B2 · 中上級 チャプター 4

Advanced Syntax and Time Relations

5 トータルルール
52 例文
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the flow of complex narratives by linking actions and describing the world with native-level precision.

  • Connect descriptive clauses using relative pronouns like 'Al-ladhī'.
  • Synchronize multiple actions using advanced time-markers like 'Indamā'.
  • Express nuanced states like 'almost happened' or 'just started' using the Kada group.
From simple sentences to cinematic storytelling.

学べること

Hey there, language explorer! You're already good at Arabic, but ready to really fine-tune your expression and sound more like a native speaker? This chapter is your next big leap! We're diving deep into the intricate world of advanced sentence structures and time relations, which will make your conversations incredibly fluid and engaging. First up, you’ll master the 'who' and 'which' of Arabic with relative pronouns (الذي, التي). You’ll learn to connect ideas seamlessly, like describing

the man *who* you saw yesterday.
But we don't stop there! We'll then stack these relative clauses to create what we call inception sentences, allowing you to paint rich, layered descriptions – perfect for vividly narrating complex stories or explaining detailed situations. You’ll understand the subtle art of when to use 'Al' and when to simply glue sentences together. Next, we unlock fluid storytelling with عندما and حين (both meaning 'when'). These powerful conjunctions will help you flawlessly link actions in time, letting you recount events with professional precision – imagine saying,
When I arrived, *he was leaving*.
And get ready for Kāda and her sisters (كاد وأخواتها)! These unique verbs add incredible nuance, helping you express actions that almost happened or are just beginning, making your speech far more sophisticated and subtle. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be speaking Arabic; you'll be crafting it. You’ll be able to narrate complex events, describe people and situations with impressive detail, and articulate subtle shades of meaning that truly make you sound like an upper-intermediate, confident Arabic speaker. Ready to level up?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in complex sentences.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Narrate a sequence of events using 'When' and 'Almost' to create suspense.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Welcome to the B2 level of your Arabic grammar journey. You've already built a strong foundation, but now it's time to truly fine-tune your expression and start sounding more like a native speaker.
This chapter is your next big leap, designed to unlock sophisticated communication and nuanced storytelling. We're diving deep into the intricate world of advanced Arabic syntax and time relations, which will make your conversations incredibly fluid and engaging. Mastering these structures is crucial for anyone aiming for an upper-intermediate CEFR level in Arabic.
In this guide, you'll discover how to connect ideas seamlessly, moving beyond simple sentences to craft rich, layered descriptions. We'll explore the power of Arabic relative pronouns like الذي and التي, allowing you to precisely describe
the person *who* did this
or
the thing *which* you saw.
We'll then push this further into inception sentences, where you'll learn to stack these clauses for vivid narration.
But we don't stop at description! We'll also unlock fluid storytelling with crucial conjunctions like عندما and حين (both meaning 'when'), enabling you to link actions in time with professional precision. And get ready for a truly unique aspect of Arabic grammar: Kāda and her sisters (كاد وأخواتها).
These fascinating verbs add incredible nuance, helping you express actions that almost happened or are just beginning, making your speech far more sophisticated and subtle. By the end, you won't just be speaking Arabic; you'll be crafting it, articulating subtle shades of meaning that truly make you sound like a confident B2 Arabic speaker.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces you to the sophisticated tools that elevate your Arabic grammar to a B2 level, focusing on connecting ideas and precisely timing events. First, let's master Arabic Relative Pronouns: The 'Who' and 'Which' (الذي, التي). These pronouns, like الذي (masculine singular), التي (feminine singular), اللذان (masculine dual), اللتان (feminine dual), الذين (masculine plural), and اللاتي or اللواتي (feminine plural), link a clause to a noun, providing more information.
They must agree with the noun they refer to in gender and number. For example: الرجل الذي رأيته أمس (The man *who* you saw yesterday).
Next, we explore Inception Sentences: Stacking Relative Clauses. This advanced technique allows you to layer descriptive clauses, creating complex and detailed sentences. Imagine describing
the book *which* I bought *which* was recommended by my friend.
In Arabic, this might look like: الكتاب الذي اشتريته والذي أوصى به صديقي (The book *which* I bought *which* my friend recommended).
This adds depth and precision to your descriptions.
For Arabic Timing: Using 'When' (عندما & حين), you'll find these two conjunctions largely interchangeable in most contexts to indicate 'when' an action occurs. They introduce a temporal clause, linking events in a narrative flow. For instance: عندما وصلتُ، كان يغادر (When I arrived, he was leaving).
Or حين رأيته، ابتسمتُ (When I saw him, I smiled). They are essential for fluid storytelling.
Connecting Ideas: Conditionals & Relatives often intertwine. While this chapter focuses on relative clauses, understanding how they *connect* to the main clause is key. They function as a descriptive element that provides necessary context, similar to how conditional statements provide conditions.
Finally, we delve into Kada and Her Sisters (كاد وأخواتها). This fascinating group of verbs functions like auxiliary verbs, preceding an imperfect verb to express actions that were about to happen, almost happened, or began to happen. Key verbs include كاد (almost), أوشك (almost, about to), عسى (perhaps, may), شرع (began), أخذ (began), جعل (began), طفق (began), and أنشأ (began). For example: كاد يسقط (He almost fell).
Or شرعوا في العمل (They began to work). These add incredible nuance to your narrative.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: المرأة الذي رأيتها (The woman *who* I saw - using masculine relative pronoun for feminine noun)
Correct: المرأة التي رأيتها (The woman *who* I saw)
*Explanation:* Relative pronouns in Arabic must agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to. الذي is masculine singular, while التي is feminine singular.
  1. 1Wrong: عندما سافرتُ، سأزوره (When I traveled, I will visit him - mixing past and future tenses incorrectly)
Correct: عندما أسافر، سأزوره (When I travel, I will visit him) OR عندما سافرتُ، زرته (When I traveled, I visited him)
*Explanation:* When using عندما or حين to introduce a future event, the verb in the temporal clause should be imperfect. If it refers to a past event, both verbs should be past tense.
  1. 1Wrong: كاد أن يسقط (He almost fell - unnecessary أن after كاد)
Correct: كاد يسقط (He almost fell)
*Explanation:* While some of كاد وأخواتها (like عسى and أوشك) often take أن before the imperfect verb, كاد typically does not, especially when expressing almost.

