B2 · 中上級 チャプター 16

表現の幅を広げる!ワンランク上の「条件」マスター

10 トータルルール
107 例文
5

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of complex conditional structures to communicate with precision, authority, and professional nuance.

  • Identify and apply formal alternatives to standard 'if' clauses.
  • Express strict stipulations and warnings with confidence.
  • Refine your usage of conditional moods for business and academic contexts.
Unlock the nuances of complex English conditions.

学べること

みなさん、こんにちは!このチャプターでは、英語の表現力をぐっと引き上げる「一歩進んだ条件表現」をマスターしましょう。B2レベルのあなたなら、ifを使った基本はバッチリですよね。でも、実際のビジネスシーンや深い議論では、「もし〜なら」だけでは伝えきれない細かなニュアンスが求められます。 ここでは、例外をスマートに示す unless や、強い意志を込める even if、さらに「〜という条件で」と契約でも使える provided thaton condition that といった高度な表現をじっくり学びます。例えば、仕事での条件交渉や、「もしこうなったらどうする?」という仮定の話(suppose)まで、より正確で大人な英語が話せるようになりますよ。 「Otherwise(さもないと)」を使ってリスクを伝えたり、語順が入れ替わる only if の強調を使いこなしたり。この章を終える頃には、あなたの英語はより洗練され、自信を持って複雑な状況を説明できるようになっているはずです。さあ、一緒に表現の幅を広げていきましょう!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use formal conditional markers like 'provided that' and 'on condition that' in written reports.

チャプターガイド

Overview

As a B2 English learner, you've already mastered the basics of conditional sentences. You can talk about real possibilities and unlikely scenarios with ease. Now, it's time to elevate your fluency and precision!
This chapter on English advanced conditional structures will take your ability to express conditions, stipulations, and hypothetical situations to a whole new level. Moving beyond simple 'if' clauses, you'll discover sophisticated ways to communicate nuanced meanings that are crucial for truly proficient B2 English grammar.
Imagine being able to state a formal requirement with provided that, caution someone about consequences using otherwise, or explore imaginative scenarios with supposing. These advanced structures aren't just about sounding more formal; they allow you to convey specific shades of meaning, strengthen your arguments, and engage in more complex conversations. Mastering these patterns will make your English sound more natural, authoritative, and expressive, ensuring you can interact with native speakers fluently and confidently in any context. Get ready to add powerful tools to your linguistic toolkit!

How This Grammar Works

These advanced conditional structures empower you to express a wide range of nuances that simple 'if' clauses can't quite capture. Let's break down how they function. When you want to convey if not, the word unless is your efficient shortcut: "We'll go to the park unless it rains" (meaning, *if it doesn't rain*).
For conditions related to duration or agreements, as long as is perfect:
You can borrow my car as long as you fill it with petrol.
This implies both a duration and a specific condition.
Sometimes, you need to emphasize that a result will occur irrespective of any obstacles. That's where even if comes in handy: "Even if I win the lottery, I'll still keep my job." This shows determination or certainty. For situations where there's only one path to a result, use only if:
You can pass the exam only if you study diligently.
This highlights the singular necessity of the condition.
To warn of negative consequences, otherwise is your go-to:
Study hard; otherwise, you might fail.
It acts like an or else.
For formal, official, or professional contexts, replace 'if' with in the event that:
In the event that the flight is delayed, passengers will receive a voucher.
This elevates the formality. Similar in function but more about setting strict terms for an agreement are provided that and on condition that.
Provided that all documents are submitted, your application will be processed
and
You can use the hall on condition that you clean up afterwards
both set firm stipulations.
Finally, to kick off a creative brainstorm or hypothetical discussion, use suppose or supposing:
Suppose we could fly, where would we go first?
These invite imagination.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Incorrect: "You can't get in unless you don't have a ticket."
✓ Correct: "You can't get in unless you have a ticket."
*Explanation:* 'Unless' already implies a negative condition ('if not'). Using another negative like 'don't' creates a double negative, making the sentence confusing or incorrect.
  1. 1✗ Incorrect: "We'll meet tomorrow, otherwise it rains."
✓ Correct: "We'll meet tomorrow, unless it rains. OR We should meet tomorrow; otherwise, we'll miss the deadline."
*Explanation:* 'Otherwise' connects a command or advice to a *negative consequence* of ignoring it, not just a simple contrasting condition. For a simple if not scenario, 'unless' is more appropriate.
  1. 1✗ Incorrect: "I'll lend you the money on condition that you will pay me back next month."
✓ Correct: "I'll lend you the money on condition that you pay me back next month."
*Explanation:* After conditional clauses like 'on condition that', 'provided that', 'as long as', 'unless', etc., we usually use the simple present tense for future conditions, not 'will'.

