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بنابراین

A1 conjunction #600 よく出る 11分で読める

بنابراین

上位600

練習する例文メモとヒント بنابراین 30秒で

解説 بنابراین in your Level:

At the A1 level, 'بنابراین' (banābar-in) is introduced as a simple way to connect two related thoughts. Think of it as the 'glue' that holds your ideas together. At this stage, you are learning to move beyond one-word answers or simple 'subject-verb-object' sentences. You use 'بنابراین' to show cause and effect in very basic, everyday situations. For example, 'I am hungry, therefore I eat' or 'It is cold, therefore I wear a coat.' The focus here is on the logical 'arrow'—one thing happens, and because of that, another thing happens. You don't need to worry about complex grammar; just place 'بنابراین' between your two sentences. It helps you sound more like a speaker who can think and explain, rather than just label things. It is one of the first 'logical connectors' you will learn, alongside 'and' (va) and 'but' (ammā). Even at A1, using this word correctly shows a great start in understanding how Persian speakers organize their thoughts. It's about building the 'foundation' (which is what 'banā' actually means!) of your communication skills.

As an A2 learner, you are starting to describe your daily life, routines, and simple needs in more detail. 'بنابراین' becomes a tool for justification. When you talk about why you were late, why you chose a certain food, or what your plans are, 'بنابراین' helps you provide a reason. At this level, you should be able to use it to link two full sentences with slightly more variety in vocabulary. You might say, 'The bus was late, therefore I took a taxi.' You are also starting to distinguish between 'بنابراین' and the more casual 'پس' (pas). While you might use 'پس' with your friends, you'll start to see 'بنابراین' in your textbooks and in more 'polite' or 'standard' Persian. You are learning that Persian isn't just a list of facts, but a web of connections. 'بنابراین' is the thread that connects those facts. You should also practice the correct pronunciation—ba-nā-bar-in—ensuring the 'ā' sounds are long and clear. This word helps you transition from 'Survival Persian' to 'Basic Conversational Persian.'

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At the B1 (Intermediate) level, you are expected to express opinions, explain your goals, and provide brief reasons for your plans. 'بنابراین' is essential for this. You aren't just saying 'I'm tired, therefore I sleep'; you are saying things like, 'I want to find a better job, therefore I am learning Persian.' Here, the word helps you build a narrative. You will also start to encounter 'بنابراین' in more varied positions, perhaps preceded by 'و' (and) to create longer, more flowing sentences. You are becoming aware of the 'register'—using 'بنابراین' in a letter to a teacher or a boss, while using 'پس' in a text message to a friend. You also begin to see how 'بنابراین' is used in short news articles or simple stories to move the plot or the argument forward. It's no longer just a word you 'know'; it's a word you 'use' to structure your thoughts. You might also start comparing it with 'در نتیجه' (as a result) and noticing that 'بنابراین' is often the more versatile choice for general logical connections.

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At the B2 level, you are moving into the realm of abstract topics and more complex arguments. 'بنابراین' is no longer just for simple cause-and-effect; it's for logical deduction. You might use it in a debate: 'The statistics show that urban populations are growing; therefore, we must invest in public transport.' You are also expected to use it with correct punctuation in writing, often following a semicolon or starting a new sentence to summarize a previous paragraph. You will notice that 'بنابراین' is a favorite of Persian essayists and journalists. At this level, you should be able to use it to connect not just two sentences, but two complex ideas. You are also becoming sensitive to its synonyms. You might choose 'بنابراین' for a general conclusion, but switch to 'از این رو' (for this reason) to avoid repetition and add a touch of literary flair. Your use of the word should feel natural and effortless, acting as a signpost for your listener to follow your complex line of reasoning.

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For C1 learners, 'بنابراین' is a tool for precision. At this advanced level, you are analyzing nuanced texts and engaging in sophisticated discussions. You use 'بنابراین' to draw specific conclusions from a set of complex premises. You understand that 'بنابراین' carries a certain 'weight' of logical necessity. In a legal or academic context, you might use it to show that a certain conclusion is the only logical one possible. You are also fully aware of the etymological roots—'upon this foundation'—and you use the word to build solid, unshakeable arguments. You can distinguish between 'بنابراین' and 'لذا' (hence), knowing that 'لذا' might be more appropriate for a formal decree or a highly academic paper, while 'بنابراین' remains the standard for high-level professional discourse. Your writing is cohesive, and 'بنابراین' is one of the many 'connective tissues' you use to ensure that your reader never loses the thread of your argument, no matter how complex the subject matter.

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At the C2 level, you have reached near-native mastery. 'بنابراین' is used with total rhetorical control. You use it not just for logic, but for rhythm and emphasis in your speech and writing. You might use it to create a dramatic pause or to hammer home a final point in a long philosophical discourse. You are familiar with its use in classical and modern literature, and you can mimic those styles if needed. You understand the subtle difference between 'بنابراین' and more obscure connectors like 'لاجرم' (inevitably) or 'بنا بر این مقدمات' (based on these premises). In your hands, 'بنابراین' is more than a conjunction; it's a rhetorical device. You can use it to summarize hours of negotiation into a single, powerful concluding statement. You also recognize when *not* to use it—where a simple juxtaposition of sentences might be more powerful or where a different connector would provide a more precise shade of meaning. You are a master of the 'logical flow' of the Persian language.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

بنابراین 30秒で

A formal word for 'therefore' or 'so'.
Connects a cause to its logical result.
Essential for structured writing and speaking.
Literally means 'upon the foundation of this'.