Real Conversations

A

A

هل قرأت الكتاب الذي أوصيت به والذي فاز بالجائزة؟ (Did you read the book which you recommended and which won the award?)
B

B

نعم، عندما بدأتُ قراءته، كدتُ لا أتركه من يدي! (Yes, when I started reading it, I almost couldn't put it down!)
A

A

ماذا حدث حين وصلوا إلى الحفل؟ (What happened when they arrived at the party?)
B

B

حين وصلوا، شرع الجميع في التصفيق بحرارة. (When they arrived, everyone began to applaud warmly.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know whether to use الذي or التي in Arabic grammar?

You choose الذي for masculine singular nouns and التي for feminine singular nouns. The relative pronoun must always agree in gender and number with the noun it refers to. For plurals, you'd use الذين (masculine) or اللاتي/اللواتي (feminine).

Q

Are عندما and حين always interchangeable when expressing 'when' in B2 Arabic?

For most everyday uses, yes, عندما and حين are largely interchangeable. Both introduce a temporal clause. However, حين can sometimes carry a slightly more immediate or precise sense of

at the moment that,
though this distinction is often subtle.

Q

What's the main function of كاد وأخواتها in advanced Arabic syntax?

كاد وأخواتها (Kada and her sisters) are a group of auxiliary verbs that express actions that are about to happen, almost happened, or began to happen. They add nuance about the imminence or initiation of an action, making your descriptions more vivid and precise.

Cultural Context

These advanced syntactic structures are the backbone of sophisticated communication in Arabic. Mastering relative clauses allows for rich storytelling, a highly valued art form in Arabic culture, prevalent in literature, poetry, and even daily anecdotes. The precise timing offered by عندما and حين is crucial for recounting events with clarity, whether in formal speeches, news reports, or personal narratives.
Furthermore, the subtle expressions conveyed by كاد وأخواتها are often heard in nuanced conversations, reflecting a desire to communicate not just what happened, but the circumstances and intentions surrounding it. While formal Arabic utilizes these extensively, even colloquial dialects often employ simplified versions or direct translations of these complex ideas, demonstrating their fundamental role in the Arabic linguistic landscape.

重要な例文 (8)

1

هذا هو المطعم الذي أخبرتك عنه.

ここが私が話したレストランだよ。

アラビア語の関係代名詞:「誰」や「どれ」のつなぎ方 (الذي, التي)
2

البنت التي تقف هناك هي أختي.

あそこに立っている女の子は私の妹です。

アラビア語の関係代名詞:「誰」や「どれ」のつなぎ方 (الذي, التي)
3

Ash-shakhṣ alladhī qābaltuhu fī al-ḥafla ya'mal fī Google.

パーティーで会った人がGoogleで働いています。

マトリョーシカ文:関係節の積み重ね方
4

Abḥathu 'an shaqqa tuṭill 'alā al-baḥr.

海が見えるアパートを探しています。

マトリョーシカ文:関係節の積み重ね方
5

عندما وصلتُ إلى المطار، اتصلتُ بوالدتي.

