개정 در ۳۰ ثانیه
- 개정 means to officially change and improve a formal document like a law, rule, or textbook.
- It is a formal noun often used in legal, educational, and administrative contexts in Korea.
- Commonly paired with '하다' (to revise) or '되다' (to be revised) and found in compounds like '개정안' (amendment).
- Unlike '수정' (minor correction), '개정' refers to the systematic updating of official frameworks and published books.
The Korean word 개정 (Gaejeong) is a formal noun that translates most closely to 'amendment' or 'revision.' It is derived from the Hanja characters 改 (gae - to change) and 正 (jeong - to correct) or 訂 (jeong - to revise/edit). While in English we might use 'revision' for a book and 'amendment' for a law, Korean uses 개정 for both, provided the intent is to improve or update an existing framework. This word is ubiquitous in legal, educational, and administrative contexts. When a government decides to change a specific clause in the constitution, that is a 헌법 개정 (constitutional amendment). When a publisher updates a mathematics textbook to reflect new curriculum standards, that is a 교과서 개정 (textbook revision).
- Legal Context
- In the legal sphere, 개정 refers to the formal process of changing a law. It suggests that the core identity of the law remains, but specific articles are being modified, added, or deleted to better serve current societal needs.
- Educational Context
- In schools, you will often see '개정판' (revised edition) on the covers of books. This indicates that errors from the previous version have been fixed and new information has been integrated.
정부는 이번 달 말까지 근로기준법 개정안을 국회에 제출할 예정입니다. (The government plans to submit the amendment to the Labor Standards Act to the National Assembly by the end of this month.)
Understanding the nuance of 개정 involves recognizing its 'corrective' nature. Unlike '변화' (change), which is neutral, or '혁명' (revolution), which is radical, 개정 implies a structured, official, and incremental improvement. It is the word of choice for bureaucrats, lawyers, and academics. If you are talking about changing your hair color, you would never use 개정; however, if you are changing the internal rules of your company's social club, 개정 is perfectly appropriate.
이 교과서는 2022년 교육과정 개정에 따라 새롭게 집필되었습니다. (This textbook was newly written according to the 2022 curriculum revision.)
- Administrative Usage
- Commonly used in '약관 개정' (revision of terms and conditions) notifications that you receive via email from apps and websites.
Historically, the concept of 개정 has been central to Korea's modernization. From the various 'Constitutional Amendments' during the 20th century to the frequent 'Curriculum Revisions' that define the intense Korean education system, this word carries the weight of institutional progress. It is a word that signals that the old rules were no longer sufficient and that a better, more 'correct' version has been established.
Using 개정 correctly requires understanding its role as a noun and how it pairs with verbs. The most common verb construction is 개정하다 (to revise/amend) and the passive 개정되다 (to be revised/amended). Because it is a formal word, it often appears in the subject position of a sentence followed by particles like 이/가 or 은/는.
- Active Voice: 개정하다
- Used when an entity (like the National Assembly or a committee) performs the act. Example: '국회는 법률을 개정했다' (The National Assembly amended the law).
- Passive Voice: 개정되다
- Used when focusing on the law or rule itself. Example: '법이 개정되었습니다' (The law has been amended).
회사는 사내 규정 개정을 통해 복지 혜택을 늘리기로 했습니다. (The company decided to increase welfare benefits through a revision of internal regulations.)
It is also frequently used in compound nouns. For example, 개정안 means 'a draft amendment' or 'a proposed revision.' This is a term you will hear every single day on the evening news. Another common compound is 개정판, referring to a revised edition of a book. If you are buying a study guide for the TOPIK exam, always look for the most recent 개정판 to ensure you are studying the current format.
법인세법 개정이 통과되면서 기업들의 세금 부담이 줄어들 전망입니다. (With the passing of the Corporate Tax Act amendment, the tax burden on companies is expected to decrease.)
In professional writing, 개정 is often preceded by the specific name of the document being changed. This structure [Document Name] + [개정] functions as a single unit of meaning. For instance, '도로교통법 개정' (Road Traffic Act Amendment). Notice that there is often no particle between the document name and the word 개정 in headlines or titles, though in spoken Korean, you might add '의' (of) as in '도로교통법의 개정'.
- Common Verb Pairings
- 개정을 추진하다 (to promote/push for an amendment), 개정을 요구하다 (to demand a revision), 개정을 완료하다 (to complete a revision).