The Persian word بنابراین (banābar-in) is a cornerstone of logical progression in the Persian language. Functioning as a conjunction and adverbial link, it serves the primary purpose of connecting a premise to its logical conclusion. In English, it is most accurately translated as 'therefore,' 'consequently,' 'so,' or 'hence.' Understanding this word is essential for any learner moving beyond basic isolated sentences into the realm of cohesive discourse and complex thought expression. It allows a speaker to show that the second part of their statement is a direct result or a necessary outcome of the first part. While beginners might rely heavily on the simpler word پس (pas), mastering بنابراین elevates one's speech to a more sophisticated, clear, and structured level, suitable for both academic writing and professional conversation.

Etymological Foundation: The word is a compound of three distinct elements: بنا (banā) meaning 'foundation' or 'building' (derived from Arabic), بر (bar) meaning 'on' or 'upon,' and این (in) meaning 'this.' Literally, it translates to 'upon the foundation of this,' which perfectly encapsulates its logical function.

هوا بارانی است؛ بنابراین ما در خانه می‌مانیم.
(The weather is rainy; therefore, we are staying at home.)

In everyday usage, Iranians use this word to provide justifications. It acts as a signal to the listener that a decision has been made based on preceding facts. For instance, if a student explains they didn't study, they would use بنابراین to introduce the fact that they failed the exam. It is not merely a filler word; it carries the weight of causality. In formal settings, such as news broadcasts or legal documents, it is ubiquitous because it establishes a clear chain of events. Without this word, Persian sentences would feel disjointed, like a series of unrelated observations rather than a coherent narrative or argument.

Register and Tone: While بنابراین is formal, it is not 'stiff.' It is perfectly acceptable in a polite dinner conversation or a business meeting. It sits in the middle of the formality spectrum, more formal than پس (so) but less archaic than لذا (hence/therefore in high literature).

او بسیار تلاش کرد، بنابراین موفق شد.
(He tried very hard, therefore he succeeded.)

Furthermore, the word helps in managing expectations in a conversation. When a speaker says بنابراین, the listener immediately prepares for the 'result.' It creates a rhythmic flow in Persian prose. In the context of the CEFR A1 level, learners should start by using it to link two simple clauses. As they progress to B1 and B2, they will see it used to link entire paragraphs or complex philosophical ideas. It is one of those 'power words' that makes a non-native speaker sound much more fluent and organized in their thinking process.

Logical Connective: Think of بنابراین as the '=' sign in a mathematical equation. Clause A + بنابراین = Clause B. It represents the transition from cause to effect.

قیمت‌ها بالا رفته است، بنابراین مردم کمتر خرید می‌کنند.
(Prices have gone up; therefore, people are buying less.)

Using بنابراین correctly involves understanding sentence structure and punctuation in Persian. Typically, بنابراین appears at the beginning of the second clause in a compound sentence. It is often preceded by a semicolon (؛) or a full stop (.) and followed by the consequence. Unlike some English conjunctions that can be moved around, بنابراین almost always sits at the start of the result clause. This placement is crucial because it signals the direction of the logic immediately to the reader or listener.

Standard Placement: [Cause/Premise] + [; or .] + بنابراین + [Effect/Conclusion]. This is the most common and safest way to use the word in any context.

او مریض بود. بنابراین به مدرسه نرفت.
(He was sick. Therefore, he didn't go to school.)

One nuance of بنابراین is that it can also be used to introduce a summary or a final decision after a long deliberation. In a discussion where several points have been made, a speaker might say 'Banabarin...' to signal they are about to state the final verdict. It acts as a linguistic 'funnel,' taking various pieces of information and narrowing them down to one specific outcome. For English speakers, it is helpful to think of it as a more formal version of 'so.' While you might say 'I'm tired, so I'm going to bed' in English, in Persian, using بنابراین adds a layer of intentionality and logical clarity.

Combining with Other Words: You will often see it paired with و (and) as و بنابراین (and therefore) to create a smoother transition within a single long sentence.

وقت نداریم و بنابراین باید عجله کنیم.
(We don't have time, and therefore we must hurry.)

In terms of grammar, بنابراین does not affect the tense or mood of the following verb. It is a 'neutral' connector. Whether you are speaking in the past, present, or future, the verb remains in its standard form. This makes it a very user-friendly word for learners. The challenge lies not in the grammar, but in the logic. You must ensure that the second clause truly follows from the first. Using it to connect unrelated ideas will sound confusing to a native speaker. For example, saying 'I like apples, therefore it is Tuesday' is logically incorrect in any language, and بنابراین would highlight that error even more starkly.

او کلید را فراموش کرد، بنابراین پشت در ماند.
(He forgot the key; therefore, he stayed behind the door/was locked out.)

