~에 의해서
توضیح ~에 의해서 در سطح شما:
You use this to say who did something. If a cat eats a fish, you say 'The fish was eaten by the cat.' It is just a simple way to show who is the boss of the action!
At this level, you start using passive voice. You might say, 'The house was built by my father.' It helps you talk about things that happened to objects, rather than just what people did.
Now you can use it for causes. 'The fire was caused by a lightning strike.' It connects an event to its reason, which is very useful for telling stories or explaining news.
You will notice that ~에 의해서 is more formal. In professional emails, you might say, 'The project was delayed by unforeseen circumstances.' It sounds more serious and objective than 'the rain stopped us.'
At the advanced level, you use it to describe complex systems. 'The policy is governed by strict regulations.' You are now using it to link abstract concepts like laws, morals, or scientific principles to their outcomes.
Mastery means knowing when not to use it. Sometimes, using 'by' makes a sentence too heavy. You will learn to choose between 'by' and other prepositions like 'through' or 'via' to create the perfect tone for your academic or literary writing.
~에 의해서 در ۳۰ ثانیه
- Used for agents
- Used for causes
- Common in passive voice
- Formal and precise
When we use the phrase ~에 의해서, we are essentially pointing a finger at the cause or the person responsible for an outcome. Think of it as the bridge between an action and its source. It is the go-to way to express agency or causality in a sentence.
You will see this most often when someone wants to be very clear about who did the work or what force created a change. It feels a bit more formal than just saying 'by,' which makes it perfect for reports, news, or serious explanations. It helps the listener understand exactly where the influence is coming from.
The English equivalent 'by' has deep roots in Old English, coming from the word bī. Over centuries, it evolved from meaning 'near' to indicating the instrument or agent of an action. The Korean structure ~에 의해서 is a modern functional equivalent constructed using the noun 의해 (meaning 'basis' or 'dependence') combined with the particle -서.
Historically, languages needed a way to shift focus from the subject to the object, leading to the development of passive markers. While 'by' is a simple preposition, ~에 의해서 carries a slightly more analytical weight, reflecting the Korean language's tendency to use specific noun-based markers to define relationships between events clearly.
Using ~에 의해서 is common in formal writing, such as academic papers or legal documents. You would use it when you want to emphasize the mechanism behind a result. For example, 'The decision was made by the committee' sounds neutral, but 'The decision was made on the basis of (a variation of ~에 의해서) the evidence' adds a layer of formal authority.
It pairs well with passive verbs like 'caused,' 'influenced,' 'determined,' or 'governed.' Avoid using it in casual conversation with friends, as it can sound a bit stiff or overly robotic. Stick to 'by' for your daily chats and save this phrase for when you need to sound professional and precise.
While the phrase itself is a functional tool, it appears in many common expressions. 1. By and large: Meaning 'on the whole.' 2. By the book: Meaning 'according to the rules.' 3. By all means: Meaning 'certainly.' 4. By no means: Meaning 'not at all.' 5. By the way: A common transition phrase.
Each of these uses the core concept of 'by' (as in 'by means of') to create a new, fixed meaning. Learning these will help you sound much more natural when speaking English, as they are used constantly in both professional and social settings.
In English, 'by' is a preposition and does not change form; it has no plural or tense. It is pronounced /baɪ/ in both British and American English, rhyming with 'sky,' 'fly,' and 'try.' The stress is always on the single syllable.
When using ~에 의해서 in translation, remember that the English 'by' is much more versatile. While 'by' can indicate location ('by the door') or time ('by 5 PM'), ~에 의해서 is strictly reserved for agency and causation. Always check if you are describing a location or an agent before choosing your translation!
نکته جالب
It evolved from a spatial marker to an agent marker.
راهنمای تلفظ
Short, sharp sound.
Longer vowel sound.
خطاهای رایج
- pronouncing it like 'bee'
- adding extra syllables
- stressing the wrong part
همقافیه با
سطح دشواری
easy
moderate
moderate
easy
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Passive Voice
The ball was hit by him.
Prepositions
By, with, at.
Causality
Caused by.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The book was written by him.
book / written / by / him
Passive voice
The song was sung by her.
song / sung / by / her
Passive voice
The ball was kicked by the boy.
ball / kicked / by / boy
Passive voice
The door was opened by Sam.
door / opened / by / Sam
Passive voice
The cake was made by Mom.
cake / made / by / Mom
Passive voice
The letter was sent by mail.
letter / sent / by / mail
Passive voice
The art was painted by an artist.
art / painted / by / artist
Passive voice
The car was driven by Dad.
car / driven / by / Dad
Passive voice
The report was finished by the team.
The game was won by our school.
The movie was directed by a famous person.
The tree was planted by my grandfather.