Finally, remember that 개정 implies a formal process. You wouldn't use it for changing a personal diary entry or a text message. It carries a sense of authority and permanence. When something is 개정-ed, the old version is officially replaced by the new version across the entire system or organization.
To truly master 개정, you need to know where it lives in the real world. This isn't a word you'll typically hear at a casual BBQ, but you will encounter it in every 'serious' part of Korean life. From the moment you sign up for a Korean web service to the time you read about new traffic laws, 개정 is there.
- Digital Life
- Every time an app like KakaoTalk or Naver updates its terms of service, you get a popup saying '[공지] 이용약관 개정 안내' (Notice: Information on the revision of terms of use). This is perhaps the most common way younger Koreans see the word.
개인정보 처리방침 개정에 동의하십니까? (Do you agree to the revision of the privacy policy?)
In the news, 개정 is a powerhouse word. Political reporting in Korea centers heavily on legislative battles. You will hear news anchors say, '여야가 세법 개정안을 두고 팽팽하게 맞서고 있습니다' (The ruling and opposition parties are sharply clashing over the tax law amendment bill). Here, 개정 represents the friction of political change.
이번 개정 법안은 내년 1월 1일부터 시행됩니다. (This revised bill will take effect from January 1st of next year.)
- Academic Environment
- If you go to a bookstore in Korea, specifically the 'Kyobo Book Centre,' you will see sections marked with '개정판' or '최신 개정' (Latest Revision). For students, knowing whether a book is '개정 전' (before revision) or '개정 후' (after revision) is a matter of academic life and death, as exams are based on the revised content.
Lastly, in corporate culture, '취업규칙 개정' (revision of employment rules) is a major event. When a company changes its working hours or remote work policies, they must formally '개정' their internal documents. Employees will often discuss these changes using phrases like '이번에 개정된 내용 봤어?' (Did you see the content that was revised this time?). It signifies a formal shift in the rules of the game.
While 개정 is a straightforward word, English speakers often confuse it with other Korean words that also mean 'change' or 'correction.' The most common mistake is using 개정 when you should use 수정 (sujeong), 편집 (pyeonjip), or 변경 (byeongyeong).
- 개정 vs. 수정 (Sujeong)
- 수정 means 'modification' or 'correction' of a mistake. If you make a typo in an email, you '수정' it. You do not '개정' an email. 개정 is reserved for formal documents, laws, and published works. 수정 is for general errors or minor adjustments.
- 개정 vs. 변경 (Byeongyeong)
- 변경 means a 'change' in status, schedule, or direction. If your flight time changes, it is '시간 변경'. If you change your mind, it is '계획 변경'. 개정 is specifically about the textual and legal revision of a rule or book.
[Wrong]: 제 일기를 개정했어요. (I revised my diary.)
[Right]: 제 일기를 수정했어요. (I corrected my diary.)
Another mistake is forgetting that 개정 is a noun. You cannot say '법을 개정해요' in a formal report; you would usually say '법을 개정합니다' or use the noun form '법 개정 추진'. Also, learners sometimes confuse 개정 with 개선 (gaeseon), which means 'improvement.' While a revision (개정) is usually an improvement (개선), they are not interchangeable. 개선 focuses on the quality getting better, whereas 개정 focuses on the act of changing the document.
[Wrong]: 기차 시간을 개정했습니다. (Revised the train time.)
[Right]: 기차 시간을 변경했습니다. (Changed the train time.)
Lastly, be careful with the Hanja. As mentioned, there are two versions of 'jeong' in 개정: 改正 (correcting a law) and 改訂 (revising a book). In modern Korean, they are both written and pronounced as 개정, but if you are studying advanced Hanja, knowing the difference helps. However, for 99% of learners, just remember: if it's a formal rule or a book being updated, use 개정.
In Korean, there are several words that occupy the semantic space of 'change' and 'update.' Knowing when to use 개정 versus its synonyms will make your Korean sound much more natural and precise.
- 수정 (Sujeong) - Modification
- Used for fixing errors or making small adjustments to a draft. Use this for essays, emails, or code.
- 변경 (Byeongyeong) - Alteration
- Used for changing settings, dates, names, or plans. It’s about switching from A to B.
- 개편 (Gaepyeon) - Reorganization
- Used when an entire system or organization is being restructured. For example, '조직 개편' (organizational restructuring) or '프로그램 개편' (TV program reshuffle).
법은 개정하고, 계획은 변경하며, 실수는 수정한다. (Laws are amended, plans are changed, and mistakes are corrected.)