Punctuation Note: In modern Persian typography, it is common to put a comma after بنابراین if it starts a sentence, much like 'Therefore,' in English.

While بنابراین is a staple of formal writing, its presence in spoken Persian is more nuanced. You will hear it frequently in 'intellectual' or 'serious' spoken contexts. This includes university lectures, news reports, documentaries, and political speeches. When a professor explains a scientific process, they will use بنابراین to link the cause of a reaction to its effect. When a news anchor describes a diplomatic shift, they will use it to explain the consequences of a new policy. It is the language of analysis and explanation.

In the Media: Listen to BBC Persian or Iran International. You will hear this word almost every few minutes as journalists connect facts to implications.

بارندگی کم بوده است، بنابراین با کمبود آب مواجه هستیم.
(Rainfall has been low; therefore, we are facing a water shortage.)

In daily life, you might hear it when someone is trying to be very clear or persuasive. For example, a parent explaining a rule to a child might use it to sound more authoritative: 'You didn't finish your homework, بنابراین you can't play video games.' It adds a sense of 'fairness' and 'logical consequence' to the statement. However, in very casual settings among close friends, it might be replaced by the shorter پس (pas). If someone uses بنابراین in a very casual setting, they might be doing it for emphasis or to sound slightly more 'proper' or even ironic.

In Educational Settings: Teachers use it constantly. 'Two plus two equals four, بنابراین if you have two more...' It is the backbone of instructional Persian.

شواهد کافی نیست، بنابراین متهم آزاد می‌شود.
(The evidence is not enough; therefore, the accused is released.)

Furthermore, in the digital age, you will see بنابراین in professional emails and LinkedIn posts. It is the go-to word for professional Persian communication. When someone writes a 'summary of findings' or a 'proposal,' this word appears to link the 'problem' to the 'solution.' For a learner, hearing this word is a good sign—it means the speaker is trying to be logical and clear, making it easier for you to follow the thread of the conversation. It acts as a mental 'anchor' in a stream of Persian speech.

Public Announcements: 'The train is delayed, بنابراین please wait.' In public spaces, it provides the reason for the instruction.

One of the most common mistakes learners make with بنابراین is confusing it with its logical opposite: چون (chon) or زیرا (zirā), which mean 'because.' While بنابراین introduces the result, چون introduces the reason. For example, saying 'I am eating بنابراین I am hungry' is a common error. The correct logic is 'I am hungry, بنابراین I am eating.' Learners often mix these up because they are both 'logic' words, but they point in opposite directions on the causal arrow.

The 'Because' vs. 'Therefore' Trap: Mistake: [Result] + بنابراین + [Cause]. Correct: [Cause] + بنابراین + [Result].

غلط: من خسته‌ام بنابراین دیشب نخوابیدم.
(Wrong: I am tired, therefore I didn't sleep last night.)

Another mistake is overusing بنابراین in very informal, slangy conversations. While it's not 'wrong,' it can sound a bit too formal or 'bookish' if you're just hanging out with friends. In those cases, پس (pas) is much more natural. Imagine someone saying 'It's raining, therefore I shall take my umbrella' while walking to a grocery store—it's a bit much. Using the right register is key to sounding like a native speaker. Additionally, some learners forget that بنابراین is a single word. They might try to break it up or misspell it as بنا بر این (with spaces), which is technically the etymological root but is rarely written that way in modern Persian.

Spelling and Spacing: Always write it as one word: بنابراین. Using a space (بنا بر این) is more common in very old texts or specific legal phrasing, but modern standard Persian prefers the joined form.

درست: دیشب نخوابیدم، بنابراین الان خسته‌ام.
(Correct: I didn't sleep last night; therefore, I am tired now.)

Lastly, learners sometimes place بنابراین at the very end of a sentence. In Persian, this is almost never done. It must precede the result it is introducing. In English, we can sometimes say 'He was sick and stayed home, therefore.' This structure doesn't work in Persian. The word acts as a bridge, and you can't have a bridge that leads to nowhere. Always ensure there is a following clause or at least an implied conclusion that the word is pointing toward.

Word Order Error: Never end a sentence with بنابراین unless you are trailing off in thought (which is rare and sounds incomplete).

Persian has a rich variety of words to express causality, each with its own nuance and register. Understanding these alternatives will help you choose the right word for the right situation. The most common alternative is پس (pas). This is the 'Swiss Army knife' of Persian logic. It's short, informal, and can mean 'so,' 'then,' or 'therefore.' In casual speech, پس is used 90% of the time. However, in writing, بنابراین is preferred for its clarity and professional tone.

بنابراین vs. پس: بنابراین: Formal, structured, clear cause-effect.
پس: Informal, quick, can also mean 'then' in a sequence.

گرسنه‌ای؟ پس بیا غذا بخوریم.
(Are you hungry? So let's eat.) - Informal

Another common alternative is در نتیجه (dar natije), which literally means 'as a result.' This is very similar to بنابراین but emphasizes the 'outcome' or 'consequence' even more strongly. It is frequently used in scientific or technical writing. Then there is از این رو (az in ru), which means 'from this face' or 'for this reason.' It is quite elegant and often used in literature and high-level journalism to vary the vocabulary and avoid repeating بنابراین too many times in a single paragraph.