The window was broken by a rock.
The email was received by the manager.
The room was cleaned by the staff.
The test was taken by all students.
The accident was caused by icy roads.
The decision was influenced by the survey results.
The law was passed by the parliament.
The discovery was made by a team of scientists.
The invention was patented by the company.
The policy was changed by the board.
The meeting was scheduled by the secretary.
The plan was approved by the director.
The outcome was determined by several factors.
The study was conducted by an independent agency.
The crisis was exacerbated by poor communication.
The trend was driven by consumer behavior.
The structure is supported by steel beams.
The performance was praised by the critics.
The system is controlled by a central computer.
The result was achieved by hard work.
The phenomenon is explained by quantum mechanics.
The legislation is dictated by international standards.
The narrative is shaped by the author's bias.
The economy is affected by global trade policies.
The evolution is driven by natural selection.
The architecture is inspired by ancient designs.
The reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme.
The movement is fueled by social media.
The interpretation is constrained by historical context.
The logic is underpinned by rigorous analysis.
The debate is framed by conflicting ideologies.
The outcome is necessitated by the circumstances.
The policy is mandated by legislative decree.
The theory is substantiated by empirical evidence.
The change is precipitated by market shifts.
The art is defined by its cultural heritage.
ترکیبهای رایج
اصطلاحات و عبارات
"by and large"
on the whole
By and large, the event was a success.
neutral"by the book"
following rules
We must do this by the book.
neutral"by all means"
certainly
By all means, come visit us!
casual"by no means"
not at all
It is by no means an easy task.
formal"by the way"
incidentally
By the way, did you see the news?
casual"by heart"
from memory
I learned the poem by heart.
neutralبهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
both connect actions
by = agent, with = tool
Killed by a man with a knife.
both relate to space
by = proximity/agent, near = location
Sitting by the door vs near the door.
both show cause
by = direct agent, through = process
By the government through a law.
both can relate to time
by = deadline, at = specific point
By 5 PM vs at 5 PM.
الگوهای جملهسازی
Subject + was/were + V3 + by + Agent
The cake was made by me.
It is caused by + Noun
It is caused by the rain.
Influenced by + Noun
He was influenced by art.
Determined by + Noun
Prices are determined by supply.
Governed by + Noun
The country is governed by law.
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
10
مقیاس رسمیت
نکات
Memory Palace Trick
When Native Speakers Use It
Cultural Insight
Grammar Shortcut
Say It Right
Don't Make This Mistake
Did You Know?
Study Smart
Passive Rule
Professionalism
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
By = Boss (The boss is the agent).
تداعی تصویری
A signature at the bottom of a document.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write 3 passive sentences today.
ریشه کلمه
Old English
معنای اصلی: near
بافت فرهنگی
None
Used heavily in legal and academic contexts.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
at work
- Approved by the manager
- Written by the team
- Signed by the CEO
school
- Written by a student
- Read by the teacher
- Solved by the class
news
- Caused by the storm
- Reported by the media
- Investigated by police
daily life
- Made by hand
- Sent by post
- Driven by passion
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"Who was this book written by?"
"What was the fire caused by?"
"Is your decision influenced by others?"
"How is the city governed?"
"What are you driven by?"
موضوعات نگارش
Write about a project finished by you.
Describe a change caused by a person.
What is a rule governed by your school?
Who is a person you are inspired by?
سوالات متداول
8 سوالخودت رو بسنج
The apple was eaten ___ the boy.
By indicates the agent.
Which sentence is correct?
Passive voice requires 'was' + past participle + 'by'.
'By' can be used to indicate a tool used for an action.
We use 'with' for tools.
Word
معنی
Match the phrase to its meaning.
The report was written by me.
امتیاز: /5
Summary
Use 'by' to show who or what is responsible for an action.
- Used for agents
- Used for causes
- Common in passive voice
- Formal and precise
Memory Palace Trick
When Native Speakers Use It
Cultural Insight
Grammar Shortcut
مثال
이 건물은 유명한 건축가에 의해서 설계되었다.
محتوای مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر academic
입체적
B2Having a three-dimensional effect or examining something from multiple perspectives rather than a single flat view. It implies a comprehensive and detailed analysis.
~에 관해
B1About, concerning.
~에 대하여
A2Concerning or regarding a particular subject; about.
~대해
A2About; concerning; regarding.
~에 관하여
A2Regarding, concerning, about (a topic).
~에 대해(서)
A1Indicates the topic or subject of discussion, meaning 'about' or 'regarding'.
무엇보다
A2More than anything else; above all.
결석생
A2A student who is absent from class.
추상화하다
B2To consider something theoretically or separately from its physical reality. It involves extracting general principles from specific examples.
추상
A2Abstraction; the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events.
