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B1 noun #3,400 よく出る 10分で読める

افتراض

上位3,400

練習する例文メモとヒント افتراض 30秒で

解説 افتراض in your Level:

At the A1 level, the word 'افتراض' (assumption) might be a bit difficult because it is an abstract concept. However, you can start by understanding it as a way to say 'I think this is true.' At this stage, you don't need to use the noun 'افتراض' in complex sentences. Instead, you might see it in simple tech settings on your phone or computer. For example, when you see 'المتصفح الافتراضي' (the default browser), just know that 'افتراضي' means the one that is already chosen for you. You can think of it as the 'standard' or 'normal' choice. In simple games or stories, if someone says 'افترض' (the verb), they are asking you to imagine something. 'افترض أنك في غابة' (Assume/Imagine you are in a forest). It is a way to start a make-believe story. Focus on the idea of 'imagining' or 'choosing the standard option' for now. You will use it more seriously as you learn more grammar. Remember that it comes from a root that means 'must' or 'duty,' but here it is about what your mind 'must' accept to start a thought. If you are learning the alphabet, the 'ḍād' at the end is the most important part to practice, as it's a unique Arabic sound. Don't worry about the long academic meanings yet; just think of it as 'The Starting Guess.'

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At the A2 level, you are starting to build more sentences, and 'افتراض' becomes useful for talking about plans and possibilities. You might use the phrase 'بافتراض أن' (Assuming that) to link two ideas. For example, 'بافتراض أن الجو جميل، سنذهب إلى الحديقة' (Assuming the weather is nice, we will go to the park). This helps you move beyond simple 'if' (إذا) sentences and makes your Arabic sound more mature. You will also encounter this word more in technology. If you change your language settings to Arabic, you will see 'الإعدادات الافتراضية' (default settings). This is a great way to memorize the word. In this level, you should also learn that 'افتراض' is a noun and 'افترض' is the verb. You can say 'أنا أفترض' (I assume). Try to use it when you are not 100% sure about something but you are making a logical guess. It's better than saying 'I don't know.' It shows you are thinking. You might also hear it in simple news reports about the weather or sports, where experts make assumptions about who will win. It's a key word for moving from basic survival Arabic to conversational Arabic where you express thoughts and opinions.

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At the B1 level, 'افتراض' is a vital tool for expressing hypotheses and logical reasoning. This is the level where you start to have debates and write short essays. You should use 'افتراض' to identify the basis of your arguments. Instead of just saying 'I think,' you can say 'هذا مبني على افتراض أن...' (This is built on the assumption that...). This adds a layer of professionalism to your speech. You will also learn the plural form 'افتراضات' (assumptions). This is very common in business and academic contexts. For example, 'علينا تغيير افتراضاتنا' (We must change our assumptions). You should be able to distinguish between an assumption (افتراض) and a fact (حقيقة). In conversations, you can use the word to clarify someone else's point: 'هل هذا مجرد افتراض؟' (Is this just an assumption?). This shows you are listening critically. You will also see this word in literature and more complex news articles. It is often used to discuss social issues, like 'الافتراضات الخاطئة حول الثقافات الأخرى' (False assumptions about other cultures). At this level, you should be comfortable using the word in both its literal sense (assuming something is true) and its technical sense (default/virtual).

At the B2 level, you should use 'افتراض' with precision and understand its role in formal logic and scientific methodology. You should be able to discuss the 'presumption of innocence' (افتراض البراءة) in a legal context or 'growth assumptions' (افتراضات النمو) in an economic context. Your vocabulary should now include related terms like 'فرضية' (hypothesis) and 'مسلمة' (axiom), and you should know when to use 'افتراض' instead of them. For instance, you would use 'افتراض' for the underlying conditions of a study. You should also be comfortable with the adjectival form 'افتراضي' in a variety of contexts, such as 'الواقع الافتراضي' (Virtual Reality) or 'العالم الافتراضي' (the virtual world). In writing, you can use advanced structures like 'من منطلق الافتراض بأن...' (From the standpoint of the assumption that...). This shows a high level of linguistic control. You should also be aware of the cultural nuances; using 'افتراض' instead of 'ادعاء' (claim) shows a more neutral and objective tone. You can now use the word to deconstruct complex arguments by identifying the hidden assumptions within them. This is a key skill for advanced reading and listening comprehension in Arabic.

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At the C1 level, 'افتراض' becomes a tool for philosophical and high-level academic analysis. You are expected to use it to discuss abstract theories and complex logical frameworks. You should understand the nuances between 'افتراض' and other philosophical terms like 'بديهية' (self-evident truth). In a C1 essay, you might analyze how 'الافتراضات المسبقة' (preconceived assumptions) shape historical narratives or political ideologies. You should also be able to use the word in the context of 'counterfactual' reasoning—discussing what might have happened if a different assumption had been made. Your use of collocations should be natural; for example, 'تفكيك الافتراضات' (deconstructing assumptions) or 'دحض الافتراضات' (refuting assumptions). You will encounter this word in classical and modern philosophical texts where the nature of reality and knowledge is questioned. You should also be able to handle the word in highly technical legal or scientific Arabic, where its meaning is strictly defined. At this stage, 'افتراض' is not just a word you know; it is a concept you can manipulate to explore the boundaries of human thought and communication in the Arabic language.

