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A2 pronoun #1,500 よく出る 4分で読める

هر کسی

har kasi 上位1,500

At the A1 level, think of 'har kasi' as a simple way to say 'everyone'. You can use it in basic sentences like 'Everyone is here' or 'Everyone likes tea'. It is a building block for talking about groups of people. Focus on the fact that it sounds like 'har' (every) and 'kas' (person). Even at this early stage, try to remember that the verb stays singular, just like in the English phrase 'Everyone is' (not 'Everyone are').

For A2 learners, 'har kasi' becomes useful for making general statements. You can use it to describe rules or common habits. For example, 'Anyone can learn Persian' (Har kasi mitavanad Farsi yad begirad). You should start noticing the 'i' at the end, which makes it indefinite. You will also see it used with 'ke' to mean 'anyone who'. Practice using it in daily scenarios like shopping or asking for directions where you might refer to 'anyone' who can help.

At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'har kasi' in more complex sentence structures, including conditional sentences. You will notice it appears in many Persian proverbs and common idioms. You should be able to distinguish between 'har kasi' (anyone/everyone) and 'hameh' (all) based on the verb agreement. You can also start using it in written Persian to express opinions that apply to people in general, such as in a blog post or a letter.

B2 learners should understand the nuanced difference between 'har kasi' and 'har kas' in different registers. You will encounter 'har kasi' in literature and news reports. You should be able to use it with various prepositions and the object marker 'ra' correctly. For example, 'Har kasi ra ke didi...' (Whomever you saw...). At this level, you can use the phrase to engage in debates about society, using it to refer to the rights or responsibilities of 'every individual'.

At the C1 level, 'har kasi' is used to analyze classical poetry and sophisticated legal or philosophical texts. You will see how authors use this pronoun to create a sense of universality. You should be able to identify when 'har kasi' is used rhetorically. You can also use it in high-level academic writing to discuss sociological concepts or to generalize findings across a population. Your mastery of verb agreement and relative clauses following 'har kasi' should be flawless.

For C2 mastery, 'har kasi' is a tool for stylistic variation. You understand the historical evolution of the phrase from Middle Persian to the modern day. You can use it to mimic different historical styles of writing or to produce highly formal speeches. You recognize the subtle emotional weight it can carry in a poem—representing the loneliness of 'any person' or the collective strength of 'every person'. You can manipulate the phrase within complex Persian syntax without hesitation.

練習する例文メモとヒント

هر کسی 30秒で

Indefinite pronoun meaning 'anyone' or 'everyone'.
Always used with a singular verb in Persian.
Commonly followed by 'ke' (who) in relative clauses.
Essential for making general statements and proverbs.

The Persian phrase هر کسی (pronounced 'har kasi') is a fundamental indefinite pronoun that translates to 'anyone,' 'anybody,' 'everyone,' or 'everybody' depending on the syntactic environment and the speaker's intent. It is a compound formed by the universal quantifier har (every/each) and the noun kas (person), followed by the indefinite suffix -i. This combination creates a broad, inclusive reference to individuals without specifying a particular person.

Grammatical Function: It functions as a singular subject or object. Despite its inclusive meaning (everyone), it almost always takes a singular verb in standard Persian.

هر کسی می‌تواند در این مسابقه شرکت کند.

Translation: Anyone can participate in this competition.

In philosophical or poetic contexts, har kasi often refers to the human condition or the collective 'everyman.' It is used to establish general truths or moral lessons. For instance, in the works of Saadi or Rumi, you will find this phrase used to address humanity at large.

Semantic Range: It covers both the 'universal' (everyone) and the 'arbitrary' (anyone). If you say 'Everyone likes food,' you use it. If you say 'Anyone can open this door,' you also use it.

هر کسی مسئول کارهای خودش است.

Using هر کسی correctly requires understanding its role as a singular entity. Even though you might be talking about a billion people, the verb that follows must be in the third-person singular form. This is a common point of confusion for English speakers who might want to use a plural verb when they mean 'everyone.'

Rule 1: Singular Agreement: Always pair with singular verbs. Example: 'Har kasi midanad' (Everyone knows), not 'midanand'.

هر کسی که می‌خواهد بیاید، باید بلیت بخرد.

When used in a conditional sentence (if... then...), har kasi often acts as the subject of the 'if' clause. It sets a condition that applies to any individual within a group. It is frequently followed by the relative pronoun ke (who/that).