Formal Alternatives

لذا (lezā): Very formal, Arabic origin, often used in legal or religious texts.
بدین ترتیب (bedin tartib): 'In this way' or 'consequently,' used to describe a process.
به همین دلیل (be hamin dalil): 'For this very reason,' very common and clear.

او به قولش عمل نکرد، در نتیجه اعتمادم را از دست دادم.
(He didn't keep his promise; as a result, I lost my trust.)

Finally, for very high-level academic Persian, you might encounter لاجرم (lājaram), which means 'necessarily' or 'inevitably.' This implies that the result was not just a consequence, but an unavoidable one. For a beginner, sticking to بنابراین and پس is the best strategy. As you move to intermediate and advanced levels, start incorporating در نتیجه and به همین دلیل to make your Persian sound more natural and varied. Each of these words adds a slightly different 'flavor' to the logic you are presenting.

Summary Table

Word	Register	English Equivalent
پس	Informal	So / Then
بنابراین	Neutral/Formal	Therefore
در نتیجه	Formal/Technical	As a result
لذا	Very Formal	Hence

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The root 'Banā' (بنا) is the same root used for 'architecture' (me'māri) and 'builder' (bannā) in many Middle Eastern languages.

発音ガイド

UK /bænɑːbæˈriːn/

US /bænɑːbæˈrin/

On the final syllable: in.

韻が合う語

بهترین (behtarin) کمترین (kamtarin) شیرین (shirin) دیرین (dirin) آفرین (āfarin) زمین (zamin) همین (hamin) آمین (āmin)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing 'ba' as 'bay'.
Making the 'ā' too short (like 'a' in 'cat').
Putting the stress on the first syllable.
Merging 'bar' and 'in' into one syllable.
Forgetting the 'n' sound at the very end.

難易度

読解 2/5

Easy to recognize in text due to its distinct shape.

ライティング 3/5

Requires understanding of logical flow and punctuation.

スピーキング 3/5

Pronunciation is easy, but choosing it over 'pas' requires register awareness.

リスニング 2/5

Very clear and easy to hear in formal speech.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

این بر پس چون

次に学ぶ

در نتیجه لذا به همین دلیل

上級

لاجرم مع‌ذلک با این وجود

知っておくべき文法

Conjunction placement

It always precedes the result clause.

Use 'pas' for friends, 'banabarin' for formal writing.

Punctuation

Often follows a semicolon (؛).

No verb change

It does not trigger the subjunctive mood.

Etymological spacing

Write as one word 'بنابراین', not 'بنا بر این'.

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レベル別の例文

هوا سرد است، بنابراین پالتو می‌پوشم.

The weather is cold, therefore I wear a coat.

Simple cause and effect using 'بنابراین' as a bridge.

من گرسنه هستم، بنابراین سیب می‌خورم.

I am hungry, therefore I eat an apple.

Connecting a physical state to an action.

او خسته است، بنابراین می‌خوابد.

He is tired, therefore he sleeps.

Basic subject-verb structure.

امروز جمعه است، بنابراین بانک بسته است.

Today is Friday, therefore the bank is closed.

Using a fact to explain a situation.

من تشنه هستم، بنابراین آب می‌نوشم.

I am thirsty, therefore I drink water.

Simple present tense connection.

او معلم است، بنابراین کتاب می‌خواند.

She is a teacher, therefore she reads books.

Linking a profession to a typical activity.

ماشین خراب است، بنابراین پیاده می‌روم.

The car is broken, therefore I go on foot.

Explaining a change in plans.

اسم من علی است، بنابراین ایرانی هستم.

My name is Ali, therefore I am Iranian.

Drawing a simple (though not always true) conclusion.

او کلید را گم کرد، بنابراین نتوانست وارد خانه شود.

He lost the key, therefore he couldn't enter the house.

Past tense cause and effect.

فردا امتحان دارم، بنابراین باید درس بخوانم.

I have an exam tomorrow, therefore I must study.

Using 'بنابراین' with the modal verb 'باید' (must).

غذا شور بود، بنابراین آن را نخوردیم.

The food was salty, therefore we didn't eat it.

Negative past tense in the result clause.

او پول ندارد، بنابراین نمی‌تواند این ماشین را بخرد.

He doesn't have money, therefore he cannot buy this car.

Linking a condition to an inability.

هوا بارانی بود، بنابراین چتر برداشتم.

The weather was rainy, therefore I took an umbrella.

Common daily life scenario.

او دیر آمد، بنابراین فیلم را از دست داد.

He came late, therefore he missed the movie.

Sequential logic in the past.

این رستوران گران است، بنابراین به جای دیگری می‌رویم.

This restaurant is expensive, therefore we are going somewhere else.

Decision-making based on a fact.

او زبان فارسی بلد نیست، بنابراین به انگلیسی صحبت می‌کند.

He doesn't know Persian, therefore he speaks in English.

Explaining a linguistic choice.

او تمام شب کار کرد، بنابراین بسیار خسته به نظر می‌رسد.