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At the C2 level, you possess a native-like grasp of 'افتراض' and can use it with absolute subtlety. You understand its deep etymological roots and how the transition from Form I (Farḍ) to Form VIII (Iftirāḍ) reflects a shift from external obligation to internal cognitive construction. You can engage in high-level debates about 'الافتراضات الأنطولوجية' (ontological assumptions) or 'الافتراضات المعرفية' (epistemological assumptions) with ease. You are sensitive to the word's resonance in different registers—from the dry, precise language of a legal contract to the evocative, metaphorical language of modern Arabic poetry or philosophy. You can use 'افتراض' to critique the very foundations of a discourse, identifying where an assumption has been mistakenly treated as a 'مسلمة' (axiom). Your mastery allows you to use the word to create sophisticated hypothetical scenarios in persuasive speaking or creative writing. You also understand the socio-political implications of how 'افتراضات' are used in media to frame narratives. At this level, the word is a flexible instrument in your linguistic repertoire, allowing you to navigate the most complex and nuanced intellectual landscapes of the Arab world.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

افتراض 30秒で

A noun meaning 'assumption' or 'supposition,' used when accepting a premise without immediate proof to build a logical argument.
Derived from the root 'f-r-ḍ,' it evolved from 'imposition' to 'mental construct' in modern Arabic usage.
Commonly used in technology to mean 'default' (افتراضي) and in science to describe foundational premises.
Essential for CEFR B1 learners to move from simple 'if' statements to complex logical hypotheses.

The Arabic word افتراض (Iftirāḍ) is a sophisticated noun that serves as a cornerstone in both intellectual discourse and everyday reasoning. At its core, it refers to the act of taking something for granted or accepting a proposition as true without immediate empirical proof. This isn't just a simple guess; it is often a structured premise used to build a larger argument or theory. In the landscape of Arabic linguistics, it stems from the root f-r-ḍ (ف-ر-ض), which carries the heavy weight of 'imposing' or 'obligating.' When we move to the eighth verbal form (Ifti'āl), the meaning shifts from an external imposition to an internal mental construct—a 'self-imposition' of a fact for the sake of logic.

Logical Premise: In logic, an افتراض is the starting point of a syllogism. It is the 'if' in an 'if-then' statement. Scientists use it to create models of reality that can then be tested. Without the ability to make an افتراض, human progress in mathematics and philosophy would come to a standstill because we would be unable to explore 'what if' scenarios.

You will encounter this word frequently in academic settings, legal documents, and high-level journalism. It suggests a level of intellectual humility—acknowledging that the basis of the current thought might not be a proven fact yet. For instance, when a detective says they are working on an افتراض, they are signaling that they have a lead, but they are not yet ready to call it a conclusion. It is the bridge between the unknown and the known.

بنيت خطتي على افتراض أن السوق سيتحسن قريباً.

I built my plan on the assumption that the market will improve soon.

Furthermore, in digital contexts, افتراضي (the adjectival form) has become the standard term for 'virtual' or 'default.' This is a fascinating evolution. A 'virtual reality' is an افتراضي reality because it is 'assumed' or 'simulated' by software rather than being physically present. Similarly, a 'default setting' is the الإعداد الافتراضي—the setting the computer 'assumes' you want unless you specify otherwise.

Legal Presumption: In the courtroom, 'افتراض البراءة' (The Presumption of Innocence) is a sacred concept. It implies that the court must 'assume' the defendant is not guilty until the prosecution proves otherwise. Here, the word carries the weight of a legal mandate.

هذا مجرد افتراض لا يرتكز على أي دليل ملموس.

This is just an assumption that is not based on any tangible evidence.

Culturally, using the word افتراض suggests that the speaker is educated and analytical. It is a 'clean' word, free from the emotional baggage that might come with more judgmental words like 'ادعاء' (claim/allegation). When you use افتراض, you are inviting your listener into a space of logical exploration rather than a space of conflict. It allows for the possibility of being wrong without losing face, as an assumption is by definition something that requires verification.

من الخطأ المضي قدماً بناءً على افتراض خاطئ.

It is wrong to move forward based on a false assumption.

دعونا نعمل تحت افتراض أن الجميع موافقون.

Let us work under the assumption that everyone agrees.

Mathematical Usage: In geometry or algebra, 'بافتراض أن س تساوي ٥' (Assuming that x equals 5) is a standard way to begin a proof. It sets the parameters for the calculation.

علينا مراجعة كل افتراض وضعناه في البداية.

We must review every assumption we made at the beginning.