There is also 개혁 (Gaehyeok), which means 'reform.' While 개정 is the technical act of changing a law's text, 개혁 is the broader social or political movement to change a system fundamentally. For example, '교육 개혁' (education reform) might involve many '교육법 개정' (education law amendments). 개혁 is the 'why' and the 'what,' while 개정 is the 'how' in a legal sense.
정부는 입시 제도 개편을 위해 관련 법 개정을 서두르고 있습니다. (The government is hurrying the law amendment to reorganize the entrance exam system.)
In more literary or academic contexts, you might see 변혁 (Byeonhyeok), meaning 'transformation.' This is much more dramatic than 개정. Lastly, 갱신 (Gaengsin) is used for 'renewals,' like a driver's license (면허 갱신) or a contract (계약 갱신). While both involve updates, 갱신 is about extending the validity of something, whereas 개정 is about changing the content of the rule itself.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
이 책은 개정판입니다.
This book is a revised edition.
개정판 (Revised Edition) is a common compound noun.
학교 규칙이 개정되었어요.
The school rules were revised.
개정되다 is the passive form 'to be revised.'
새로운 개정 책을 사요.
I buy the new revised book.
개정 functions as a noun modifying '책'.
교과서 개정이 필요해요.
Textbook revision is necessary.
Noun + 이/가 필요하다 (Something is necessary).
이것은 개정 전의 법입니다.
This is the law before the revision.
개정 전 means 'before the revision.'
선생님이 개정 내용을 알려주셨어요.
The teacher told us the revised content.
개정 내용 means 'revised content.'
우리는 규칙 개정을 원해요.
We want a rule revision.
Noun + 을/를 원하다 (To want something).
내년부터 개정됩니다.
It will be revised starting next year.
-ㅂ니다 is a formal polite ending.
정부는 세법 개정을 준비하고 있습니다.
The government is preparing a tax law revision.
-고 있다 expresses an ongoing action.
이용약관 개정 안내 메일을 받았어요.
I received an email about the terms of service revision.
이용약관 (Terms of Service) is a common collocation with 개정.
법이 개정되어서 벌금이 올랐어요.
Because the law was revised, the fine went up.
-어서/아서 indicates a reason or cause.
회사는 사규 개정을 공지했습니다.
The company announced the revision of company regulations.
사규 (Company regulations) + 개정.
개정된 교과서로 공부해요.
I study with the revised textbook.
개정된 is the past participle form modifying '교과서'.
이번 개정은 학생들에게 유리해요.
This revision is advantageous for students.
Noun + 에게 유리하다 (To be advantageous to someone).
국회에서 법 개정안이 통과되었습니다.
The law amendment bill was passed in the National Assembly.
통과되다 means 'to be passed.'
언제 개정판이 나오나요?
When will the revised edition come out?
-나요? is a polite questioning ending.
시대의 변화에 맞춰 헌법 개정이 논의되고 있습니다.
A constitutional amendment is being discussed in line with changing times.
에 맞춰 (In accordance with/In line with).
환경 보호를 위해 관련 법의 개정이 시급합니다.
Revision of related laws is urgent for environmental protection.
Noun + 이/가 시급하다 (Something is urgent).
이번 개정안은 근로자의 권익을 보호하는 데 중점을 두었습니다.
This amendment proposal focused on protecting workers' rights and interests.
데 중점을 두다 (To focus on something).
많은 시민들이 도로교통법 개정을 강력히 요구하고 있습니다.
Many citizens are strongly demanding the revision of the Road Traffic Act.
강력히 (Strongly) modifies the verb 요구하다.
출판사는 독자들의 의견을 반영하여 내용을 개정했습니다.
The publisher revised the content reflecting the readers' opinions.
반영하여 (By reflecting/incorporating).
선거법 개정은 민주주의 발전에 매우 중요합니다.
The revision of the election law is very important for the development of democracy.
Noun + 에 중요하다 (To be important for something).
그 법안은 여러 차례 개정을 거쳐 현재의 모습이 되었습니다.
The bill went through several revisions to become what it is today.
개정을 거치다 (To go through revisions).
정부는 경제 활성화를 위해 규제 개정을 추진 중입니다.
The government is pushing for regulation revision to revitalize the economy.
추진 중 (In the process of promoting/pushing).
이번 조례 개정은 지역 주민들의 생활 편의를 증진하기 위함입니다.
This ordinance revision is intended to enhance the living convenience of local residents.
-기 위함이다 (Is for the purpose of doing...).
법률의 일부 개정만으로는 문제를 해결하기에 부족합니다.