He worked all night; therefore, he looks very tired.

Using 'به نظر رسیدن' (to look/seem) in the result clause.

او به ورزش علاقه دارد، بنابراین هر روز به باشگاه می‌رود.

He is interested in sports; therefore, he goes to the gym every day.

Linking an interest to a habit.

بلیت‌ها تمام شده بود، بنابراین نتوانستیم به کنسرت برویم.

The tickets were sold out; therefore, we couldn't go to the concert.

Compound past tense (pluperfect) in the cause.

او در تهران زندگی می‌کند، بنابراین با ترافیک آشناست.

He lives in Tehran; therefore, he is familiar with traffic.

Drawing a logical inference from a location.

او می‌خواهد پزشک شود، بنابراین خیلی سخت درس می‌خواند.

She wants to become a doctor; therefore, she studies very hard.

Connecting a goal to an action.

اینترنت قطع بود، بنابراین نتوانستم ایمیل بفرستم.

The internet was disconnected; therefore, I couldn't send an email.

Explaining a technical failure.

او به قولش عمل نکرد، بنابراین دیگر به او اعتماد ندارم.

He didn't keep his word; therefore, I don't trust him anymore.

Connecting a past action to a present feeling.

او در امتحان موفق شد، بنابراین والدینش برایش هدیه خریدند.

He succeeded in the exam; therefore, his parents bought him a gift.

Cause and effect with different subjects.

منابع طبیعی محدود هستند، بنابراین باید در مصرف آن‌ها صرفه‌جویی کنیم.

Natural resources are limited; therefore, we must be economical in their consumption.

Formal/Academic register.

او شواهد کافی ارائه نداد، بنابراین قاضی حکم را صادر نکرد.

He did not provide sufficient evidence; therefore, the judge did not issue the verdict.

Legal context.

تکنولوژی به سرعت در حال پیشرفت است، بنابراین ما باید خود را با آن وفق دهیم.

Technology is advancing rapidly; therefore, we must adapt ourselves to it.

Using reflexive 'خود را' with 'وفق دادن'.

او در خانواده‌ای هنرمند بزرگ شده است، بنابراین ذوق هنری زیادی دارد.

He grew up in an artistic family; therefore, he has a great artistic taste.

Linking upbringing to personality traits.

قیمت نفت کاهش یافته است، بنابراین بودجه کشور باید بازنگری شود.

Oil prices have decreased; therefore, the country's budget must be revised.

Economic/Political context.

او به تمام سوالات پاسخ درست داد، بنابراین بالاترین نمره را کسب کرد.

He answered all questions correctly; therefore, he obtained the highest grade.

Formal phrasing of achievement.

ورزش منظم باعث سلامتی می‌شود، بنابراین نباید آن را نادیده گرفت.

Regular exercise causes health; therefore, it should not be ignored.

Passive-like structure 'نباید نادیده گرفت'.

او تجربه کافی در این زمینه ندارد، بنابراین نمی‌تواند مدیریت پروژه را بر عهده بگیرد.

He doesn't have enough experience in this field; therefore, he cannot take charge of the project management.

Using the compound verb 'بر عهده گرفتن'.

نظریه او با واقعیت‌های موجود همخوانی ندارد، بنابراین نمی‌توان آن را پذیرفت.

His theory does not align with existing realities; therefore, it cannot be accepted.

Scientific/Academic critique.

ساختار سیاسی جامعه در حال تغییر است، بنابراین تحلیل‌های قدیمی دیگر معتبر نیستند.

The political structure of society is changing; therefore, old analyses are no longer valid.

Sociopolitical analysis.

او به جزئیات بسیار اهمیت می‌دهد، بنابراین گزارش‌های او همیشه دقیق و کامل هستند.

He pays great attention to details; therefore, his reports are always precise and complete.

Professional characterization.

رشد اقتصادی متوقف شده است، بنابراین دولت باید سیاست‌های جدیدی اتخاذ کند.

Economic growth has stalled; therefore, the government must adopt new policies.

High-level administrative language.

او در آثارش از نمادهای پیچیده استفاده می‌کند، بنابراین درک آن‌ها برای مخاطب عام دشوار است.

He uses complex symbols in his works; therefore, understanding them is difficult for the general audience.

Literary/Artistic criticism.

این دارو عوارض جانبی شدیدی دارد، بنابراین تجویز آن باید با احتیاط صورت گیرد.

This drug has severe side effects; therefore, its prescription must be done with caution.

Medical/Regulatory context.

زبان یک پدیده پویا است، بنابراین قوانین دستوری آن در طول زمان تغییر می‌کنند.

Language is a dynamic phenomenon; therefore, its grammatical rules change over time.

Linguistic philosophy.

او به اصول اخلاقی پایبند است، بنابراین هرگز رشوه قبول نمی‌کند.

He is committed to ethical principles; therefore, he never accepts a bribe.

Moral/Ethical statement.

تاریخ تکرار می‌شود، بنابراین مطالعه آن برای پیش‌بینی آینده ضروری است.

History repeats itself; therefore, studying it is essential for predicting the future.

Philosophical maxim.