Using افتراض correctly requires understanding its grammatical role as a verbal noun (Masdar). It can function as the subject of a sentence, an object, or follow a preposition. Because it deals with abstract thought, it is almost always paired with specific verbs like 'بنى' (to build), 'وضع' (to put/set), or 'رفض' (to reject).

As a Subject: When افتراض starts a sentence, it sets the stage for the entire discussion. For example: 'الافتراض بأن المال يجلب السعادة هو موضوع للنقاش' (The assumption that money brings happiness is a topic for debate). Here, it acts as the focus of the inquiry.

كان افتراضه الأولي ذكياً جداً.

His initial assumption was very clever.

When used with the preposition 'بـ' (with/by), it becomes 'بافتراض' (assuming). This is one of the most useful ways to use the word in conversation or writing. It functions like a conditional conjunction. 'بافتراض أنك ستأتي، سأحجز تذكرتين' (Assuming you will come, I will book two tickets). This structure is essential for planning and logistics.

Verbal Collocations: Common verbs that go with افتراض include:
- بنى على (to build upon): 'بنينا المشروع على افتراضات قوية.'
- فند (to debunk): 'قام العالم بتفنيد هذا الافتراض.'
- تبنى (to adopt): 'تبنت الشركة افتراضاً جديداً للنمو.'

لا يمكننا قبول هذا الافتراض دون تمحيص.

We cannot accept this assumption without scrutiny.

In plural form, افتراضات (Iftirāḍāt), it is used to list multiple premises. In business meetings, you might hear 'ما هي الافتراضات الأساسية لميزانيتنا؟' (What are the basic assumptions for our budget?). Using the plural form indicates a comprehensive look at the foundation of a plan. It shows that you are considering all variables.

تعتمد هذه الدراسة على عدة افتراضات علمية.

This study depends on several scientific assumptions.

هل هذا افتراض أم حقيقة؟

Is this an assumption or a fact?

The 'Assuming' Particle: 'على افتراض أن' (On the assumption that) is a classic formal transition. It is used to explore logical consequences. 'على افتراض أنك نجحت، ماذا ستفعل؟' (Assuming you passed, what will you do?).

انطلق البحث من افتراض وجود كواكب أخرى.

The research started from the assumption of the existence of other planets.

While افتراض might seem like a word strictly for textbooks, it is surprisingly prevalent in modern Arabic life, especially as technology and global business practices have integrated into the Middle East. If you listen to news broadcasts on Al Jazeera or Sky News Arabia, you will hear political analysts discussing the 'افتراضات' behind foreign policies or the 'عالم افتراضي' (virtual world) of social media. It is a word that bridges the gap between traditional logic and the digital age.

In the Tech World: When you set up a new smartphone in Arabic, you will see the word افتراضي everywhere. 'المتصفح الافتراضي' is your default browser. 'الواقع الافتراضي' is Virtual Reality (VR). Here, the word has lost its sense of 'guessing' and has taken on a technical meaning of 'pre-defined' or 'simulated.'

أصبح التواصل في العالم الافتراضي جزءاً من حياتنا.

Communication in the virtual world has become part of our lives.

In universities across the Arab world, from Cairo to Riyadh, professors use افتراض to challenge students. A common pedagogical technique is the 'افتراض جدلي' (argumentative assumption), where a student is asked to assume a position they don't necessarily hold to test their debating skills. It’s also the language of scientific inquiry—before a lab experiment begins, the 'افتراضية العمل' (working hypothesis) must be clearly stated.

News and Analysis: Journalists often use this word to distance themselves from unconfirmed reports. They might say, 'تعمل الحكومة بناءً على افتراض أن الأزمة ستنتهي قريباً' (The government is working on the assumption that the crisis will end soon). This allows the reporter to state the government's position without validating it as a fact.

هذا الافتراض السياسي قد يؤدي إلى حرب.

This political assumption might lead to a war.

In the legal system, especially in countries influenced by Civil Law, the word is used in 'افتراض الخطأ' (Presumption of fault) or 'افتراض العلم' (Presumption of knowledge). If you sign a contract, there is an افتراض that you have read and understood it. This usage highlights the word's power to create binding realities in the absence of absolute proof.

نحن نعيش في عصر الافتراضات المتسارعة.

We live in an era of rapid assumptions.

يتم اختيار هذا الخيار افتراضياً.

This option is selected by default.

Economic Forecasting: Economists use 'افتراضات النمو' (growth assumptions) to predict the future of the GDP. These are the variables they 'assume' will stay constant, like oil prices or exchange rates.

تغيرت كل افتراضاتنا الاقتصادية بعد الجائحة.

All our economic assumptions changed after the pandemic.

One of the most frequent errors learners make with افتراض is confusing it with its root verb form 'فرض' (Farḍ). While they share a root, their meanings in modern usage are distinct. 'فرض' usually means a duty, an obligation, or a religious mandate (like the five daily prayers). If you say 'هذا افتراضي' when you mean 'this is my duty,' you will confuse your listeners; you should say 'هذا فرضي' or 'هذا واجبي.' افتراض is strictly for mental suppositions.