Rule 2: The 'Ke' Connection: Often followed by 'ke' to define the subgroup. 'Har kasi ke...' (Anyone who...).

هر کسی را که دیدی، سلام برسان.

You will encounter هر کسی in almost every layer of Persian communication. In the marketplace, a vendor might say it to indicate a fixed price for everyone. In a classroom, a teacher uses it to set rules. In Iranian cinema, it's used in dramatic monologues to talk about universal human experiences.

توی این شهر، هر کسی به فکر خودشه.

In this city, everyone is thinking of themselves (Colloquial).

It is also a staple of Persian proverbs (Masal). Persian culture is rich with idiomatic expressions that start with 'Har kas' or 'Har kasi'. These proverbs often deal with karma, social behavior, and personal responsibility.

Proverbial Context: 'Har kasi kashad, aan daru' (Whatever anyone sows, they shall reap).

هر کسی نان بازوی خودش را می‌خورد.

The most frequent error learners make with هر کسی is pluralizing the verb. Because the word implies a group (everyone), English speakers instinctively use the plural 'they' or plural verb forms. In Persian, this sounds ungrammatical.

Mistake 1: Plural Verbs: Incorrect: 'Har kasi midanand'. Correct: 'Har kasi midanad'.

اشتباه: هر کسی آمدند. (غلط)

Another mistake is confusing har kasi with hich kasi (no one). While they look similar, their meanings are opposites. Use har kasi for positive inclusion and hich kasi for negative exclusion.

Mistake 2: Confusion with Negatives: Do not use 'har kasi' with a negative verb to mean 'no one'. For 'No one came', use 'Hich kas nayamad'.

To truly master هر کسی, you must distinguish it from other indefinite pronouns like hameh (all/everyone) and kasi (someone).

Har Kasi vs. Hameh: 'Hameh' refers to the collective group as a whole and usually takes a plural verb. 'Har kasi' refers to the individuals within that group and takes a singular verb.
Har Kasi vs. Kasi: 'Kasi' means 'someone' or 'somebody'. 'Har kasi' means 'anyone' or 'everyone'.

همه رفتند، اما هر کسی می‌توانست بماند.

Everyone (all) left, but anyone could have stayed.

How Formal Is It?

フォーマル

カジュアル

難易度

知っておくべき文法

レベル別の例文

هر کسی چای دوست دارد.

Everyone likes tea.

Note the singular verb 'dust darad'.

هر کسی اینجاست.

Everyone is here.

Subject 'har kasi' + verb 'ast'.

هر کسی یک کتاب دارد.

Everyone has a book.

Singular possession.

هر کسی می‌خندد.

Everyone is laughing.

Present continuous sense with singular verb.

هر کسی نان می‌خرد.

Everyone buys bread.

General habit.

هر کسی به خانه می‌رود.

Everyone goes home.

Singular verb 'miravad'.

هر کسی خوشحال است.

Everyone is happy.

Adjective 'khoshhal' with singular 'ast'.

هر کسی سلام می‌کند.

Everyone says hello.

Compound verb 'salam kardan'.

هر کسی می‌تواند فارسی صحبت کند.

Anyone can speak Persian.

Modal verb 'mitavanad' + infinitive.

هر کسی که سوال دارد، بپرسد.

Anyone who has a question, should ask.

Relative clause starting with 'ke'.

هر کسی بلیت دارد، وارد شود.

Anyone who has a ticket, may enter.

Conditional context.

هر کسی این فیلم را دوست دارد.

Everyone likes this movie.

Direct object 'in film ra'.

هر کسی در این شهر مهربان است.

Everyone in this city is kind.

Prepositional phrase 'dar in shahr'.

هر کسی باید ورزش کند.

Everyone must exercise.

Obligation with 'bayad'.

هر کسی می‌داند که زمین گرد است.

Everyone knows that the earth is round.

Subordinate clause with 'ke'.

هر کسی می‌تواند موفق شود.

Anyone can be successful.

Potentiality.

هر کسی مسئول اشتباهات خودش است.

Everyone is responsible for their own mistakes.

Reflexive pronoun 'khodash'.

هر کسی که تلاش کند، پیروز می‌شود.

Anyone who tries will be victorious.

Future/Resultative present.

هر کسی را که دیدی، به مهمانی دعوت کن.