هنر بازتابی از روح زمانه است، بنابراین برای شناخت هر عصر باید به هنر آن نگریست.

Art is a reflection of the zeitgeist; therefore, to know any era, one must look at its art.

High-level cultural analysis.

عدالت زیربنای ثبات اجتماعی است، بنابراین هرگونه بی‌عدالتی می‌تواند به ناآرامی منجر شود.

Justice is the foundation of social stability; therefore, any injustice can lead to unrest.

Political philosophy.

زبان فارسی پیوند عمیقی با هویت ما دارد، بنابراین پاسداری از آن وظیفه‌ای ملی است.

The Persian language has a deep bond with our identity; therefore, guarding it is a national duty.

Nationalistic/Cultural discourse.

انسان موجودی مختار است، بنابراین مسئولیت اعمال خویش را بر عهده دارد.

Man is a being with free will; therefore, he bears responsibility for his own actions.

Existential/Philosophical premise.

جهان به سوی یکپارچگی پیش می‌رود، بنابراین تضادهای فرهنگی باید از طریق گفتگو حل شوند.

The world is moving toward integration; therefore, cultural conflicts must be resolved through dialogue.

Globalist/Diplomatic rhetoric.

علم مرز نمی‌شناسد، بنابراین همکاری‌های بین‌المللی در این زمینه حیاتی است.

Science knows no borders; therefore, international collaborations in this field are vital.

Universalist academic statement.

حقیقت همیشه تلخ است، بنابراین بسیاری از مردم از آن گریزانند.

Truth is always bitter; therefore, many people are evasive of it.

Aphoristic/Literary style.

よく使う組み合わせ

و بنابراین

بنابراین می‌توان گفت

بنابراین باید

بنابراین لازم است

بنابراین نتیجه می‌گیریم

بنابراین به نظر می‌رسد

بنابراین مشخص است

بنابراین از شما می‌خواهم

بنابراین در واقع

بنابراین به طور کلی

よく使うフレーズ

بنابراین چه؟

— Used to ask 'So what?' or 'What follows from that?'

او پولدار است، بنابراین چه؟

بنابراین همین است.

— A way to say 'So that's that' or 'That's the conclusion.'

او نیامد، بنابراین همین است.

بنابراین، به عبارت دیگر...

— Used to rephrase a conclusion for clarity.

او خسته است، بنابراین، به عبارت دیگر، نیاز به استراحت دارد.

بنابراین، همان‌طور که گفتم...

— Reiterating a point based on previous logic.

بنابراین، همان‌طور که گفتم، پروژه متوقف می‌شود.

بنابراین، در یک کلام...

— Summarizing everything in one word/sentence.

بنابراین، در یک کلام، ما شکست خوردیم.

بنابراین، از این پس...

— Setting a new rule based on a result: 'Therefore, from now on...'

بنابراین، از این پس باید مراقب باشیم.

بنابراین، با این حساب...

— Taking everything into account: 'Therefore, by this calculation...'

بنابراین، با این حساب، ما وقت نداریم.

بنابراین، چاره‌ای نیست جز...

— Expressing that there is no choice but to do something.

بنابراین، چاره‌ای نیست جز تسلیم شدن.

بنابراین، جای تعجب نیست که...

— Expressing that a result is expected: 'Therefore, it's no surprise that...'

بنابراین، جای تعجب نیست که او ناراحت است.

بنابراین، به نظر من...

— Introducing a personal conclusion: 'Therefore, in my opinion...'

بنابراین، به نظر من این کار اشتباه است.

よく混同される語

بنابراین vs چون (chon)

Chon introduces the cause, Banabarin introduces the effect.

بنابراین vs با این حال (ba in hal)

This means 'however' (contrast), while Banabarin means 'therefore' (consequence).

بنابراین vs بعد (ba'd)

This means 'after' (time), while Banabarin shows 'logic'.

慣用句と表現

"بنابراین، کلاهت را قاضی کن"

— Literally 'judge with your hat'; used to mean 'judge for yourself based on the facts provided.'

من حقیقت را گفتم، بنابراین کلاهت را قاضی کن.

Informal/Idiomatic

"بنابراین، حساب حساب است، کاکا برادر"

— Used to say that even though we are friends/brothers, business/logic must be precise.

ما دوست هستیم، بنابراین حساب حساب است، کاکا برادر.

Proverbial

"بنابراین، در همیشه روی یک پاشنه نمی‌چرخد"

— Meaning 'things won't always stay the same,' used as a conclusion to a change in fortune.

او قبلاً ثروتمند بود اما الان نه، بنابراین در همیشه روی یک پاشنه نمی‌چرخد.

Proverbial

"بنابراین، آش کشک خالته، بخوری پاته نخوری پاته"

— Used to conclude that someone has no choice but to accept a situation.

قانون این است، بنابراین آش کشک خالته...

Slang/Idiomatic

"بنابراین، از تو حرکت از خدا برکت"

— Conclusion: 'You take the step, and God will provide the blessing.'

تو تلاشت را بکن، بنابراین از تو حرکت...

Religious/Proverbial

"بنابراین، هر که بامش بیش، برفش بیشتر"

— Conclusion: 'The more you have, the more problems/responsibilities you have.'