Assumption vs. Hypothesis: Another subtle mistake is using افتراض and فرضية (Farḍiyyah) interchangeably in academic writing. While very similar, an افتراض is often a single premise, whereas a فرضية is a more formal, testable hypothesis. If you are writing a scientific paper, ensure you use 'فرضية' for your main thesis and 'افتراض' for the conditions you've assumed to be true during the experiment.

الخطأ: هذا فرض ذكي. الصح: هذا افتراض ذكي.

Mistake: This is a smart duty. Correct: This is a smart assumption.

Preposition misuse is also common. Learners often forget that 'افتراض' usually requires 'أن' to follow it if it's introducing a clause. Saying 'افتراض السوق سيء' is grammatically weak; you should say 'الافتراض بأن السوق سيء' (The assumption that the market is bad). Without the 'بأن' (that), the sentence lacks the necessary logical bridge.

Pronunciation Pitfalls: Be careful with the 'Ḍād' (ض) at the end. Many non-native speakers pronounce it like a 'D' or a 'Z'. In Iftirāḍ, the 'ض' is a heavy, emphatic sound. If you don't pronounce it correctly, it might sound like 'Iftirāt' (which isn't a word) or 'Iftirāz' (which sounds like 'sorting').

تجنب الافتراضات المسبقة عند مقابلة أشخاص جدد.

Avoid preconceived assumptions when meeting new people.

Finally, avoid using افتراض when you mean 'expectation' (توقع). If you are waiting for a friend who is late, you wouldn't say 'عندي افتراض أنه سيصل' (I have an assumption he will arrive). That sounds like a philosophical experiment. Use 'أتوقع وصوله' (I expect his arrival). افتراض is for things you treat as true to build a logic, not just things you think will happen.

لا تبنِ قرارك على مجرد تخمين، بل على افتراض منطقي.

Don't build your decision on a mere guess, but on a logical assumption.

كان من الخطأ الافتراض أنك تعرف الطريق.

It was a mistake to assume (the assuming) that you knew the way.

In the rich tapestry of the Arabic language, several words orbit the concept of 'assumption,' each with a distinct nuance. Choosing the right one can elevate your speaking from 'basic' to 'fluent.' Let's compare افتراض with its closest neighbors.

افتراض vs. فرضية: While both come from the same root, افتراض is usually a single premise or the act of assuming. فرضية is the standard term for a 'hypothesis' in science. You 'assume' (افتراض) something to test a 'hypothesis' (فرضية).

هذه الفرضية تحتاج إلى تجربة معملية.

This hypothesis needs a laboratory experiment.

افتراض vs. تخمين: تخمين (Takhmīn) means a 'guess.' It is less formal and often implies a lack of logic. An افتراض is usually based on some reasoning, whereas a تخمين might just be a shot in the dark.

لا تكتفِ بالـ تخمين، ابحث عن الحقائق.

Don't settle for guessing; look for the facts.

افتراض vs. زعم: زعم (Za'm) is a 'claim' or 'allegation.' It often carries a negative connotation, suggesting that the speaker doubts the truth of what is being said. افتراض is neutral; زعم is suspicious.

هذا زعم لا أساس له من الصحة.

This is a claim with no basis in truth.

In a professional setting, you might also hear مسلمة (Musallamah), which refers to an 'axiom'—something so obviously true that it is accepted without question. While an افتراض might be challenged, a مسلمة is usually the foundation everyone agrees on. Understanding these differences allows you to navigate complex discussions with precision.

هذه القاعدة تعتبر من الـ مسلمات في علم الرياضيات.

This rule is considered one of the axioms in mathematics.

فلنتحدث من ناحية افتراضية فقط.

Let's speak from a hypothetical perspective only.

How Formal Is It?

フォーマル

"يستند هذا البحث إلى افتراضات منهجية دقيقة."

ニュートラル

"هذا مجرد افتراض، لا نملك دليلاً بعد."

カジュアル

"افترض أننا رحنا هناك، شو بنسوي؟"

Child friendly

"افترض أنك بطل خارق، ماذا ستفعل؟"

スラング

"يا أخي، بطل تعيش في الافتراضات!"

豆知識

The root also gives us 'Farā'iḍ' (the science of inheritance), because inheritance involves 'notching' or 'cutting' out specific shares for people.

発音ガイド

UK /ɪf.tɪˈrɑːd/

US /ɪf.təˈrɑːd/

The stress is on the final syllable: if-ti-RĀḌ.