A partial amendment of the law alone is insufficient to solve the problem.
만으로는 (With only... / By... alone).
개정된 세법에 따르면 내년부터 소득세율이 조정됩니다.
According to the revised tax law, income tax rates will be adjusted starting next year.
에 따르면 (According to...).
학계에서는 해당 이론의 개정이 필요하다는 목소리가 높습니다.
In academia, there are loud voices saying that the theory in question needs revision.
목소리가 높다 (Voices are high/loud - meaning many people are saying it).
당국은 현실을 반영하지 못하는 낡은 규정들을 전면 개정하기로 했습니다.
The authorities decided to completely revise old regulations that do not reflect reality.
전면 개정 (Full/complete revision).
이번 개정의 핵심은 개인 정보 보호 강화에 있습니다.
The core of this revision lies in strengthening personal information protection.
에 있다 (Lies in / Consists of).
개정안이 국회 본회의를 통과할지는 아직 불투명합니다.
It is still unclear whether the amendment will pass the plenary session of the National Assembly.
불투명하다 (To be opaque/unclear).
시민 단체들은 법 개정 과정의 투명성을 요구하고 있습니다.
Civil society groups are demanding transparency in the law revision process.
과정 (Process).
헌법 개정은 국가의 근간을 바꾸는 중차대한 사안입니다.
Constitutional amendment is a critical issue that changes the foundation of the state.
중차대한 사안 (A matter of great importance).
법 개정 시 소급 적용 여부를 두고 법적 공방이 치열합니다.
There is a fierce legal battle over whether to apply the law amendment retroactively.
소급 적용 (Retroactive application).
이번 개정은 급변하는 디지털 환경에 대응하기 위한 선제적 조치입니다.
This revision is a preemptive measure to respond to the rapidly changing digital environment.
선제적 조치 (Preemptive measure).
노동법 개정안의 입법 예고 기간 동안 다양한 의견이 수렴되었습니다.
Various opinions were gathered during the legislative notice period for the Labor Law amendment proposal.
입법 예고 (Legislative notice/announcement).
조세 제도 개정의 당위성에 대해 전문가들의 견해가 엇갈리고 있습니다.
Experts' views differ on the necessity of revising the tax system.
견해가 엇갈리다 (Views are divided/clashing).
정관 개정을 위해서는 주주 총회의 특별 결의가 필요합니다.
A special resolution of the general meeting of shareholders is required for the revision of the articles of incorporation.
정관 (Articles of incorporation).
법률 개정의 취지는 사회적 약자를 보호하고 정의를 실현하는 데 있습니다.
The purpose of the law amendment lies in protecting the socially vulnerable and realizing justice.
취지 (Purpose/intent).
교육과정의 잦은 개정은 일선 학교 현장에 혼란을 야기할 수 있습니다.
Frequent revisions of the curriculum can cause confusion in the field at frontline schools.
야기하다 (To cause/trigger something negative).
헌법 개정안이 국민투표에 부쳐져 최종 확정되었습니다.
The constitutional amendment bill was put to a national referendum and finally confirmed.
국민투표에 부쳐지다 (To be put to a national referendum).
행정 절차법의 전면 개정으로 행정 서비스의 효율성이 제고될 것으로 기대됩니다.
With the complete revision of the Administrative Procedures Act, the efficiency of administrative services is expected to be enhanced.
제고되다 (To be enhanced/improved).
민법 개정을 통해 시대착오적인 조항들이 대거 정비되었습니다.
Through the revision of the Civil Act, many anachronistic provisions were overhauled.
시대착오적 (Anachronistic).
법 개정 과정에서 이해관계자들 간의 갈등을 조정하는 것이 가장 큰 과제입니다.
The biggest challenge in the law revision process is mediating conflicts between stakeholders.
이해관계자 (Stakeholders).
규제 개정의 실효성을 확보하기 위해서는 사후 관리가 철저히 이루어져야 합니다.
In order to ensure the effectiveness of the regulation revision, follow-up management must be carried out thoroughly.
실효성을 확보하다 (To ensure effectiveness).
이번 개정은 국제 기준에 부합하도록 국내법을 정비하는 데 목적이 있습니다.
The purpose of this revision is to reorganize domestic laws to comply with international standards.
에 부합하다 (To comply with/correspond to).
지방 자치법 개정으로 지방 정부의 자율성과 책임성이 동시에 강화되었습니다.
With the revision of the Local Autonomy Act, the autonomy and accountability of local governments were strengthened simultaneously.