او مدیر بزرگی است، بنابراین هر که بامش بیش...

Proverbial

"بنابراین، دیر و زود دارد اما سوخت و سوز ندارد"

— Conclusion: 'It might be late, but it will definitely happen.'

عدالت اجرا خواهد شد، بنابراین دیر و زود دارد...

Proverbial

"بنابراین، ماهی را هر وقت از آب بگیری تازه است"

— Conclusion: 'It's never too late to start.'

تو می‌توانی از امروز شروع کنی، بنابراین ماهی را...

Proverbial

"بنابراین، دیوار موش دارد، موش هم گوش دارد"

— Conclusion: 'Be careful what you say, someone might be listening.'

اینجا جای امنی نیست، بنابراین دیوار موش دارد...

Idiomatic

"بنابراین، جوجه را آخر پاییز می‌شمارند"

— Conclusion: 'Don't count your chickens before they hatch / Wait for the final result.'

هنوز کار تمام نشده، بنابراین جوجه را...

Proverbial

間違えやすい

بنابراین vs زیرا

Both are logical connectors.

Zira means 'because' (reason), Banabarin means 'therefore' (result).

او رفت زیرا خسته بود. (He left because he was tired.) vs او خسته بود بنابراین رفت. (He was tired, therefore he left.)

بنابراین vs پس

Both mean 'so/therefore'.

Pas is informal and versatile; Banabarin is formal and specific.

پس چی شد؟ (So what happened?) vs بنابراین، نتیجه این است... (Therefore, the result is...)

بنابراین vs سپس

Sound similar.

Sepas means 'then/afterwards' (time), Banabarin means 'therefore' (logic).

او غذا خورد و سپس رفت. (He ate and then left.)

بنابراین vs بنا بر

Look similar.

Bana bar means 'according to', while Banabarin means 'therefore'.

بنا بر گزارش‌ها... (According to reports...)

بنابراین vs آنگاه

Both used in logic.

Angah is 'then' (literary/mathematical), Banabarin is 'therefore'.

اگر الف باشد، آنگاه ب. (If A, then B.)

文型パターン

X است، بنابراین Y.

هوا گرم است، بنابراین آب می‌خورم.

X بود، بنابراین Y شد.

او مریض بود، بنابراین غایب شد.

من X را دوست دارم، بنابراین Y می‌کنم.

من هنر را دوست دارم، بنابراین نقاشی می‌کشم.

با توجه به X، بنابراین باید Y.

با توجه به ترافیک، بنابراین باید زودتر برویم.

X نشان‌دهنده Y است، بنابراین Z.

این آمار نشان‌دهنده فقر است، بنابراین باید اقدام کرد.

اگر X صادق باشد، بنابراین لاجرم Y.

اگر روح جاویدان باشد، بنابراین لاجرم مرگ پایان نیست.

X اتفاق افتاد و بنابراین Y.

برق رفت و بنابراین تلویزیون خاموش شد.

او X گفت، بنابراین من Y.

او سلام گفت، بنابراین من جواب دادم.

語族

名詞

بنا Foundation, building

مبنا Basis, principle

動詞

بنا کردن To build, to establish

بنا نهادن To found, to lay the foundation

形容詞

بنایی Related to building/masonry

使い方

frequency

Extremely high in written and formal spoken Persian.

よくある間違い

من خسته‌ام بنابراین دیشب نخوابیدم. → دیشب نخوابیدم بنابراین خسته‌ام.
The cause (not sleeping) must come before 'بنابراین', and the result (being tired) after.
بنا بر این (with spaces) → بنابراین
In modern Persian, it is written as one single word without spaces.
Using 'بنابراین' for 'so' as in 'so big'. → اینقدر بزرگ (inghadr bozorg)
'بنابراین' only means 'therefore', not 'to such an extent'.
Ending a sentence with 'بنابراین'. → ...بنابراین او رفت.
'بنابراین' must introduce a result; it cannot stand alone at the end of a thought.
Confusing 'بنابراین' with 'زیرا'. → او نیامد زیرا مریض بود. (Correct) vs او مریض بود بنابراین نیامد. (Correct)
Learners often swap them, but they point in opposite logical directions.

ヒント

Punctuation Matters

In formal writing, always put a semicolon before 'بنابراین' if it's in the middle of a sentence, or a comma after it if it starts a sentence.

Don't Overuse

In casual conversation, try to use 'پس' (pas) more often. Using 'بنابراین' too much can make you sound like a textbook.

Check the Cause

Make sure the sentence before 'بنابراین' actually causes the sentence after it. Don't use it just as a filler.

Learn the Synonyms

Once you are comfortable with 'بنابراین', try using 'در نتیجه' or 'به همین دلیل' to vary your speech.

Listen for the Bridge

When listening to Persian news, 'بنابراین' is your cue that the 'why' is over and the 'what happened next' is starting.

Academic Tone

If you are writing a Persian exam or essay, 'بنابراین' is a 'gold' word that shows you know how to structure an argument.

Think 'Foundation'

If you forget the meaning, remember 'Bana' (Building/Foundation). It means 'On this foundation'.