韻が合う語

اعتراض (I'tirāḍ - objection) انقراض (Inqirāḍ - extinction) انخفاض (Inkhifāḍ - decrease) امتصاص (Imtiṣāṣ - absorption) انقباض (Inqibāḍ - contraction) استعراض (Isti'rāḍ - parade) إجهاض (Ijhāḍ - abortion) مخاض (Makhāḍ - labor)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing 'ḍ' as a plain 'd'.
Pronouncing 'ḍ' as a 'z'.
Shortening the long 'ā' vowel.
Adding a vowel after the 'f' (e.g., ifatirāḍ).
Confusing it with 'iftira' (slander).

難易度

読解 3/5

Common in news and tech, but requires understanding abstract contexts.

ライティング 4/5

Requires correct preposition use (بأن) and root conjugation knowledge.

スピーキング 3/5

Useful for hypotheticals, but 'ḍād' sound can be tricky.

リスニング 3/5

Easily recognized once the root 'f-r-ḍ' is known.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

فرض (Farḍ) حقيقة (Ḥaqīqah) دليل (Dalīl) إذا (Idhā) ظن (Ẓann)

次に学ぶ

فرضية (Farḍiyyah) مسلمة (Musallamah) استنتاج (Istintāj) برهان (Burhān) واقع (Wāqi')

上級

أبستمولوجيا (Epistemology) أنطولوجيا (Ontology) ميتافيزيقيا (Metaphysics) استنباط (Deduction) استقراء (Induction)

知っておくべき文法

Eighth Form (Ifti'āl)

ف-ر-ض becomes افترض.

Masdar as a Noun

الافتراض مهم (The assumption is important).

Nisba Adjective

Adding 'ī' to make افتراضي (virtual).

Subordinating Conjunction 'أن'

بافتراض أنك هنا (Assuming that you are here).

Prepositional Phrases

بناءً على (Based on).

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レベル別の例文

هذا هو المتصفح الافتراضي.

This is the default browser.

افتراضي is an adjective here.

افترض أنك في البيت.

Assume you are at home.

Verb in the imperative form.

هل هذا افتراض؟

Is this an assumption?

Simple question structure.

الواقع الافتراضي جميل.

Virtual reality is beautiful.

Noun-Adjective phrase.

أنا أفترض ذلك.

I assume so.

Present tense verb.

هذا افتراض بسيط.

This is a simple assumption.

Noun + Adjective.

لا أعرف، هذا مجرد افتراض.

I don't know, this is just an assumption.

Using 'مجرد' (just/mere).

افترض أننا أصدقاء.

Assume that we are friends.

Verb + أن + clause.

بافتراض أنك ستأتي، سأنتظرك.

Assuming you will come, I will wait for you.

B- + Iftirāḍ + an.

غيرت الإعدادات الافتراضية لهاتفي.

I changed the default settings of my phone.

Plural noun + adjective.

هذا الافتراض غير صحيح.

This assumption is not correct.

Definite noun as subject.

نحن نعمل تحت افتراض واحد.

We are working under one assumption.

Preposition 'تحت' (under).

هل يمكننا البدء بهذا الافتراض؟

Can we start with this assumption?

Modal verb 'يمكن' + infinitive.

الافتراض بأن الجو حار كان خاطئاً.

The assumption that the weather is hot was wrong.

Past tense 'كان' with noun phrase.

أريد شراء نظارات الواقع الافتراضي.

I want to buy virtual reality glasses.

Idafa construction.

افترض المعلم أننا درسنا الدرس.

The teacher assumed that we studied the lesson.

Past tense verb.

بنينا المشروع على افتراضات قوية.

We built the project on strong assumptions.

Plural form 'افتراضات'.

من الخطأ المضي قدماً بناءً على افتراض خاطئ.

It is wrong to move forward based on a false assumption.

Phrase 'بناءً على'.

هذا مجرد افتراض لا يرتكز على دليل.

This is just an assumption not based on evidence.

Negative relative clause.

على افتراض أنك نجحت، ماذا ستفعل؟

Assuming you passed, what will you do?

Conditional usage.

يجب أن نراجع كل افتراض وضعناه.

We must review every assumption we placed.

Verb 'يجب أن'.

أصبح التواصل الافتراضي ضرورياً اليوم.

Virtual communication has become necessary today.

Adjective 'افتراضي'.

لا تبنِ قراراتك على افتراضات مسبقة.

Don't build your decisions on preconceived assumptions.

Prohibitive 'لا'.

هل هذا افتراض علمي أم شخصي؟

Is this a scientific or personal assumption?

Alternative question.

افتراض البراءة هو ركن أساسي في القضاء.

The presumption of innocence is a fundamental pillar in the judiciary.

Legal terminology.

تعتمد الدراسة على عدة افتراضات اقتصادية.

The study depends on several economic assumptions.

Verb 'تعتمد على'.

فند الباحث هذا الافتراض في كتابه الجديد.

The researcher debunked this assumption in his new book.

Verb 'فند' (to debunk).

يتم اختيار هذا الخيار بشكل افتراضي.

This option is selected by default.

Adverbial phrase 'بشكل افتراضي'.