Real Conversations

A

A

I'm really nervous about presenting my project tomorrow.
B

B

Don't worry! You'll do great, as long as you remember to speak clearly and confidently.
A

A

Do you think Sarah will come to the party? She said she was really busy.
B

B

I think so, even if she can only stay for an hour. She promised to make an appearance.
A

A

We need to finalize the contract by Friday.
B

B

Yes, but the client said they would sign provided that we include the new clause about maintenance.
A

A

Okay, so it’s contingent on that. Otherwise, the deal is off.

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 'unless' and 'if not'?

While they often mean similar things, 'unless' focuses on the *exception* that changes a situation, making the sentence more concise. "You won't improve unless you practice

is stronger and more direct than
You won't improve if you don't practice."

Q

Can I use 'only if' at the beginning of a sentence?

Yes, you can! When 'only if' starts a sentence, it often requires inversion in the main clause. For example,

Only if you complete the training will you be eligible for the promotion.

Q

When should I choose 'in the event that' over a simple 'if'?

Use 'in the event that' when you need to sound very formal, official, or professional. It's common in legal documents, business agreements, or formal instructions, adding a sense of gravity and precision compared to the more casual 'if'.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these advanced conditional structures to add precision, formality, or emphasis to their communication. While 'unless' and 'as long as' are common in everyday speech, phrases like 'provided that' and 'on condition that' are typically reserved for formal agreements, business discussions, or legal contexts. 'In the event that' also signals a very formal tone.
'Suppose' and 'supposing' are great for brainstorming or creative discussions, inviting others to play along with hypothetical ideas. Understanding these nuances helps you not just speak correctly, but also appropriately for the social situation.

重要な例文 (8)

1

You won't get good grades `unless` you study hard.

一生懸命勉強しない限り、良い成績は取れないでしょう。

「Unless」の使い方:「If Not」のショートカット
2

We can't start the movie `unless` everyone is here.

全員がここにいない限り、映画を始めることはできません。

「Unless」の使い方:「If Not」のショートカット
3

You can use my streaming account **as long as** you don't change the password.

ストリーミングアカウントを使っていいよ。パスワードを変えない限りね。

コントロールを保つ:「As Long As」を使う(期間と条件)
4

I'll keep working on this project **as long as** my boss needs me to.

上司が必要とする限り、このプロジェクトに取り組み続けます。

コントロールを保つ:「As Long As」を使う(期間と条件)
5

Even if it's freezing outside, I'm still going for my morning run.

たとえ外が凍えるような寒さでも、私は朝のランニングに行くよ。

たとえ~でも:何が起きても
6

I wouldn't tell her the secret, even if she begged me on her knees.

たとえ彼女がひざまずいて懇願したとしても、私はその秘密を教えないだろう。

たとえ~でも:何が起きても
7

You will pass the course `only if` you submit all assignments.

全ての課題を提出して初めて、このコースに合格できます。

強い条件:「~の場合に限り」のルール
8

`Only if` you have a valid ticket, *can you enter* the venue.

有効なチケットをお持ちの場合に限り、会場に入場できます。

強い条件:「~の場合に限り」のルール

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

常に現在形を使いましょう

「unless」の節では、たとえ未来のことについて話していても、動詞は常に現在形を使います。条件そのものについて話しているからです。「I won't go unless it rains.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「Unless」の使い方:「If Not」のショートカット
💡

Present Simple Power

条件を伝えるときは、「as long as」の後の動詞は必ず「present simple tense」を使います。未来の結果について話すときでも同じです。これはルールや要件を設定しているサインだと覚えておきましょう。「You'll pass as long as you study hard.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: コントロールを保つ:「As Long As」を使う(期間と条件)
💡

「もしも」の状況を見極めよう

もしあなたが話している状況が「もしも〜だったら」という仮定の話、つまりまだ不確かで現実になっていないことなら、「even if」があなたの強い味方です。いつも自分に問いかけてみてください。「この状況は既成事実?それとも可能性?」"Even if it snows, we'll still go."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: たとえ~でも:何が起きても
💡

倒置を見つけよう!

「Only if」が文頭に来るときは、主節で主語と助動詞の位置が入れ替わります。まるで疑問文のようですが、これは断定的な文なんですよ!「will」「can」「do」のような一般的な助動詞で練習してみましょう。「Only if he studies, will he pass.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 強い条件:「~の場合に限り」のルール

重要な語彙 (5)

Stipulation A condition or requirement Hypothetical Based on a suggested idea Otherwise Or else; in different circumstances Provided On the condition that Strict Demanding that rules are obeyed

Real-World Preview

file-text

Legal Agreement

Review Summary

  • Unless + present, future

よくある間違い

Do not use 'not' with 'unless' because 'unless' already implies a negative. It is a double negative.