Look for the Semicolon

In Persian books, 'بنابراین' often follows a '؛'. This helps you spot it quickly.

Daily Logic

Every time you make a decision today, say it in Persian using 'بنابراین'. 'I'm tired, therefore I'm drinking coffee.'

Not for Time

Remember, 'بنابراین' is for logic, not time. Use 'سپس' (sepas) for 'then' in a sequence of events.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of a 'Banner' (Bana) hanging 'Bar' (on) 'In' (this) wall. The banner shows the result of the logic.

視覚的連想

Imagine a bridge connecting two cliffs. The bridge itself is labeled 'بنابراین'. One cliff is the 'Cause', the other is the 'Effect'.

Word Web

Logic Cause Effect Conclusion So Foundation Connection Argument

チャレンジ

Try to use 'بنابراین' three times in your next Persian conversation to explain your daily decisions.

語源

A compound word formed in Middle/Modern Persian using an Arabic-derived noun and Persian particles.

元の意味： Literally 'Upon the foundation of this.'

Indo-European (Persian) with Semitic (Arabic) influence on the root 'Banā'.

文化的な背景

No specific sensitivities; it is a neutral logical connector.

It is exactly like 'therefore' in English—use it when you want to sound smart and logical.

Used frequently in the philosophical works of Avicenna (Ibn Sina) translated into Persian. A staple word in modern Iranian legal codes. Commonly heard in the speeches of Iranian intellectuals like Abdolkarim Soroush.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Academic Writing

بنابراین می‌توان نتیجه گرفت
بنابراین فرضیه رد می‌شود
بنابراین داده‌ها نشان می‌دهند
بنابراین در پایان

Business Meetings

بنابراین پیشنهاد من این است
بنابراین بودجه را افزایش می‌دهیم
بنابراین قرارداد امضا می‌شود
بنابراین فردا جلسه داریم

Daily Problem Solving

بنابراین چاره‌ای نیست
بنابراین باید تعمیرش کنیم
بنابراین از نو شروع می‌کنیم
بنابراین همین کار را می‌کنیم

News/Media

بنابراین تنش‌ها افزایش یافت
بنابراین قیمت‌ها بالا رفت
بنابراین مذاکرات متوقف شد
بنابراین وضعیت بحرانی است

Legal/Official

بنابراین طبق قانون
بنابراین حکم صادر شد
بنابراین شاکی حق دارد
بنابراین پرونده بسته شد

会話のきっかけ

"بنابراین، نظر شما درباره این موضوع چیست؟ (Therefore, what is your opinion on this matter?)"

"بنابراین، برنامه بعدی ما چیست؟ (Therefore, what is our next plan?)"

"بنابراین، فکر می‌کنی او راست می‌گوید؟ (Therefore, do you think he is telling the truth?)"

"بنابراین، آیا حاضری با من همکاری کنی؟ (Therefore, are you ready to cooperate with me?)"

"بنابراین، چه زمانی می‌توانیم همدیگر را ببینیم؟ (Therefore, when can we see each other?)"

日記のテーマ

امروز خیلی کار کردم، بنابراین احساس می‌کنم... (I worked a lot today; therefore, I feel...)

من می‌خواهم فارسی یاد بگیرم، بنابراین هر روز... (I want to learn Persian; therefore, every day I...)

هوا امروز عالی بود، بنابراین تصمیم گرفتم... (The weather was great today; therefore, I decided to...)

من به اهدافم ایمان دارم، بنابراین... (I believe in my goals; therefore...)

دوستم به کمک نیاز داشت، بنابراین... (My friend needed help; therefore...)

よくある質問

10 問

Yes, it is very common to start a sentence with 'بنابراین' to link it to the previous sentence. For example: 'هوا سرد بود. بنابراین، ما در خانه ماندیم.' (The weather was cold. Therefore, we stayed home.)

Yes, but mostly in formal or serious conversations. In casual talk, people usually say 'پس' (pas). If you use 'بنابراین' with friends, you might sound a bit formal, but it's not wrong.

They are very similar. 'بنابراین' is 'therefore,' while 'در نتیجه' is 'as a result.' 'در نتیجه' is slightly more formal and focuses specifically on the outcome.

No, it doesn't. The verb tense remains whatever is appropriate for the meaning of the sentence. It's just a connector.

In modern Persian, it is almost always written as one word: 'بنابراین'. Writing it as three words is rare and usually only seen in very old or legal texts.

Usually, no. Using both in one sentence can be redundant. For example, 'چون گرسنه بودم بنابراین غذا خوردم' is technically correct but 'چون گرسنه بودم، غذا خوردم' is better.

Yes, but 'so' can also mean 'very' (so big) or 'then' (so what?). 'بنابراین' only means 'so' in the sense of 'therefore'.

It is a long 'ā' like in the English word 'father'. Ba-nā-bar-in.

Yes, though poets often use more rhythmic alternatives like 'پس' or 'لاجرم' to fit the meter.

It's a mix. 'Bana' is Arabic, but 'bar' and 'in' are Persian. It's a beautiful example of how the two languages merged.

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