علينا التمييز بين الحقيقة والافتراض.

We must distinguish between fact and assumption.

Masdar 'التمييز'.

انطلق البحث من افتراض وجود كواكب أخرى.

The research started from the assumption of the existence of other planets.

Verb 'انطلق من'.

هذا الافتراض الجدلي يفتح آفاقاً جديدة للنقاش.

This argumentative assumption opens new horizons for discussion.

Adjective 'جدلي'.

لا يمكن قبول هذا الافتراض دون تمحيص.

This assumption cannot be accepted without scrutiny.

Passive-like structure.

يجب تفكيك الافتراضات التي بنيت عليها هذه النظرية.

The assumptions on which this theory was built must be deconstructed.

Verb 'تفكيك' (deconstruction).

من منطلق الافتراض بأن الإنسان كائن عقلاني، نجد أن...

From the standpoint of the assumption that man is a rational being, we find that...

Complex introductory phrase.

أدت الافتراضات المسبقة إلى فشل المفاوضات.

Preconceived assumptions led to the failure of negotiations.

Subject-Verb agreement.

هذا الافتراض يتناقض مع النتائج التجريبية.

This assumption contradicts the experimental results.

Verb 'يتناقض' (contradicts).

تجاوزت التكنولوجيا حدود الواقع إلى فضاءات افتراضية.

Technology has bypassed the limits of reality into virtual spaces.

Metaphorical usage.

يظل هذا الافتراض مجرد فرضية عمل حتى يثبت العكس.

This assumption remains a mere working hypothesis until the opposite is proven.

Usage of 'فرضية عمل'.

إن التشكيك في كل افتراض هو جوهر الفلسفة.

Questioning every assumption is the essence of philosophy.

Emphatic 'إن'.

تغيرت افتراضاتنا حول الطبيعة البشرية بمرور الزمن.

Our assumptions about human nature have changed over time.

Possessive suffix with plural.

تتغلغل الافتراضات المعرفية في صلب خطابه السياسي.

Epistemological assumptions permeate the core of his political discourse.

Verb 'تتغلغل' (to permeate).

يسعى الكاتب إلى زعزعة الافتراضات الأنطولوجية للقارئ.

The author seeks to destabilize the reader's ontological assumptions.

Philosophical vocabulary.

لا يمكننا المضي قدماً دون مراجعة جذرية لهذه الافتراضات.

We cannot move forward without a radical review of these assumptions.

Adjective 'جذرية' (radical).

هذا الافتراض يمثل حجر الزاوية في فلسفته الأخلاقية.

This assumption represents the cornerstone of his ethical philosophy.

Idiom 'حجر الزاوية'.

إنها مجرد افتراضات واهية لا تصمد أمام النقد.

They are mere flimsy assumptions that do not stand up to criticism.

Adjective 'واهية' (flimsy).

يتمحور الجدل حول الافتراض بأن الوعي نتاج مادي.

The debate centers on the assumption that consciousness is a material product.

Verb 'يتمحور حول'.

يجب أن نتحلى بالوعي تجاه افتراضاتنا المضمرة.

We must be conscious of our implicit assumptions.

Adjective 'مضمرة' (implicit/hidden).

هذا الافتراض الميتافيزيقي يتجاوز قدرة العقل على الإدراك.

This metaphysical assumption exceeds the mind's capacity for perception.

Metaphysical context.

類義語

فرضية تخمين تصور اعتقاد

反対語

حقيقة يقين إثبات

よく使う組み合わせ

افتراض خاطئ

افتراض مسبق

افتراض البراءة

بشكل افتراضي

واقع افتراضي

افتراضات اقتصادية

مجرد افتراض

بناءً على افتراض

افتراض منطقي

دحض افتراض

よく使うフレーズ

على افتراض أن

— Used to introduce a hypothetical condition.

على افتراض أننا سننجح، ماذا سنفعل؟

من باب الافتراض

— Used to say 'hypothetically speaking.'

أقول هذا من باب الافتراض فقط.

الافتراض الجدلي

— An assumption made for the sake of argument.

هذا افتراض جدلي لا أكثر.

الإعداد الافتراضي

— The default setting in software.

عد إلى الإعداد الافتراضي.

افتراضات أساسية

— Core premises of a plan or theory.

ما هي الافتراضات الأساسية؟

خارج نطاق الافتراض

— Beyond the realm of assumption/possibility.

هذا الأمر خارج نطاق الافتراض.

بافتراض العكس

— Assuming the opposite.

بافتراض العكس، ستفشل الخطة.

افتراض ضمني

— An implicit or hidden assumption.

هناك افتراض ضمني في كلامك.

عالم افتراضي

— A virtual world (internet/VR).

نحن نعيش في عالم افتراضي.

افتراض نظري

— A theoretical assumption.

هذا مجرد افتراض نظري.

よく混同される語

افتراض vs فرض

Means duty or obligation, while افتراض is a mental assumption.