空港に着いた時、母に電話しました。

アラビア語の時制:「とき」の使い方 (Indama と Hina)
6

حين رأيتُ الخبر، لم أصدق عيني.

そのニュースを見た時、目を疑いました。

アラビア語の時制:「とき」の使い方 (Indama と Hina)
7

Idhā waṣalta ilā al-bayt, ittaṣil bī.

もし家に帰ったら、電話してね。

アイデアをつなぐ:条件文と関係節
8

Law kāna ʿindī waqt, la-dhahabtu maʿak.

もし時間があれば、君と一緒に行っただろうに。

アイデアをつなぐ:条件文と関係節

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

「アル-」を忘れると…

名詞に「アル-」が付いていないと、「アル=ラズィー (al-ladhī)」は使えません。例えば、「本を買った人」と言いたいのに、名詞が非限定だと使えません。「«اشتريت كتاباً.» (私は本を買った。)」のように、名詞に「アル-」がなければ、関係代名詞は不要です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の関係代名詞:「誰」や「どれ」のつなぎ方 (الذي, التي)
🎯

非人間複数の扱い方

アラビア語では、人間以外の複数形(車、本、猫など)は「女性単数」として扱われるという裏技を覚えておきましょう。ですから、「~である車」は «السيارات التي» (「~である男性たち」の «الذين» ではない) となります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: マトリョーシカ文:関係節の積み重ね方
⚠️

「متى」の落とし穴

「私が若かった頃」のように状況を説明する文で متى を使うのはNGです。متى は「いつ?」と尋ねる時にだけ使われます。「いつ帰りますか?」は «متى أعود؟» ですね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の時制:「とき」の使い方 (Indama と Hina)
🎯

「إذا」は「〜する時」と考えると分かりやすいですよ

「إذا」を「もし〜ならば」ではなく、「〜する時」と頭の中で訳してみると、その後に過去形が来る理由が腑に落ちやすくなります。「When you arrived...」のように: «إِذَا وَصَلْتَ إِلى البَيْتِ، اتَّصِلْ بِي.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アイデアをつなぐ:条件文と関係節

重要な語彙 (6)

اَلَّذِي who / which (masculine singular) عِنْدَمَا when (at the time of) كَادَ to almost (do something) شَرَعَ to begin / to start اَلْقِصَّةُ the story وَصَلَ to arrive

Real-World Preview

mic

The Suspenseful Storyteller

Review Summary

  • [Definite Noun] + [Al-ladhī/Al-latī] + [Sentence]
  • [Indamā/Hīna] + [Verb Sentence 1], [Verb Sentence 2]
  • [Kāda/Bada'a] + [Noun] + [Present Tense Verb]

よくある間違い

Forgetting the relative pronoun 'Al-ladhī'. In English, we can sometimes drop 'who/that', but in Arabic, it is mandatory for definite nouns.

Wrong: اَلرَّجُلُ أَنَا رَأَيْتُهُ (al-rajul ana ra'aytuhu)
正解: اَلرَّجُلُ الَّذِي رَأَيْتُهُ (al-rajul al-ladhī ra'aytuhu)

Using 'Al-ladhī' with an indefinite noun. If the noun is indefinite (Rajulun), you must not use the relative pronoun.

Wrong: رَجُلٌ اَلَّذِي يَعْمَلُ (rajulun al-ladhī ya'malu)
正解: رَجُلٌ يَعْمَلُ (rajulun ya'malu)

Using the past tense after 'Kada'. Verbs in the 'Kada' family must be followed by a present tense (Mudari') verb.

Wrong: كَادَ الْوَلَدُ سَقَطَ (kāda al-walad saqaṭa)
正解: كَادَ الْوَلَدُ يَسْقُطُ (kāda al-walad yasquṭu)

このチャプターのルール (5)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the tools of a storyteller. Your Arabic is no longer just functional—it's expressive and nuanced. Keep pushing!

Watch an Arabic news clip and try to identify one 'Al-ladhī' and one 'Indamā'.

Write 3 sentences about your childhood starting with 'Hīna kuntu saghīran...' (When I was young...).

クイック練習 (10)

文中の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

متى قرأت الكتاب، فهمت القصة.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: عندما قرأت الكتاب، فهمت القصة.
疑問詞である متى を、時を表す接続詞 عندما に置き換えましょう。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の時制:「とき」の使い方 (Indama と Hina)

文法的に正しい文はどれですか?