Invite whomever you see to the party.

Object marker 'ra' after 'har kasi'.

هر کسی سلیقه‌ای دارد.

Everyone has a [certain] taste.

Indefinite 'i' on 'salighe'.

هر کسی می‌تواند نظر خودش را بگوید.

Anyone can give their own opinion.

Possessive 'ra'.

هر کسی در زندگی هدفی دارد.

Everyone has a goal in life.

Abstract noun 'hadaf'.

هر کسی که به اینجا می‌آید، خوشحال می‌شود.

Anyone who comes here becomes happy.

State change 'mishavad'.

هر کسی می‌داند که وقت طلاست.

Everyone knows that time is gold.

Idiomatic comparison.

هر کسی حق دارد آزادانه زندگی کند.

Everyone has the right to live freely.

Noun 'hagh' (right).

هر کسی که از قانون سرپیچی کند، مجازات می‌شود.

Anyone who defies the law will be punished.

Passive voice 'mojazat mishavad'.

هر کسی می‌تواند در سرنوشت خود نقش داشته باشد.

Anyone can play a role in their own destiny.

Compound verb 'naghsh dashtan'.

هر کسی با مشکلات خاص خود روبروست.

Everyone is faced with their own specific problems.

Adjective 'roberu' (facing).

هر کسی را نباید به حریم خصوصی راه داد.

Not just anyone should be allowed into one's private space.

Negative obligation 'nabayad'.

هر کسی که به دنبال حقیقت است، باید مطالعه کند.

Anyone who is looking for the truth must study.

Prepositional phrase 'be donbal-e'.

هر کسی می‌تواند با پشتکار به آرزوهایش برسد.

Anyone can reach their dreams with perseverance.

Plural noun with suffix 'ayash'.

هر کسی در برابر قانون یکسان است.

Everyone is equal before the law.

Adjective 'yeksan' (equal).

هر کسی که قدم در این راه می‌گذارد، باید سختی‌ها را بپذیرد.

Anyone who sets foot on this path must accept the hardships.

Metaphorical usage.

هر کسی را بهر کاری ساختند.

Everyone was made for a specific task (Saadi).

Classical Persian syntax.

هر کسی از ظن خود شد یار من.

Everyone became my friend based on their own assumptions (Rumi).

Poetic structure.

هر کسی که درکی از هنر دارد، این اثر را می‌ستاید.

Anyone who has an understanding of art praises this work.

Formal verb 'setayesh kardan'.

هر کسی مسئول صیانت از میراث فرهنگی است.

Everyone is responsible for safeguarding cultural heritage.

Academic vocabulary 'siyanat'.

هر کسی که به بلوغ فکری رسیده باشد، این موضوع را درک می‌کند.

Anyone who has reached intellectual maturity understands this matter.

Perfect subjunctive 'reside bashad'.

هر کسی را نمی‌توان به عنوان الگو انتخاب کرد.

Not just anyone can be chosen as a role model.

Nuanced negation.

هر کسی در آینه نقش خود را می‌بیند.

Everyone sees their own reflection in the mirror.

Symbolic usage.

هر کسی که در ساحت اندیشه گام برمی‌دارد، با پرسش‌های بنیادین مواجه می‌شود.

Anyone who steps into the realm of thought faces fundamental questions.

High-register vocabulary 'sahat-e andisheh'.

هر کسی کو دور ماند از اصل خویش، باز جوید روزگار وصل خویش.

Whoever falls far from his source, seeks the time of his union again (Rumi).

Archaic 'ku' for 'ke u'.

هر کسی را توانِ آن نیست که بارِ امانتِ عشق را بر دوش کشد.

Not everyone has the ability to bear the burden of the trust of love.

Literary construction 'tavan-e aan nist'.

هر کسی که در پیِ کشفِ لایه‌های پنهانِ متن است، باید به هرمنوتیک تسلط یابد.

Anyone seeking to discover the hidden layers of the text must master hermeneutics.

Technical academic terminology.

هر کسی به فراخورِ دانشِ خویش، از این خرمن خوشه‌ای می‌چیند.

Everyone, according to their knowledge, gathers a grain from this harvest.

Idiomatic/Literary 'be farakhor-e'.

هر کسی که در تلاطمِ روزگار گرفتار است، به دنبالِ مأمنی می‌گردد.

Anyone caught in the turbulence of the times seeks a sanctuary.