افتراض vs افتراء

Means slander or fabrication; sounds similar but very different meaning.

افتراض vs اعتراض

Means objection; rhymes with افتراض but is the opposite in a debate.

慣用句と表現

"بنى قصوراً في الهواء على افتراضات"

— To build castles in the air based on assumptions; to have unrealistic dreams.

هو يبني قصوراً في الهواء على افتراضات واهية.

Literary

"وضع العربة أمام الحصان بافتراضه"

— To put the cart before the horse by assuming something prematurely.

لقد وضعت العربة أمام الحصان بافتراضك هذا.

Neutral

"الضرب في مندل الافتراضات"

— To engage in wild guesswork (similar to 'crystal ball gazing').

كفى ضرباً في مندل الافتراضات.

Informal

"افتراض لا يغني ولا يسمن من جوع"

— An assumption that is useless and provides no benefit.

هذا افتراض لا يغني ولا يسمن من جوع.

Literary/Religious

"غرق في بحر من الافتراضات"

— To be lost in a sea of assumptions.

لقد غرق في بحر من الافتراضات ولم يجد حلاً.

Literary

"خيط رفيع من الافتراض"

— A very thin thread of assumption; a weak basis.

تعتمد قصته على خيط رفيع من الافتراض.

Literary

"حجر الزاوية الافتراضي"

— The hypothetical cornerstone of an idea.

هذا هو حجر الزاوية الافتراضي لمشروعنا.

Formal

"انطلق من نقطة الصفر الافتراضية"

— To start from a hypothetical zero point.

سننطلق من نقطة الصفر الافتراضية.

Neutral

"افتراضات سمك في ماء"

— Assumptions like fish in water (elusive or uncertain).

كلامه مجرد افتراضات سمك في ماء.

Informal

"سلسلة من الافتراضات المتهاوية"

— A chain of crumbling assumptions.

هذه سلسلة من الافتراضات المتهاوية التي لا تصمد.

Formal

間違えやすい

افتراض vs فرضية

Same root.

Farḍiyyah is a formal hypothesis; Iftirāḍ is a general assumption.

هذه فرضية علمية.

افتراض vs توقع

Both involve thinking about something unproven.

Tawaqqu' is an expectation of future events; Iftirāḍ is a premise for logic.

أتوقع هطول المطر.

افتراض vs تخمين

Both are unproven.

Takhmīn is a random guess; Iftirāḍ is usually part of a logical step.

هذا مجرد تخمين.

افتراض vs زعم

Both are claims.

Za'm is often used for claims the speaker thinks are false; Iftirāḍ is neutral.

زعم أنه بطل.

افتراض vs مسلمة

Both are starting points.

Musallamah is an axiom that is not questioned; Iftirāḍ is a premise that can be tested.

هذه مسلمة رياضية.

文型パターン

بافتراض أن [Subject] [Verb]

بافتراض أنك ستأتي.

هذا مجرد افتراض لـ [Noun]

هذا مجرد افتراض للمشكلة.

بنيت [Noun] على افتراض أن...

بنيت رأيي على افتراض أنك صادق.

يعتبر [Noun] افتراضاً [Adjective]

يعتبر هذا افتراضاً منطقياً.

من الخطأ المضي قدماً بناءً على [Noun]

من الخطأ المضي قدماً بناءً على افتراضات.

يجب تفكيك [Noun] الـ [Adjective]

يجب تفكيك الافتراضات المسبقة.

من منطلق الافتراض بأن...

من منطلق الافتراض بأننا شركاء.

تتغلغل [Noun] في صلب [Noun]

تتغلغل الافتراضات في صلب الثقافة.

語族

名詞

動詞

形容詞

使い方

frequency

High (especially in tech, law, and news).

よくある間違い

Using 'فرض' for 'assumption'. → افتراض
Farḍ means duty; Iftirāḍ means assumption. They are not interchangeable.
Pronouncing it as 'Iftirāt'. → افتراض
The final letter is Ḍād (ض), not Tā (ت). This changes the sound and meaning.
Omitting 'أن' after the word. → افتراض أن...
When followed by a clause, you need the connector 'أن' or 'بأن'.
Confusing 'افتراضي' with 'واقعي'. → افتراضي = virtual, واقعي = real
In tech contexts, these are opposites. Don't mix them up.
Using it for 'expectation'. → توقع
Iftirāḍ is a logical premise; Tawaqqu' is what you think will happen in the future.

ヒント

Using the Nisba

Add 'ī' to make the adjective 'virtual' or 'default'. This is one of the most useful applications of the word today.

Academic Precision

Use 'فرضية' for a thesis and 'افتراض' for the premises that support it. This shows high-level language control.

Neutral Tone

If you want to disagree without being rude, use 'افتراض' instead of 'كذب' (lie) or 'زعم' (claim). It focuses on logic rather than character.

Software Language

Look for this word in your phone settings to see how 'default' and 'virtual' are expressed in real-world Arabic.