Wrong: Unless you will not go, I will be sad.
正解: Unless you go, I will be sad.

Avoid using 'will' in the conditional clause itself.

Wrong: Provided that you will help me.
正解: Provided that you help me.

'Otherwise' acts as an adverb, not a conditional conjunction like 'if'.

Wrong: Otherwise you study, you fail.
正解: Otherwise, you will fail.

このチャプターのルール (10)

Next Steps

You have conquered complex conditionals! Your English is becoming more precise and professional every day.

Read a formal contract and highlight conditional phrases.

クイック練習 (10)

主節の正しい倒置形を選びましょう。

`Only if` you study diligently, ___ pass the difficult exam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: will you
「Only if」が文頭に来る場合、主節では主語と助動詞を倒置します。ここでは未来の可能性を示す「will」が正しい助動詞です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 強い条件:「~の場合に限り」のルール

文を完成させるのに正しい単語を選びましょう。

You should leave now; _______, you'll miss your flight.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: otherwise
Otherwiseは、今出発しない場合の否定的な結果を正しく導入しています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英文法: "Otherwise" ('さもないと'の言葉)

文中の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

She will be successful as long as she will keep practicing.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She will be successful as long as she keeps practicing.
「as long as」を使った条件節では、たとえ未来の出来事を指す場合でも、「as long as」節内の動詞は現在形である必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: コントロールを保つ:「As Long As」を使う(期間と条件)

Choose the correct form.

If it rains, I ___ stay home.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: will
First conditional.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Zero and First Conditional: B2 Review and Refinements

間違いを見つけて修正しましょう

Find and fix the mistake:

She won't come unless she isn't invited.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She won't come unless she is invited.
「unless」を「isn't」と一緒に使うと二重否定になります。「unless」はすでに「if not」という意味を含んでいます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「Unless」の使い方:「If Not」のショートカット

文を完成させるのに正しいフレーズを選びましょう。

The refund will be processed, ___ you submit the original receipt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: provided that
「Provided that」は、返金のための厳格で公式な条件を示します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 取引を行う: Provided That & Providing That

文中の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

Supposing she arrives late, what will you do?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Supposing she arrives late, what will you do?
これは未来の現実的な可能性を示す第一条件文のようなものです。したがって、「supposing」節には現在形「arrives」が正しいです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Suppose & Supposing: もしものゲーム

文中の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

Please turn off your phone otherwise it will disturb the performance.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Please turn off your phone; otherwise, it will disturb the performance.
otherwiseが二つの独立した節を繋ぐ場合、セミコロンの後に続き、コンマが後に続く必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英文法: "Otherwise" ('さもないと'の言葉)

文を完成させる正しい動詞の形を選んでください。

In the event that the projector ___ down, we have a backup presentation ready.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: breaks
「in the event that」では、条件を表す動詞は、未来の可能性を指していても単純現在形を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式な条件: 〜の場合に備えて(もし〜ならば)

文中の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

The project will succeed provided that everyone *will work* hard.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The project will succeed provided that everyone works hard.
「provided that」の後には、未来時制(will work)ではなく、現在形(works)を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 取引を行う: Provided That & Providing That

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

「unless」は「if not」または「except if」を意味する接続詞です。満たされない場合に特定の結果につながる条件を導入します。例えば、「I won't go unless it's sunny」は「I won't go if it's not sunny」という意味です。
はい、「unless」は文頭に来ることができます。その場合、「unless」の節の後にコンマを置く必要があります。例えば、「Unless you hurry, you'll miss your flight」となります。
「as long as」の主な機能は2つあります。1つは「条件」(「only if」や「provided that」に似ています)を表す場合、もう1つは「期間」(「for the entire period that」)を示す場合です。どちらの意味かは、通常文脈で判断できます。「I'll help you as long as you pay.」
「as long as」が条件を表す場合、その節の動詞は常に「現在形」であるべきです。たとえ主節が未来の出来事を指していても同じです。例えば、「You'll pass *as long as* you study」のように使います。「You'll pass as long as you study.」
核となる考え方は、仮定の状況にもかかわらず、特定の結果や行動が真実であり続ける、または起こるということです。「even if」のシナリオにもかかわらず、主節の変わらない性質を強調します。"Even if it's difficult, I'll try my best."
「if」が結果を変える「可能性のある」条件を導入するのに対し、「even if」は結果が「変わらない」ことを強調します。「If it rains, we stay home.」(結果が変わる)と「Even if it rains, we go out.」(結果は変わらない)を比べてみましょう。