 'ki', remaining low for the 'n'. So it sounds like KI-kin.

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محتوای مرتبط

واژه‌های بیشتر Social

承認

A1

عمل پذیرش یا تأیید رسمی چیزی، مانند یک درخواست یا برنامه. اغلب در زمینه‌های رسمی یا حرفه‌ای استفاده می‌شود تا نشان دهد یک مقام مسئول چراغ سبز نشان داده است.

帰属

C1

تعلق به یک گروه خاص یا انتساب قانونی حقوق.

意識

A1

بیمار پس از تصادف هوشیاری خود را از دست داد.

裏切り

A1

عمل شکستن اعتماد یا وفاداری. اغلب شامل کمک به دشمن یا اقدام علیه منافع کسی است که به شما تکیه کرده است.

お辞儀

A1

تعظیم سنتی ژاپنی که برای سلام، تشکر یا عذرخواهی استفاده می‌شود.

使命

A1

ماموریت من این است که به صلح جهانی کمک کنم.

配慮

A1

رعایت کردن و توجه به احساسات و نیازهای دیگران.

慎重

A1

ویژگی بسیار محتاط بودن و اجتناب از ریسک‌های غیرضروری. توصیف‌کننده ذهنیتی است که با تامل کامل قبل از تصمیم‌گیری همراه است.

争い

A1

تضاد، مشاجره یا رقابت بین دو یا چند طرف. به حالتی اشاره دارد که در آن افراد بر سر چیزی اختلاف نظر دارند یا با هم می جنگند.

抗争

A1

یک مبارزه یا درگیری جدی بین گروه‌ها، جناح‌ها یا سازمان‌های مخالف.

مفید بود؟

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