Hypothetical Thinking

Start sentences with 'بافتراض أن...' to practice complex conditional thinking in Arabic. It's a great B1-B2 exercise.

Master the Ḍād

Practice the final 'ض' sound. It should be deep and heavy. Don't let it turn into a light 'd'.

Formal Transitions

Use 'بناءً على افتراض' to transition between ideas in an essay. It sounds much more professional than 'because'.

Legal Rights

Remember 'افتراض البراءة'. It's a useful phrase for discussing justice and human rights in Arabic.

Root Association

Connect it to 'Farḍ' (duty). An assumption is a duty your mind takes on to start a logical journey.

News Keywords

Listen for this word in political analysis; it often signals that the speaker is discussing unconfirmed but likely scenarios.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'IF-TI-RAD'. 'IF' is the start of a hypothetical. 'TI' is like 'Theory'. 'RAD' is like a 'RADar' looking for truth. 'If' you have a 'Theory' on your 'Radar', it's an 'Assumption'.

視覚的連想

Imagine a bridge made of clouds (the assumption) leading to a solid island (the conclusion). The bridge is the 'Iftirāḍ'.

Word Web

Logic Hypothesis Virtual Default Premise Science Thinking Doubt

チャレンジ

Try to use 'افتراض' in a sentence about your plans for next weekend. Start with 'بافتراض أن...' (Assuming that...).

語源

From the Arabic root f-r-ḍ (ف-ر-ض), which originally meant to cut, notch, or make an impression. It evolved to mean 'to ordain' or 'to impose as a duty.'

元の意味： To notch or to impose a specific portion/duty.

Semitic (Arabic).

文化的な背景

Be careful not to use 'افتراض' when discussing religious dogmas, as those are 'حقائق' (facts) or 'ثوابت' (constants) for believers.

Similar to the English 'Assumption,' but often carries a more formal, logical weight in Arabic.

Used in 'The Presumption of Innocence' (افتراض البراءة) in legal codes. Common in translations of Sherlock Holmes or detective novels. Found in academic translations of Kant and Aristotle into Arabic.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Technology

المتصفح الافتراضي
الواقع الافتراضي
بشكل افتراضي
الإعدادات الافتراضية

Law

افتراض البراءة
افتراض العلم
افتراض الخطأ
دحض الافتراض

Science

افتراضات الدراسة
فرضية العمل
افتراض نظري
بناءً على افتراض

Business

افتراضات النمو
ميزانية افتراضية
افتراضات السوق
تغيير الافتراضات

Daily Life

مجرد افتراض
على افتراض أن
افتراض خاطئ
افترض ذلك

会話のきっかけ

"بافتراض أنك ربحت مليون دولار، ماذا ستفعل؟"

"هل تعتقد أن افتراض البراءة مطبق في كل مكان؟"

"ما هو الافتراض الخاطئ الذي كنت تؤمن به؟"

"كيف يؤثر الواقع الافتراضي على حياتنا اليوم؟"

"هل يمكننا العيش بدون أي افتراضات مسبقة؟"

日記のテーマ

اكتب عن افتراض خاطئ قمت به مؤخراً وكيف اكتشفت الحقيقة.

كيف سيكون العالم لو كان الواقع الافتراضي هو الواقع الوحيد؟

ناقش أهمية افتراض البراءة في النظام القضائي.

ما هي الافتراضات الأساسية التي تبني عليها حياتك المهنية؟

هل تفضل العيش في الحقيقة المرة أم في افتراض جميل؟

よくある質問

10 問

Iftirāḍ is a mental assumption or hypothesis. Farḍ is an obligation, duty, or religious mandate. They share a root but serve very different purposes in a sentence.

Yes, 'Virtual Reality' is 'الواقع الافتراضي'. The adjective 'افتراضي' is the standard term for 'virtual' in modern Arabic tech.

You say 'بشكل افتراضي' (Bishaklin Iftirāḍī). For example, 'This app is set by default' would be 'هذا التطبيق مضبوط بشكل افتراضي'.

It is neutral to formal. It is very common in academic, legal, and news contexts, but you can also use it in casual conversation to explore hypothetical scenarios.

It is often followed by 'بأن' or 'أن' to introduce a clause, or 'على' when you are building something 'upon' an assumption.

Yes, the plural is 'افتراضات' (Iftirāḍāt). It is used when discussing multiple premises or assumptions in a plan.

You can, but 'تخمين' (Takhmīn) is more common for a simple guess. Iftirāḍ implies a more logical starting point.

It means the 'Presumption of Innocence,' a legal principle that a person is innocent until proven guilty.

The verb is 'افترض' (Iftaraḍa). I assume = أنا أفترض. You assume = أنت تفترض. He assumed = هو افترض.

The root 'f-r-ḍ' is used extensively in the Quran to mean 'ordained' or 'mandated,' but the specific form 'افتراض' is more common in later logical and modern Arabic.

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