자율성 (Autonomy) and 책임성 (Accountability).
상법 개정안을 둘러싼 재계의 반발이 거세지고 있어 입법 과정이 험난할 것으로 예상됩니다.
The opposition from the business community surrounding the Commercial Act amendment is intensifying, so the legislative process is expected to be difficult.
험난하다 (To be arduous/difficult).
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— A revised edition of a book. It is the most common compound word involving 개정.
이 책의 개정판은 언제 나옵니까?
— A draft amendment or a proposal for a revision. Used heavily in politics.
개정안이 오늘 국회를 통과했습니다.
— To be revised or amended. The passive form used for laws and rules.
법이 개정되어 처벌이 강화되었습니다.
— To revise or amend. The active form used for the entity doing the revision.
정부는 세법을 개정하기로 했습니다.
— Before and after the revision. Used to compare changes.
개정 전후의 내용을 비교해 보세요.
— The procedure or process for revision.
헌법 개정 절차는 매우 복잡합니다.
— The work or task of revising something.
교과서 개정 작업이 한창입니다.
— News or word of a revision.
법 개정 소식에 사람들이 관심을 보입니다.
— A demand or request for a revision.
시민들의 개정 요구가 빗발치고 있습니다.
— The direction or goal of a revision.
이번 개정 방향은 규제 완화입니다.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— To take a strong stance to start a revision process. Metaphorical usage for taking decisive action.
정부가 마침내 교육법 개정의 칼을 뽑았습니다.
Journalistic— A 'patchwork' revision. Refers to a revision that is messy and inconsistent because too many interests were involved.
이번 법안은 여러 타협 끝에 누더기 개정이 되고 말았습니다.
Critical/Political— To open the floodgates or start the momentum for a revision.
이번 합의가 헌법 개정의 물꼬를 텄습니다.
Journalistic— A revision following the demands of the times. Used to justify a change.
이 법은 시대의 요청에 따른 개정입니다.
Formal— Revising just for the sake of revising, without real purpose or improvement.
실질적인 변화 없는 개정을 위한 개정은 피해야 합니다.
Critical— To overcome the hurdles of a revision proces
Summary
개정 is the word you use for 'Official Revisions.' If a law is being updated, a textbook has a new version, or a company's rules are changing, use 개정. Example: '헌법 개정' (Constitutional Amendment).
- 개정 means to officially change and improve a formal document like a law, rule, or textbook.
- It is a formal noun often used in legal, educational, and administrative contexts in Korea.
- Commonly paired with '하다' (to revise) or '되다' (to be revised) and found in compounds like '개정안' (amendment).
- Unlike '수정' (minor correction), '개정' refers to the systematic updating of official frameworks and published books.
مثال
정부는 새로운 도로 교통법 개정안을 발표했다.
محتوای مرتبط
قواعد دستوری مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر law
우발적
B2اتفاقی یا غیرمنتظره که بدون برنامهریزی قبلی رخ میدهد.
시인하다
B2اعتراف کردن به یک حقیقت یا اشتباه به صورت رسمی.
준용하다
B2اعمال یک قانون یا استاندارد خاص بر موضوعی مشابه با اصلاحات لازم. این یک اصطلاح حقوقی و اداری است.
자의적
B2بر اساس اراده شخصی یا انتخاب تصادفی، به جای سیستم یا استاندارد عینی؛ خودسرانه. "تفسیر خودسرانه قوانین مشکلساز است."
귀속
B2وضعیت تعلق یا انتساب به یک شخص یا گروه خاص. 'حق مالکیت به دولت تعلق میگیرد.'
귀속되다
B2To be legally or naturally attributed to or belong to a certain entity, person, or group.
구속력
B2قدرت قانونی یا رسمی برای تأثیرگذاری یا کنترل شخص یا چیزی به دلیل قانون، قاعده یا توافق. این به ماهیت اجباری یک مقررات اشاره دارد. قرارداد دارای <mark class='bg-violet-200 dark:bg-violet-800 px-0.5 rounded'>قدرت الزام آور</mark> است.
단서
B2سرنخ یا نشانهای که به حل یک معما یا جرم کمک میکند. همچنین به معنای شرط یا تبصره در یک قرارداد است.
명문화
B2عمل گنجاندن چیزی در یک سند مکتوب، رسمی یا قانونی برای شفاف و لازمالاجرا کردن آن.
준수
B1رعایت قوانین و مقررات برای همه الزامی است.