「希望」を表す正しい表現を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: عسى الامتحانُ أن يكونَ سهلاً.
「Asā」は通常「an + 現在形動詞」を伴います。名詞だけ(sahlan)を置くことはできません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 接近と開始:カアダとその姉妹 (كاد وأخواتها)

不定名詞に対する正しい構造を選びましょう。

Which sentence is correct for: 'I saw a movie that I liked'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شاهدت فيلماً أعجبني
film が不定名詞(タンウィーンがある、または「ال」がない)なので、alladhī は使いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: マトリョーシカ文:関係節の積み重ね方

正しい接続詞で文を完成させましょう(不要なら空欄に)。

أين الكتاب ___ استعرتُه منك؟ (Where is the book ___ I borrowed from you?)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الذي
Al-kitāb は定冠詞付きの男性名詞なので、alladhī が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: マトリョーシカ文:関係節の積み重ね方

「~の時」を表す適切な言葉(説明文用)を空欄に入れてください。

___ أرى أصدقائي، أشعر بالفرح.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: عندما
عندما は説明文で使います。متى は質問文で使われますよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の時制:「とき」の使い方 (Indama と Hina)

関係詞節の間違いを修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Raa'ytu rajul alladhī yarkuḍu. (I saw a man who is running.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Raa'ytu rajulan yarkuḍu.
名詞「rajul」は不定(ある男)なので、「alladhī」は使えません。関係代名詞は完全に省略する必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アイデアをつなぐ:条件文と関係節

この文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

السيارات الذين في الشارع سريعة جداً.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: السيارات التي في الشارع سريعة جداً.
「車 (السيارات)」は非人間の複数形なので、女性単数形(「アル=ラティー (al-latī)」)として扱われます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の関係代名詞:「誰」や「どれ」のつなぎ方 (الذي, التي)

文の中の間違いを見つけてください。

أوشك الوقتُ ينتهي.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أوشك الوقتُ أن ينتهيَ.
「Awshaka」は「an」を省略することも稀にありますが、接続法の動詞を伴う「an ينتهيَ」の形が最も標準的で正しい形です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 接近と開始:カアダとその姉妹 (كاد وأخواتها)

正しい関係代名詞で空欄を埋めてください。

الرجل ___ قابلته في المطار كان لطيفاً.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الذي
「アル=ラジュール (al-rajul)」(男性)は男性単数形なので、「アル=ラズィー (al-ladhī)」が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の関係代名詞:「誰」や「どれ」のつなぎ方 (الذي, التي)

文法的に正しい文を選んでください。

Choose the correct sentence regarding the definite article rule:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هذا الكتاب الذي اشتريته.
名詞は限定形(「アル=キターブ (al-kitāb)」)である必要があり、復帰代名詞('-hu')も必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の関係代名詞:「誰」や「どれ」のつなぎ方 (الذي, التي)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

アラビア語の関係代名詞は形容詞のような働きをします。形容詞は、修飾する名詞の限定性(定冠詞があるかないか)に合わせる必要があります。非限定名詞の場合は、直接動詞を使った句を使います。「«رجل جاء.» (来た男性。)」のように、関係代名詞は不要です。
「ア=アード (العائد)」は、関係代名詞が指す先行名詞を指し示す接尾辞(例えば '-hu' や '-hā')のことです。英語にはこの概念がないので、直訳すると「私がそれを読んだ本」のように聞こえるかもしれませんね。「«البيت الذي سكنته.» (私が住んだ家。)」の '-hu' のように、先行詞を明確にする役割があります。
それは関係節の中の動詞に付く小さな接尾辞で、主節の名詞を指し示します。「私が『それ』を読んだ本」という文を考えてみてください。この『それ』が補足代名詞です。アラビア語では、この明確なつながりが必要です。「私が読んだ『本』」は الكتاب الذي قرأتُه のように h が付くことで表現されます。
もし名詞が不定(ある男、ある本)であれば、アラビア語の文法規則では接続詞が削除されます。その場合、関係節は名詞のすぐ後ろに直接置かれます。例えば「日本に住む友人」は صديق يعيش في اليابان となります。
はい、もちろん使えますよ!公式なアラビア語の書簡や報告書で عندما は非常に一般的で、時間の構造を明確にするのに役立ちます。「報告書で「~の時」と述べたい時、自信を持って使ってくださいね。例えば «عندما تم الانتهاء من المشروع، قدمنا النتائج.» (プロジェクトが完了した時、私たちは結果を提出しました。)」
はい、使えますよ。例えば「حين يبتسم القدر」(運命が微笑む時)のように、一般的な真実や詩的な表現で使われることがあります。「حين の後に現在形動詞が来るのは、特に詩的な表現で素敵に聞こえます。」 «حين أذهب إلى السوق، أرى الكثير من الناس.» (私が市場に行く時、たくさんの人を見ます。)