Evocative imagery.

هر کسی را بهرِ کاری ساختند، میلِ آن را در دلش انداختند.

Everyone was made for a task, and the desire for it was placed in their heart.

Rhyming couplet structure.

هر کسی که به کنه ذاتِ اشیاء پی ببرد، خاموش می‌ماند.

Anyone who realizes the essence of things remains silent.

Philosophical depth.

よく使う組み合わせ

هر کسی می‌داند

هر کسی می‌تواند

هر کسی که

برای هر کسی

به هر کسی

هر کسی را

هر کسی باید

هر کسی ممکن است

هر کسی دوست دارد

هر کسی می‌خواهد

よく使うフレーズ

هر کسی به فکر خودشه

هر کسی سلیقه‌ای داره

هر کسی یه جوریه

هر کسی می‌تونه

هر کسی که بخواد

هر کسی راه خودشو میره

هر کسی مسئول خودشه

هر کسی نون قلبشو میخوره

هر کسی یه سرنوشتی داره

هر کسی آزاده

よく混同される語

هر کسی vs همه

هر کسی vs کسی

هر کسی vs هیچ‌کس

慣用句と表現

間違えやすい

هر کسی vs

文型パターン

語族

使い方

formal drop

In very formal or old texts, the 'i' is often dropped: 'har kas'.

singular vs plural

In English 'everyone' is singular but 'all' is plural. In Persian, 'har kasi' is singular, 'hameh' is plural.

よくある間違い

Using plural verbs (e.g., 'har kasi miravand').
Confusing it with 'hich kas' (no one).
Omitting 'ra' when it's a specific object.
Using it to refer to things instead of people.
Forgetting the 'ke' in 'anyone who' constructions.

ヒント

Singular Focus

Always check your verb ending. It should be -ad, -ast, or -id (for past).

The 'Har' Family

Learn 'har kasi' alongside 'har ja' (everywhere) and 'har vaght' (every time).

Proverb Power

Memorizing one proverb with 'har kasi' will help you remember the grammar forever.

Natural Flow

Don't over-emphasize the 'i' at the end; let it be a soft finish.

Relative Clauses

Practice the 'har kasi ke...' pattern to write more complex sentences.

Song Lyrics

Listen to Persian pop; you'll hear 'har kasi' used to talk about love and life.

Anyone vs. Everyone

Don't worry too much about the English distinction; 'har kasi' covers both.

Avoid 'Hameh' Confusion

If you use 'hameh', use a plural verb. If you use 'har kasi', use a singular one.

Test Tip

In multiple-choice tests, 'har kasi' is often the answer when the verb is singular.

Register

Use 'har kas' in your formal essays to sound more sophisticated.

暗記しよう

記憶術

HARry Potter is a KASI (person) that EVERYONE knows.

語源

Persian

文化的な背景

Used to express egalitarian views in modern Iranian discourse.

Many Persian proverbs start with 'Har kas' or 'Har kasi'.

Used extensively in classical poetry to denote 'The Everyman'.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"آیا هر کسی می‌تواند در ایران رانندگی کند؟"

"به نظر شما هر کسی باید دانشگاه برود؟"

"آیا هر کسی می‌تواند هنرمند باشد؟"

"در کشور شما، هر کسی چه غذایی را دوست دارد؟"

"آیا هر کسی می‌تواند خوشحال باشد؟"

日記のテーマ

Write about a rule that 'har kasi' (everyone) should follow in your city.

Describe a skill that you think 'har kasi' can learn.

Discuss the proverb: 'Har kasi mas'ool-e kar-e khodash ast'.

If 'har kasi' had one wish, what would it be?

Write about a movie that 'har kasi' must see.

よくある質問

10 問

It can mean both. Context determines the nuance, but the grammatical structure remains the same.

No, in standard Persian, 'har kasi' always requires a singular verb.

'Har kas' is more formal or literary, while 'har kasi' is standard for modern speech and writing.

Yes, but it's less common than 'hich kas'. It would mean 'not just anyone'.

Use 'har kasi ke'.

No, 'kas' refers to people. For objects, use 'har chizi'.

Yes, it is a neutral, standard pronoun.

Yes, it is very common as a sentence starter.

The core meaning stays the same, though pronunciation might vary slightly (e.g., Tehrani 'har ki').

Extensively. It's a key word in classical Persian verse.